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Keech C, Miller VE, Rizzardi B, Hoyle C, Pryor MJ, Ferrand J, Solovay K, Thalen M, Noviello S, Goldstein P, Gorringe A, Cavell B, He Q, Barkoff AM, Rubin K, Locht C. Immunogenicity and safety of BPZE1, an intranasal live attenuated pertussis vaccine, versus tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2b trial. Lancet 2023; 401:843-855. [PMID: 36906345 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bordetella pertussis epidemics persist as transmission remains unabated despite high acellular pertussis vaccination rates. BPZE1, a live attenuated intranasal pertussis vaccine, was designed to prevent B pertussis infection and disease. We aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of BPZE1 compared with the tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap). METHODS In this double-blind, phase 2b trial at three research centres in the USA, healthy adults aged 18-50 years were randomly assigned (2:2:1:1) via a permuted block randomisation schedule to receive BPZE1 vaccination followed by BPZE1 attenuated challenge, BPZE1 vaccination followed by placebo challenge, Tdap followed by BPZE1 attenuated challenge, or Tdap followed by placebo challenge. On day 1, lyophilised BPZE1 was reconstituted with sterile water and given intranasally (0·4 mL delivered to each nostril), whereas Tdap was given intramuscularly. To maintain masking, participants in the BPZE1 groups received an intramuscular saline injection, and those in the Tdap groups received intranasal lyophilised placebo buffer. The attenuated challenge took place on day 85. The primary immunogenicity endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving nasal secretory IgA seroconversion against at least one B pertussis antigen on day 29 or day 113. Reactogenicity was assessed up to 7 days after vaccination and challenge, and adverse events were recorded for 28 days after vaccination and challenge. Serious adverse events were monitored throughout the study. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03942406. FINDINGS Between June 17 and Oct 3, 2019, 458 participants were screened and 280 were randomly assigned to the main cohort: 92 to the BPZE1-BPZE1 group, 92 to the BPZE1-placebo group, 46 to the Tdap-BPZE1 group, and 50 to the Tdap-placebo group. Seroconversion of at least one B pertussis-specific nasal secretory IgA was recorded in 79 (94% [95% CI 87-98]) of 84 participants in the BPZE1-BPZE1 group, 89 (95% [88-98]) of 94 in the BPZE1-placebo group, 38 (90% [77-97]) of 42 in the Tdap-BPZE1 group, and 42 (93% [82-99]) of 45 in the Tdap-placebo group. BPZE1 induced broad and consistent B pertussis-specific mucosal secretory IgA responses, whereas Tdap did not induce consistent mucosal secretory IgA responses. Both vaccines were well tolerated, with mild reactogenicity and no serious adverse events related to study vaccination. INTERPRETATION BPZE1 induced nasal mucosal immunity and produced functional serum responses. BPZE1 has the potential to avert B pertussis infections, which ultimately could lead to reduced transmission and diminished epidemic cycles. These results should be confirmed in large phase 3 trials. FUNDING ILiAD Biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicki E Miller
- DM Clinical Research, Texas Center for Drug Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcel Thalen
- ILiAD Biotechnologies, Weston, FL, USA; BioLyo Technologies, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Andrew Gorringe
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Breeze Cavell
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Camille Locht
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Keech C, Albert G, Cho I, Robertson A, Reed P, Neal S, Plested JS, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Zhou H, Smith G, Patel N, Frieman MB, Haupt RE, Logue J, McGrath M, Weston S, Piedra PA, Desai C, Callahan K, Lewis M, Price-Abbott P, Formica N, Shinde V, Fries L, Lickliter JD, Griffin P, Wilkinson B, Glenn GM. Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:2320-2332. [PMID: 32877576 PMCID: PMC7494251 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2026920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 819] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NVX-CoV2373 is a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (rSARS-CoV-2) nanoparticle vaccine composed of trimeric full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins and Matrix-M1 adjuvant. METHODS We initiated a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the rSARS-CoV-2 vaccine (in 5-μg and 25-μg doses, with or without Matrix-M1 adjuvant, and with observers unaware of trial-group assignments) in 131 healthy adults. In phase 1, vaccination comprised two intramuscular injections, 21 days apart. The primary outcomes were reactogenicity; laboratory values (serum chemistry and hematology), according to Food and Drug Administration toxicity scoring, to assess safety; and IgG anti-spike protein response (in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] units). Secondary outcomes included unsolicited adverse events, wild-type virus neutralization (microneutralization assay), and T-cell responses (cytokine staining). IgG and microneutralization assay results were compared with 32 (IgG) and 29 (neutralization) convalescent serum samples from patients with Covid-19, most of whom were symptomatic. We performed a primary analysis at day 35. RESULTS After randomization, 83 participants were assigned to receive the vaccine with adjuvant and 25 without adjuvant, and 23 participants were assigned to receive placebo. No serious adverse events were noted. Reactogenicity was absent or mild in the majority of participants, more common with adjuvant, and of short duration (mean, ≤2 days). One participant had mild fever that lasted 1 day. Unsolicited adverse events were mild in most participants; there were no severe adverse events. The addition of adjuvant resulted in enhanced immune responses, was antigen dose-sparing, and induced a T helper 1 (Th1) response. The two-dose 5-μg adjuvanted regimen induced geometric mean anti-spike IgG (63,160 ELISA units) and neutralization (3906) responses that exceeded geometric mean responses in convalescent serum from mostly symptomatic Covid-19 patients (8344 and 983, respectively). CONCLUSIONS At 35 days, NVX-CoV2373 appeared to be safe, and it elicited immune responses that exceeded levels in Covid-19 convalescent serum. The Matrix-M1 adjuvant induced CD4+ T-cell responses that were biased toward a Th1 phenotype. (Funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368988).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Keech
