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Clements C, Hoy C, Bin-Maarus L, Morris S, Christophers R. Aboriginal peoples' lived experience of household overcrowding in the Kimberley and implications for research reciprocity in COVID-19 recovery. Aust N Z J Public Health 2023; 47:100104. [PMID: 38070281 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Household overcrowding was identified early in the COVID-19 pandemic as a risk factor increasing transmission and worsening outcomes. Nirrumbuk Environmental Health and Services designed this project to deepen understanding of Aboriginal peoples' experiences of overcrowding in social housing. METHODS Our household survey explored overcrowding, capacity to respond to COVID-19 directives and the Canadian National Overcrowding Standard (CNOS). RESULTS For 219 participating Aboriginal households, usual number of residents per household ranged from 1 to 14, increasing with short- and long-term visitors. 17.8% had occupants who themselves were on waiting lists for their own home. Nearly one-third of houses had three generations under one roof. 53.4% indicated isolation of COVID-19 cases as 'extremely' difficult. 33.8% indicated their community could not manage COVID-19 at scale. Overcrowding was defined by interpersonal dynamics or consequences such as plumbing blockages or conflict rather than the number or people or ratio of people to bedrooms. 64.8% welcomed CNOS to determine acceptable and healthy occupancy levels. Participants encouraged research about environmental health in Aboriginal hands. CONCLUSIONS Cultural obligations, poverty and social housing waitlist management impose extreme demand on remote housing. CNOS relevance was endorsed but tempered by lived experience. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Aboriginal-led research is directly accountable to communities through reciprocity and kinship. Nirrumbuk has already modified service planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chicky Clements
- Bard Man and Senior Aboriginal Environmental Health Supervisor, Nirrumbuk Environmental Health and Services, BROOME, WA, 6725, Australia
| | - Christine Hoy
- Bard Woman and General Manager (commencing October 2021), Nirrumbuk Environmental Health and Services, BROOME, WA, 6725, Australia.
| | - Louis Bin-Maarus
- Nyul Nyul Man and Chairman, Nirrumbuk Environmental Health and Services, BROOME, WA, 6725, Australia
| | - Sarah Morris
- Non-Indigenous Woman and Previous General Manager (to October 2021), Nirrumbuk Environmental Health and Services, BROOME, WA, 6725, Australia
| | - Ray Christophers
- Bard Man and Chief Executive Officer, Nirrumbuk Environmental Health and Services, BROOME, WA, 6725, Australia
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2
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Maxwell M, Hibberd C, Aitchison P, Calveley E, Pratt R, Dougall N, Hoy C, Mercer S, Cameron I. The Patient Centred Assessment Method for improving nurse-led biopsychosocial assessment of patients with long-term conditions: a feasibility RCT. Health Serv Deliv Res 2018. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr06040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Annual reviews of people living with long-term conditions (LTCs) are mostly conducted by practice nurses (PNs), who focus on the physical needs of patients. The broader mental well-being and social needs of patients are also important if they are to live well. The Patient Centred Assessment Method (PCAM) is a new tool to help PNs conduct biopsychosocial assessments of patients’ needs.
Research questions
Is it feasible and acceptable to use the PCAM in primary care nurse-led reviews for those with LTCs? Is it feasible and acceptable to run a cluster randomised trial of the PCAM in primary care?
Methods
Four practitioner and two patient focus groups explored the acceptability and implementation requirements of the PCAM, which was then tested in a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial aiming to recruit eight general practitioner (GP) practices and 16 nurses. Baseline data collection was conducted with nurses prior to randomisation, with a cohort of 10 patients per nurse, including patient demographics, patient evaluation of consultation, patient-completed outcomes (measured via the Consultation and Relational Empathy, Patient Enablement Instrument, Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, General Health Questionnaire and the Short Form questionnaire-12 items) and nurse referrals/signposting to services. Patient follow-up questionnaires were completed at 8 weeks. Practices were then randomised to the PCAM intervention or care as usual (CAU). Data collection was repeated for a second cohort of patients. Fidelity was tested by comparing a sample of recorded consultations before and after PCAM training. Qualitative interviews were conducted with PCAM nurses and a sample of patients.
