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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
| | - Bert Bolin
- Institute of Meteorology, University of Stockholm
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Keeling CD, Bacastow RB, Bainbridge AE, Ekdahl Jr. CA, Guenther PR, Waterman LS, Chin JFS. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert B. Bacastow
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Arnold E. Bainbridge
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Carl A. Ekdahl Jr.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Peter R. Guenther
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lee S. Waterman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John F. S. Chin
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, P.O. Box 109, Sun Diego 92037, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, Caornia
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Keeling CD, Bolin B. The simultaneous use of chemical tracers in oceanic studies II. A three-reservoir model of the North and South Pacific Oceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v20i1.9917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, Sun Diego
| | - Bert Bolin
- Institute of Meteorology, University of Stockholm
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Keeling CD, Bacastow RB, Carter AF, Piper SC, Whorf TP, Heimann M, Mook WG, Roeloffzen H. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO 2transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data. Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm055p0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Keeling CD, Rakestraw NW, Waterman LS. Carbon dioxide in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean: 1. Measurements of the distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz070i024p06087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Keeling CD, Heimann M. Meridional eddy diffusion model of the transport of atmospheric carbon dioxide: 2. Mean annual carbon cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd091id07p07782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heimann M, Keeling CD. Meridional eddy diffusion model of the transport of atmospheric carbon dioxide: 1. Seasonal carbon cycle over the tropical Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd091id07p07765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Keeling CD, Whorf TP, Wong CS, Bellagay RD. The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at ocean weather station P from 1969 to 1981. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd090id06p10511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bacastow RB, Adams JA, Keeling CD, Moss DJ, Whorf TP, Wong CS. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, the southern oscillation, and the weak 1975 el nino. Science 2010; 210:66-8. [PMID: 17751153 DOI: 10.1126/science.210.4465.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The observed rate of change of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the South Pole, Fanning Island, Hawaii, and ocean weather station P correlates with an index of the southern oscillation and with El Niño occurrences. There are changes at all four stations that seem to be in response to the weak 1975 El Niño. Thus, even poorly developed El Niño events may affect the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.
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Hashimoto H, Nemani RR, White MA, Jolly WM, Piper SC, Keeling CD, Myneni RB, Running SW. El Niño-Southern Oscillation-induced variability in terrestrial carbon cycling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Michael A. White
- Department of Aquatic, Watershed, and Earth Resources; Utah State University; Logan Utah USA
| | - William M. Jolly
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG), School of Forestry; University of Montana; Missoula Montana USA
| | - Steve C. Piper
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; La Jolla California USA
| | | | - Ranga B. Myneni
- Department of Geography; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven W. Running
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG), School of Forestry; University of Montana; Missoula Montana USA
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Nemani RR, Keeling CD, Hashimoto H, Jolly WM, Piper SC, Tucker CJ, Myneni RB, Running SW. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science 2003; 300:1560-3. [PMID: 12791990 DOI: 10.1126/science.1082750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 913] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent climatic changes have enhanced plant growth in northern mid-latitudes and high latitudes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of global climatic changes on vegetation productivity has not before been expressed in the context of variable limiting factors to plant growth. We present a global investigation of vegetation responses to climatic changes by analyzing 18 years (1982 to 1999) of both climatic data and satellite observations of vegetation activity. Our results indicate that global changes in climate have eased several critical climatic constraints to plant growth, such that net primary production increased 6% (3.4 petagrams of carbon over 18 years) globally. The largest increase was in tropical ecosystems. Amazon rain forests accounted for 42% of the global increase in net primary production, owing mainly to decreased cloud cover and the resulting increase in solar radiation.