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gary Albert
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Iksung Cho
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Andreana Robertson
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Patricia Reed
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Susan Neal
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Joyce S Plested
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Mingzhu Zhu
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Shane Cloney-Clark
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Haixia Zhou
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gale Smith
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Nita Patel
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Robert E Haupt
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - James Logue
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Marisa McGrath
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Stuart Weston
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Chinar Desai
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Kathleen Callahan
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Maggie Lewis
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Patricia Price-Abbott
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Neil Formica
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Vivek Shinde
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Louis Fries
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Jason D Lickliter
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Paul Griffin
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Bethanie Wilkinson
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gregory M Glenn
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
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Keech C, Albert G, Cho I, Robertson A, Reed P, Neal S, Plested JS, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Zhou H, Smith G, Patel N, Frieman MB, Haupt RE, Logue J, McGrath M, Weston S, Piedra PA, Desai C, Callahan K, Lewis M, Price-Abbott P, Formica N, Shinde V, Fries L, Lickliter JD, Griffin P, Wilkinson B, Glenn GM. Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020. [PMID: 32877576 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2026920.)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NVX-CoV2373 is a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (rSARS-CoV-2) nanoparticle vaccine composed of trimeric full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins and Matrix-M1 adjuvant. METHODS We initiated a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the rSARS-CoV-2 vaccine (in 5-μg and 25-μg doses, with or without Matrix-M1 adjuvant, and with observers unaware of trial-group assignments) in 131 healthy adults. In phase 1, vaccination comprised two intramuscular injections, 21 days apart. The primary outcomes were reactogenicity; laboratory values (serum chemistry and hematology), according to Food and Drug Administration toxicity scoring, to assess safety; and IgG anti-spike protein response (in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] units). Secondary outcomes included unsolicited adverse events, wild-type virus neutralization (microneutralization assay), and T-cell responses (cytokine staining). IgG and microneutralization assay results were compared with 32 (IgG) and 29 (neutralization) convalescent serum samples from patients with Covid-19, most of whom were symptomatic. We performed a primary analysis at day 35. RESULTS After randomization, 83 participants were assigned to receive the vaccine with adjuvant and 25 without adjuvant, and 23 participants were assigned to receive placebo. No serious adverse events were noted. Reactogenicity was absent or mild in the majority of participants, more common with adjuvant, and of short duration (mean, ≤2 days). One participant had mild fever that lasted 1 day. Unsolicited adverse events were mild in most participants; there were no severe adverse events. The addition of adjuvant resulted in enhanced immune responses, was antigen dose-sparing, and induced a T helper 1 (Th1) response. The two-dose 5-μg adjuvanted regimen induced geometric mean anti-spike IgG (63,160 ELISA units) and neutralization (3906) responses that exceeded geometric mean responses in convalescent serum from mostly symptomatic Covid-19 patients (8344 and 983, respectively). CONCLUSIONS At 35 days, NVX-CoV2373 appeared to be safe, and it elicited immune responses that exceeded levels in Covid-19 convalescent serum. The Matrix-M1 adjuvant induced CD4+ T-cell responses that were biased toward a Th1 phenotype. (Funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368988).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Keech
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gary Albert
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Iksung Cho
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Andreana Robertson
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Patricia Reed
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Susan Neal
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Joyce S Plested
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Mingzhu Zhu
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Shane Cloney-Clark
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Haixia Zhou
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gale Smith
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Nita Patel
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Robert E Haupt
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - James Logue
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Marisa McGrath
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Stuart Weston
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Chinar Desai
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Kathleen Callahan
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Maggie Lewis
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Patricia Price-Abbott
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Neil Formica
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Vivek Shinde
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Louis Fries
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Jason D Lickliter
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Paul Griffin