Results
Approaches to 159 eligible practices resulted in the recruitment of six practices (10 nurses), with five practices (seven nurses) completing both data collection phases. Nurses collected baseline data on 113 patients, 71 of whom (62.8%) completed follow-up questionnaires. Five practices were randomised: three practices (six nurses) to the PCAM arm and two practices (four nurses) to the CAU arm. In phase 2, seven nurses collected data on 77 patients, of whom 40 (52%) completed follow-up. Only four PCAM nurses agreed to recording consultations, with five pre- and four post-PCAM recordings obtained. Post PCAM training, there was evidence of more attention being given to patients’ mental well-being and social issues. The PCAM was fairly easily integrated into consultation, although some nurses reflected that this benefited from early support. Patients were not always aware of its use, but most were happy to have their needs assessed.
Limitations
Recruitment of GP practices, and nurse recruitment and retention.
Conclusions
The PCAM is feasible and acceptable for use by primary care nurses and may have potential for encouraging biopsychosocial assessment of patients. Efforts required to recruit and retain staff indicate that a full trial is not feasible or cost-effective at this time.
Future work
The PCAM intervention warrants further exploration as an effective mechanism for improving care for people with LTCs; this could be conducted within an implementation study.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN98973169.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research Vol. 6, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Maxwell
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Carina Hibberd
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Patricia Aitchison
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Eileen Calveley
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Rebekah Pratt
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nadine Dougall
- School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christine Hoy
- Health and Social Care Alliance Scotland (the ALLIANCE), Glasgow, UK
| | - Stewart Mercer
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Isobel Cameron
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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3
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Nettlefold L, Sims-Gould J, Hoy C, Bauman A, McKay H. IMPACT OF A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION ON PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF OLDER ADULTS’ HEALTH. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.5162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Nettlefold
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - J. Sims-Gould
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - C. Hoy
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - A. Bauman
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H.A. McKay
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
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4
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McKay H, Sims-Gould J, Nettlefold L, Hoy C, Bauman A. IMPLEMENTATION MATTERS: SCALE-UP OF AN OLDER ADULT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MODEL. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H.A. McKay
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - J. Sims-Gould
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - L. Nettlefold
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - C. Hoy
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - A. Bauman
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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De Decker S, Gregori T, Kenny PJ, Hoy C, Erles K, Volk HA. Tethered cord syndrome associated with a thickened filum terminale in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:405-9. [PMID: 25586550 PMCID: PMC4858091 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S De Decker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, England
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Tsui S, Walker J, Temple P, Yu K, Hoy C, Alshurafa M, Walker J. Transitioning to a new Casemix grouper to fund long-term care homes in Ontario, Canada. BMC Health Serv Res 2011. [PMCID: PMC3238201 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-s1-a25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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7
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Walker L, Brampton W, Halai M, Hoy C, Lee E, Scott I, McLernon DJ. Randomized controlled trial of intubation with the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope by inexperienced anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:440-5. [PMID: 19605408 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope might reduce the incidence of unexpected difficult tracheal intubation. If it also performs as well as a standard laryngoscope during uncomplicated intubations, there would be an argument for the McGrath to become the laryngoscope of choice in higher risk settings, such as rapid sequence induction by inexperienced anaesthetists. Therefore, we compared the McGrath and the Macintosh laryngoscopes during routine tracheal intubation performed by inexperienced anaesthetists. METHODS Single-blind randomized controlled trial with 120 adult patients allocated to intubation by first-year anaesthetic trainees, using a McGrath or Macintosh laryngoscope. The primary outcome was time to intubation. Secondary outcomes were quality of view at laryngoscopy and evidence of differential learning between using the two laryngoscopes. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the effect of the laryngoscopes on time to intubation. RESULTS Duration of intubation was significantly longer (P<0.001) in the McGrath group [median (IQR); 47.0 (39.0-60.0) vs 29.5 (23.0-36.8) s]. There were no significant differences in other outcomes, including grade of laryngoscopy view, visual confirmation of tube placement, number of laryngoscopies, or complications (oesophageal intubation, hypoxaemia, and airway trauma). There was no differential learning effect. CONCLUSIONS There were no advantages to using the McGrath laryngoscope for uncomplicated tracheal intubation and duration of intubation was longer, so it should not be used as a first-line laryngoscope instrument by inexperienced anaesthetists.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Walker
- Department of Anaesthesia, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK.