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Clark DA, Piper SC, Keeling CD, Clark DB. Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984-2000. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5852-7. [PMID: 12719545 PMCID: PMC156290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0935903100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During 1984-2000, canopy tree growth in old-growth tropical rain forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, varied >2-fold among years. The trees' annual diameter increments in this 16-yr period were negatively correlated with annual means of daily minimum temperatures. The tree growth variations also negatively covaried with the net carbon exchange of the terrestrial tropics as a whole, as inferred from nearly pole-to-pole measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) interpreted by an inverse tracer-transport model. Strong reductions in tree growth and large inferred tropical releases of CO(2) to the atmosphere occurred during the record-hot 1997-1998 El Niño. These and other recent findings are consistent with decreased net primary production in tropical forests in the warmer years of the last two decades. As has been projected by recent process model studies, such a sensitivity of tropical forest productivity to on-going climate change would accelerate the rate of atmospheric CO(2) accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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Abstract
The North Atlantic is believed to represent the largest ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere, yet little is known about its temporal variability. We report an 18-year time series of upper-ocean inorganic carbon observations from the northwestern subtropical North Atlantic near Bermuda that indicates substantial variability in this sink. We deduce that the carbon variability at this site is largely driven by variations in winter mixed-layer depths and by sea surface temperature anomalies. Because these variations tend to occur in a basinwide coordinated pattern associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, it is plausible that the entire North Atlantic Ocean may vary in concert, resulting in a variability of the strength of the North Atlantic carbon sink of about +/-0.3 petagrams of carbon per year (1 petagram = 10(15) grams) or nearly +/-50%. This extrapolation is supported by basin-wide estimates from atmospheric carbon dioxide inversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gruber
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Variations in solar irradiance are widely believed to explain climatic change on 20,000- to 100,000-year time-scales in accordance with the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, but there is no conclusive evidence that variable irradiance can be the cause of abrupt fluctuations in climate on time-scales as short as 1,000 years. We propose that such abrupt millennial changes, seen in ice and sedimentary core records, were produced in part by well characterized, almost periodic variations in the strength of the global oceanic tide-raising forces caused by resonances in the periodic motions of the earth and moon. A well defined 1,800-year tidal cycle is associated with gradually shifting lunar declination from one episode of maximum tidal forcing on the centennial time-scale to the next. An amplitude modulation of this cycle occurs with an average period of about 5,000 years, associated with gradually shifting separation-intervals between perihelion and syzygy at maxima of the 1,800-year cycle. We propose that strong tidal forcing causes cooling at the sea surface by increasing vertical mixing in the oceans. On the millennial time-scale, this tidal hypothesis is supported by findings, from sedimentary records of ice-rafting debris, that ocean waters cooled close to the times predicted for strong tidal forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
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Abstract
When I began my professional career, the pursuit of science was in a transition from a pursuit by individuals motivated by personal curiosity to a worldwide enterprise with powerful strategic and materialistic purposes. The studies of the Earth's environment that I have engaged in for over forty years, and describe in this essay, could not have been realized by the old kind of science. Associated with the new kind of science, however, was a loss of ease to pursue, unfettered, one's personal approaches to scientific discovery. Human society, embracing science for its tangible benefits, inevitably has grown dependent on scientific discoveries. It now seeks direct deliverable results, often on a timetable, as compensation for public sponsorship. Perhaps my experience in studying the Earth, initially with few restrictions and later with increasingly sophisticated interaction with government sponsors and various planning committees, will provide a perspective on this great transition from science being primarily an intellectual pastime of private persons to its present status as a major contributor to the quality of human life and the prosperity of nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
An approximately decadal periodicity in surface air temperature is discernable in global observations from A.D. 1855 to 1900 and since A.D. 1945, but with a periodicity of only about 6 years during the intervening period. Changes in solar irradiance related to the sunspot cycle have been proposed to account for the former, but cannot account for the latter. To explain both by a single mechanism, we propose that extreme oceanic tides may produce changes in sea surface temperature at repeat periods, which alternate between approximately one-third and one-half of the lunar nodal cycle of 18.6 years. These alternations, recurring at nearly 90-year intervals, reflect varying slight degrees of misalignment and departures from the closest approach of the Earth with the Moon and Sun at times of extreme tide raising forces. Strong forcing, consistent with observed temperature periodicities, occurred at 9-year intervals close to perihelion (solar perigee) for several decades centered on A.D. 1881 and 1974, but at 6-year intervals for several decades centered on A.D. 1923. As a physical explanation for tidal forcing of temperature we propose that the dissipation of extreme tides increases vertical mixing of sea water, thereby causing episodic cooling near the sea surface. If this mechanism correctly explains near-decadal temperature periodicities, it may also apply to variability in temperature and climate on other times-scales, even millennial and longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0220, USA
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Keeling CD, Carter AF, Mook WG. Seasonal, latitudinal, and secular variations in the abundance and isotopic ratios of atmospheric CO2: 2. Results from oceanographic cruises in the tropical Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/jd089id03p04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mook WG, Koopmans M, Carter AF, Keeling CD. Seasonal, latitudinal, and secular variations in the abundance and isotopic ratios of atmospheric carbon dioxide: 1. Results from land stations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jc088ic15p10915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Keeling CD, Bacastow RB, Bainbridge AE, Ekdahl CA, Guenther PR, Waterman LS, Chin JFS. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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