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Bethanie Wilkinson
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gregory M Glenn
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
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Sweet LR, Keech C, Klein NP, Marshall HS, Tagbo BN, Quine D, Kaur P, Tikhonov I, Nisar MI, Kochhar S, Muñoz FM. Respiratory distress in the neonate: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data. Vaccine 2017; 35:6506-6517. [PMID: 29150056 PMCID: PMC5710987 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl Keech
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, United States
| | | | - Helen S Marshall
- Women's and Children's Health Network and Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Beckie N Tagbo
- Institute of Child Health & Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - David Quine
- Simpson's Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sonali Kochhar
- Global Healthcare Consulting, India; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kachikis A, Eckert LO, Walker C, Oteng-Ntim E, Guggilla R, Gupta M, Patwardhan M, Mataya R, Mallett Moore T, Alguacil-Ramos AM, Keech C, Gravett M, Murphy H, Kochhar S, Chescheir N. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 2017; 35:6555-6562. [PMID: 29150061 PMCID: PMC5710985 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eugene Oteng-Ntim
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; King's College London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ronald Mataya
- Loma Linda University, USA; University of Malawi College of Medicine, Malawi
| | | | - Ana Maria Alguacil-Ramos
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Conselleria de Sanidad Universal y Salud Pública, Spain; Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO), Spain
| | | | - Michael Gravett
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, An Initiative of Seattle Children's Hospital, USA
| | - Helen Murphy
- University of East Anglia/Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Sonali Kochhar
- Global Healthcare Consulting, Delhi, India; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Tavares Da Silva F, Gonik B, McMillan M, Keech C, Dellicour S, Bhange S, Tila M, Harper DM, Woods C, Kawai AT, Kochhar S, Munoz FM. Stillbirth: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data. Vaccine 2016; 34:6057-6068. [PMID: 27431422 PMCID: PMC5139804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Gonik
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark McMillan
- The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Diana M Harper
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Charles Woods
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alison Tse Kawai
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, MA, USA
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Chen Z, de Kauwe AL, Keech C, Wijburg O, Simpfendorfer K, Alexander WS, McCluskey J. Humanized transgenic mice expressing HLA DR4-DQ3 haplotype: reconstitution of phenotype and HLA-restricted T-cell responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:210-9. [PMID: 16948641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many autoimmune conditions have close genetic linkages to particular human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes. With the aim of establishing a murine model of autoimmune disease, we have generated an HLA DR4-DQ3 haplotype transgenic (Tg) mouse that expresses a 440-kb yeast artificial chromosome harbouring DRA, DRB1*040101, DRB4*010301, DQA1*030101, DQB1*0302 and all the internal regulatory segments. This Tg mouse line was crossed to human CD4 (hCD4) Tg mice and endogenous class II knockout mice (I-A(o/o) and I-E(o/o)) lines to generate a DR4-DQ3.hCD4.IAE(o/o) Tg line. The Tg DR and DQ molecules are expressed on the physiological cell types in these animals, i.e. on most B cells (>85%), dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages but not on T cells, with levels of expression comparable with those of human B cells (where DR > DQ expression). The DR4/DQ3 transgenes fully reconstituted the CD4 T-cell compartment, in both the thymus and the periphery, and the analysis of the T-cell receptor repertoire in the Tg mice confirmed that these class II molecules were able to mediate thymic selection of a broad range of Vbeta families. HLA DR4- and DQ3-restricted T-cell responses were elicited following immunization with known T-cell determinants presented by these molecules. Furthermore, the DR4-DQ3-restricted CD4(+) T cells conferred protective antibody-mediated immunity against an otherwise lethal infection with Salmonella enterica var. typhimurium. These new DR4-DQ3 Tg mice should prove to be valuable tools for dissecting the importance of this class II haplotype in autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Dayspring T, Qu Y, Keech C. Effects of raloxifene on lipid and lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal osteoporotic women with and without hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 2006; 55:972-9. [PMID: 16784972 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This post hoc analysis reports the effects of raloxifene on lipids and lipoproteins in 2659 women with either normal (< or =150 mg/dL) or high (>150 mg/dL) triglyceride levels from a substudy of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial. In both triglyceride subgroups, raloxifene significantly improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, and fibrinogen compared with placebo (P < .05). After raloxifene treatment, women with high triglycerides experienced an equal or more robust reduction in cholesterol, lipoprotein parameters, and ratios of total cholesterol to HDL-C and non-HDL-C to HDL-C than was observed in women with normal triglycerides (P < .05). Mean levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were reduced by 16.5% and 15.8%, respectively, in women with high triglycerides, and by 12.7% and 11.3%, respectively, in women with normal triglycerides. These findings further substantiate that raloxifene improves concentrations of both cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein. The subgroup of women with high triglycerides, who have elevated cardiovascular risk, appear to derive at least equal, if not greater, overall effect on lipid and lipoprotein lowering with raloxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dayspring
- North Jersey Institute of Menopausal Lipidology, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA.