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8
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Petticrew M, Cummins S, Ferrell C, Findlay A, Higgins C, Hoy C, Kearns A, Sparks L. Natural experiments: an underused tool for public health? Public Health 2006; 119:751-7. [PMID: 15913681 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Policymakers and public health researchers alike have demanded better evidence of the effects of interventions on health inequalities. These calls have been repeated most recently in the UK in the final Wanless report, which spoke of the "almost complete lack of an evidence base on the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions", and pointed more generally to the limited evidence base for public health policy and practice. Wanless and others have suggested that the gaps may be partially filled by exploiting the opportunities offered by "natural experiments", such as changes in employment opportunities, housing provision, or cigarette pricing. Natural experiments have an important contributions to make within the health inequalities agenda. First, they can play an important role in investigating the determinants of health inequalities. Second, they can assist in the identification of effective interventions, an area where it is widely acknowledged that the evidence-base is currently sparsely populated. This paper discusses some of the benefits and limitations of using this type of evidence, drawing on two ongoing quasi-experimental studies as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Petticrew
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK.
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9
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Abstract
Osteomyelitis of the temporal bone caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis has never been reported before. This infection was diagnosed in a 51-year-old diabetic man. S. lugdunensis is an unusually virulent coagulase negative staphylococcus and has been implicated in a variety of severe infections. Considering the serious morbidity and mortality associated with osteomyelitis and in particular with S. lugdunensis, special awareness and alertness are required when otitis externa, which predisposes to osteomyelitis, is refractory to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Doncaster Royal Infirmary, Armthorpe Road, Doncaster, South Yorkshire DN2 5LT, UK.
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10
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Abstract
This paper reviews the nature and explores the context of, and reactions to, reproductive health education in China by both the target population of adolescents at school and the wider public. The debate about reproductive health education and its content is taking place within the context of rapid behavioural and sociological changes in China which, in turn is, generating conflicting demands concerning the need for education by the population and the control of the population by the government. Foucault's theories on sexuality and discipline are found to be useful in exploring the subject of reproductive health education in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoy
- Department of Geography, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
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11
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12
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Abstract
Human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) contains a variably occupied glycosylation site at Asn-184 in naturally produced t-PA and in t-PA produced in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The presence of an oligosaccharide at this site has previously been shown to reduce specific activity and fibrin binding. In this report, the site occupancy of t-PA is shown to increase gradually over the course of batch and fed-batch CHO cultures. Additional cell culture factors, including butyrate and temperature, are also shown to influence the degree of glycosylation. In each of these cases, conditions with decreased growth rate correlate with increased site occupancy. Investigations using quinidine and thymidine to manipulate the cell cycle distribution of cultures further support this correlation between site occupancy and growth state. Comparison of the cell cycle distribution across the range of cell culture factors investigated shows a consistent relationship between site occupancy and the fraction of cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle. These results support a correlation between growth state and site occupancy, which fundamentally differs from site occupancy trends previously observed and illustrates the importance of the growth profile of CHO cultures in producing consistently glycosylated recombinant glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Andersen
- Department of Manufacturing Sciences, Genentech, Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, USA.