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Pan ZJ, Davis K, Maier S, Bachmann MP, Kim-Howard XR, Keech C, Gordon TP, McCluskey J, Farris AD. Neo-epitopes are required for immunogenicity of the La/SS-B nuclear antigen in the context of late apoptotic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:237-48. [PMID: 16412047 PMCID: PMC1809581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.03001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms responsible for the induction of anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANA) following exposure of the immune system to an excess of apoptotic cells are incompletely understood. In this study, the immunogenicity of late apoptotic cells expressing heterologous or syngeneic forms of La/SS-B was investigated following subcutaneous administration to A/J mice, a non-autoimmune strain in which the La antigenic system is well understood. Immunization of A/J mice with late apoptotic thymocytes taken from mice transgenic (Tg) for the human La (hLa) nuclear antigen resulted in the production of IgG ANA specific for human and mouse forms of La in the absence of foreign adjuvants. Preparations of phenotypically healthy cells expressing heterologous hLa were also immunogenic. However, hLa Tg late apoptotic cells accelerated and enhanced the apparent heterologous healthy cell-induced anti-La humoral response, while non-Tg late apoptotic cells did not. Subcutaneous administration of late apoptotic cells was insufficient to break existing tolerance to the hLa antigen in hLa Tg mice or to the endogenous mouse La (mLa) antigen in A/J mice immunized with syngeneic thymocytes, indicating a requirement for the presence of heterologous epitopes for anti-La ANA production. Lymph node dendritic cells (DC) but not B cells isolated from non-Tg mice injected with hLa Tg late apoptotic cells presented immunodominant T helper cell epitopes of hLa. These studies support a model in which the generation of neo-T cell epitopes is required for loss of tolerance to nuclear proteins after exposure of the healthy immune system to an excess of cells in late stages of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-J Pan
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Keech C, Ciaccia A, Sarka S. Characteristics of women with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) during the MORE trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2003.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Gordon TP, Kinoshita G, Cavill D, Keech C, Farris A, Kaufman K, McCluskey J, Purcell A. Restricted specificity of intermolecular spreading to endogenous La (SS-B) and 60 kDa Ro (SS-A) in experimental autoimmunity. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:168-73. [PMID: 12121436 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular spreading of humoral autoimmunity to different components of the Ro (SS-A) and La (SS-B) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex has been reported following immunization with a single component of the complex. Although the immune response to the immunizing antigen is polyclonal and diversified, little is known about the specificity of the recruited autoimmune responses to the endogenous Ro and La antigens which drive B-cell spreading. To determine the specificity of intermolecular spreading to La, we examined sera from 52 kDa Ro (Ro52)- and 60 kDa Ro (Ro60)-immunized C3H/HeJ mice for reactivity with recombinant fragments spanning endogenous mouse (m)La by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Sera from mice primed and boosted with recombinant Ro52 and Ro60 showed reactivity restricted to the COOH-terminal fragment of mLa (aa361-415). The recruited anti-La response was species-specific, cross-reacting weakly with the corresponding region on the human La molecule, and was abrogated by the preabsorption of the Ro-immune sera with mLa 361-415. Analogous experiments using recombinant mRo60 fragments spanning the mRo60 molecule revealed a similar pattern of oligoclonality in the specificity of anti-Ro60 autoimmunity following active immunization with La and Ro52. These results suggest that intermolecular-intrastructural T-B help is limiting in this model, and reveal unsuspected immunodominance of selected Ro-La epitopes in the spreading of the autoantibody response to these structures. The focusing of the recruited autoantibody response to these COOH-terminal regions of the Ro and La polypeptides may also reflect the surface accessibility of these regions in La-Ro RNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Allergy and Arthritis, Flinders Medical Centre and University, Adelaide, Australia.