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13
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Wilcox MH, Fitzgerald P, Freeman J, Denton M, Gill AB, Hoy C, Parnell P, Porter C, Haspinall L, Hawkey P. A five year outbreak of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus phage type 53,85 in a regional neonatal unit. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124:37-45. [PMID: 10722128 PMCID: PMC2810881 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268899003349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a 5-year outbreak of a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strain, affecting 202 babies on a neonatal unit, by routine weekly phage typing all S. aureus isolates. Multiple staged control measures including strict emphasis on hand hygiene, environmental and staff surveillance sampling, and application of topical hexachlorophane powder failed to end the outbreak. S. aureus PT 53,85 (SA5385) was found on opened packs of Stomahesive, used as a neonatal skin protectant. Only following the implementation of aseptic handling of Stomahesive, and the use of topical mupirocin for staff nasal carriers of SA5385, and for babies colonized or infected with S. aureus, did the isolation rate of SA5385 decline. DNA fingerprinting indicated that > or =, 95% of SA5385 isolates were clonal. In vitro death rates of SA5385 on Stomahesive with human serum were significantly lower than on Stomahesive alone (P = 0.04), and on cotton sheet with serum (P = 0.04), highlighting the potential of this material as a survival niche. Phage typing remains a valuable, inexpensive and simple method for monitoring nosocomial MSSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Wilcox
- Department of Microbiology and Neonatal Medicine, Leeds General Infirmary and University of Leeds, UK
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14
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Kumar A, Hoy C, Woodrow G, Turney JH. Tackling antibiotic resistance. Br J Gen Pract 1999; 49:579-80. [PMID: 10622004 PMCID: PMC1313489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boeckh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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16
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Torok-Storb B, Boeckh M, Hoy C, Leisenring W, Myerson D, Gooley T. Association of specific cytomegalovirus genotypes with death from myelosuppression after marrow transplantation. Blood 1997; 90:2097-102. [PMID: 9292549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) genotype was conducted on 281 CMV isolates obtained from marrow transplant recipients. The genotyping was based on sequence variations in the gene encoding envelope glycoprotein B (gB) as detected by restriction analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified gB DNA. Among all isolates studied, the distribution of gB types 1-4 was 48.4%, 16.4%, 24.6%, and 8.2%, respectively, with only 2.5% of all isolates containing more than one gB type. The association of gB types with acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) and death related to myelosuppression was examined using appropriate multivariable regression models. Covariables in addition to gB type included underlying disease type, donor-recipient HLA matching, donor CMV serostatus, and age as a continuous variable. Death associated with myelosuppression occurred in 2.9% or 4 of 136 patients with gB1, 0% or 0 of 46 patients with gB2, 21.7% or 15 of 69 patients with gB3, and 17.4% or four of 23 patients with gB4. The significant association of CMV gB type with death due to myelosuppression was maintained in a multivariable analysis (P < .001). In addition, the data also suggested that gB types 3 and 4 may be associated with a reduced hazard of grades II to IV acute GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Torok-Storb
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98104-2092, USA
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17
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Craft PS, May J, Dorigo A, Hoy C, Plant A. Hickman catheters: left-sided insertion, male gender, and obesity are associated with an increased risk of complications. Aust N Z J Med 1996; 26:33-9. [PMID: 8775526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1996.tb02904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semipermanent tunnelled silicone rubber Hickman catheters are widely used to provide durable central venous access for patients with cancer or haematological disease. AIMS To document the frequency and severity of Hickman catheter related adverse events and to identify predisposing factors. METHODS A retrospective review was undertaken of 153 sequential Hickman catheters inserted into patients receiving treatment for cancer or haematological disease. All Hickman catheters were inserted percutaneously in a radiology department under local anaesthesia and fluoroscopic control. The exact position of the catheter tip was determined by reviewing post-insertion radiographs. RESULTS The median duration of catheter use was 55 days (range one-650). Complications led to the removal of 32% of catheters. Exit site infection complicated 22% of catheters, septicaemia 7%, migration or dislodgment 7%, and venous thrombosis 8%. Complications were more common in male patients (exit site infection and catheter loss), in patients with acute leukaemia (septicaemia) and in obese patients (catheter migration). Left sided catheters caused more venous thrombosis and were more likely to malfunction or block. Left sided catheters required removal more frequently than right sided catheters. Termination of the Hickman catheter within the high superior vena cava (SVC) resulted in loss of function earlier when compared to termination with the low SVC or right atrium (RA). CONCLUSIONS Right-sided Hickman catheters terminating in the low SVC/RA offer the best chance of durable function. The use of subcutaneously tunnelled catheters in obese patients poses unique problems with catheter migration. Vigilance in the placement and care of Hickman catheters remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Craft