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Baron AD, Zhu JS, Marshall S, Irsula O, Brechtel G, Keech C. Insulin resistance after hypertension induced by the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor L-NMMA in rats. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:E709-15. [PMID: 7485485 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269.4.e709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between insulin resistance and hypertension, we examined whether acute induction of hypertension can engender insulin resistance. For this purpose we measured rates of insulin-mediated glucose uptake in awake unstressed rats with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (12 microns.kg-1.min-1) clamp technique during infusions of saline alone or after induction of hypertension by bolus administration of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 30 and 15 mg/kg), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Arterial pressure was approximately 20% greater with L-NMMA bolus than with saline alone. Isotopically determined steady-state rates of glucose uptake were 36 +/- 1 mg.kg-1.min-1 during saline alone and 26 +/- 2 and 19 +/- 1 mg.kg-1.min-1 with low- and high-dose L-NMMA (P < 0.001 vs. saline), respectively. To rule out that insulin resistance induced by L-NMMA was adrenergically mediated, clamp studies were repeated with alpha- and beta-blockade. Rates of glucose uptake remained approximately 20% below those observed with saline alone (P < 0.001). A significant inverse correlation was observed between the height of the blood pressure and the rate of glucose uptake (r = 0.32, P = 0.04). In conclusion, acute induction of hypertension with L-NMMA can cause marked insulin resistance. We postulate that reduced skeletal muscle perfusion and/or sympathetic nervous system activation may contribute to insulin resistance induced by L-NMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Baron
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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Abstract
Autoimmunity to La(SS-B) and Ro(SS-A) is a paradigm for understanding the normal mechanisms of B cell and T cell tolerance and development of autoimmunity to clinically important sequestered autoantigens. Epitope mapping experiments have indicated that the autoantibody response is largely self antigen-driven but have failed to elucidate why these particular autoantigens are selected. Abnormal trafficking of La or Ro peptides in polarised epithelial cells and their presentation to autoreactive T cells, or selective release of ribonucleoproteins by injured epithelial cells, could explain the targeting of salivary and lacrimal epithelium in Sjogren's syndrome. There appears to be little, if any, immune tolerance to La in the T helper and B cell compartments. Both intra-and inter-molecular spreading of the autoimmune response have been observed for La. We present a model of recruited autoimmunity whereby capture and internalisation of La/Ro ribonucleoproteins by B cells and subsequent presentation of La or Ro determinants to autoreactive T cells could lead to inter-molecular spreading of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gordon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia
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Padmanabhan V, Keech C, Convey EM. Cortisol inhibits and adrenocorticotropin has no effect on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-induced release of luteinizing hormone from bovine pituitary cells in vitro. Endocrinology 1983; 112:1782-7. [PMID: 6299709 DOI: 10.1210/endo-112-5-1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Suckling causes a delay in onset of estrus and ovulation in cattle postpartum. In addition, the suckling stimulus causes the release of corticoids presumably via ACTH. Since any hormone released by suckling is a potential inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion and/or ovulation, we investigated the effects of ACTH and cortisol on LHRH-induced LH release from bovine pituitary cells in vitro. Anterior pituitary glands were obtained from cows killed during the luteal phase of an estrus cycle (days 5-15). Pituitary cells, disaggregated enzymatically, were grown in Dulbecco's medium containing 10% dextran charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum. On day 5, cultures were washed and reincubated in serum free medium containing the hormone being tested. After 6 h of incubation, LHRH was added in 10 microliters medium and incubation continued for an additional 6 h. ACTH at 4.3 X 10(-9), 4.3 X 10(-8), and 4.3 X 10(-7) M had no effect on basal or LHRH-induced LH release. Cortisol at 12.1 ng/ml decreased (P less than 0.001) the slope of LHRH response curve (b1 = 2.9 vs. 5.5 for controls). To determine if this effect was specific for cortisol, we compared cortisol, dexamethasone, and progesterone. LHRH-induced LH release (percent of control) was decreased (P less than 0.001) by 12.1 ng/ml cortisol (98%), 1, 5, and 10 ng/ml dexamethasone (60%, 71%, and 88%), but not by 3.1 ng/ml progesterone. The inhibitory effect of cortisol was reversible. Thus, LHRH-induced LH release (percent of controls) at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after a 24-h exposure to 12.1 ng/ml cortisol was 19%, 89%, 100%, and 115%, respectively. We have demonstrated that cortisol at concentrations found normally in blood of cows postpartum will inhibit LHRH-induced LH release from bovine pituitary cells. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that cortisol released by suckling may inhibit gonadotropin secretion postpartum and as such may prolong the anovulatory interval postpartum.
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