- Medical Oncology Department, Woden Valley Hospital, Canberra, ACT
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Abstract
We report a case study of Christine, an intelligent 30-year-old woman with a developmental learning disability. Psychometric evaluation and extensive interviews revealed several findings: most notably, evidence of anomia, auditory processing problems, difficulty acquiring reading and spelling skills, and an extremely poor sense of number. In addition, Christine showed all four of the Gerstmann symptoms (left-right confusion, finger agnosia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia). We suggest that most, if not all, of these impairments may be explained in terms of a sequential processing deficit (e.g., Bakker 1967; Tallal 1980). In Christine's case, difficulty perceiving serial order appears to have resulted in a major conceptual impairment involving number.HD-To me four is a number that comes after three and before five. It means twice two …C-To me four is a picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario
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19
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Weinberg AD, Whitham R, Swain SL, Morrison WJ, Wyrick G, Hoy C, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Transforming growth factor-beta enhances the in vivo effector function and memory phenotype of antigen-specific T helper cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1992; 148:2109-17. [PMID: 1347550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) had a profound effect on the in vitro phenotypic development of Ag-activated Th cells and enhanced the in vivo effector function of these cells upon adoptive transfer. Previous studies have shown that there are two types of Th cell populations found in unimmunized animals, naive helper cells, which are short-lived and express low levels of CD44 and high levels of CD45R and Mel-14, and memory helper cells, which have a long life span and express high levels of CD44 and low levels of CD45R and Mel-14. Culturing of Ag-specific murine Th cell lines and clones in the presence of TGF-beta greatly enhanced both the memory phenotype of the cultured cells and the effector function upon adoptive transfer in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Histologic evaluation of spinal cords from recipients receiving passively transferred murine T cell lines cultured with TGF-beta revealed large demyelinated plaques (multiple sclerosis-like) that were not present in animals receiving cells cultured with Ag alone. TGF-beta also enhanced the capability of myelin basic protein-specific Lewis rat T cell lines to transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and potentiated a purified protein derivative-specific rat helper cell line to transfer delayed type hypersensitivity. Thus, the effects of TGF-beta did not appear to be limited by species specificity, Ag specificity, or in vivo T cell function. This is the first study showing that TGF-beta can potentiate the development and maintenance of the Th cell memory phenotype in vitro and enhance their in vivo effector function in an animal disease model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens/analysis
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Leukocyte Common Antigens
- Mice
- Phenotype
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Weinberg
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
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20
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Weinberg AD, Whitham R, Swain SL, Morrison WJ, Wyrick G, Hoy C, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Transforming growth factor-beta enhances the in vivo effector function and memory phenotype of antigen-specific T helper cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The Journal of Immunology 1992. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.148.7.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) had a profound effect on the in vitro phenotypic development of Ag-activated Th cells and enhanced the in vivo effector function of these cells upon adoptive transfer. Previous studies have shown that there are two types of Th cell populations found in unimmunized animals, naive helper cells, which are short-lived and express low levels of CD44 and high levels of CD45R and Mel-14, and memory helper cells, which have a long life span and express high levels of CD44 and low levels of CD45R and Mel-14. Culturing of Ag-specific murine Th cell lines and clones in the presence of TGF-beta greatly enhanced both the memory phenotype of the cultured cells and the effector function upon adoptive transfer in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Histologic evaluation of spinal cords from recipients receiving passively transferred murine T cell lines cultured with TGF-beta revealed large demyelinated plaques (multiple sclerosis-like) that were not present in animals receiving cells cultured with Ag alone. TGF-beta also enhanced the capability of myelin basic protein-specific Lewis rat T cell lines to transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and potentiated a purified protein derivative-specific rat helper cell line to transfer delayed type hypersensitivity. Thus, the effects of TGF-beta did not appear to be limited by species specificity, Ag specificity, or in vivo T cell function. This is the first study showing that TGF-beta can potentiate the development and maintenance of the Th cell memory phenotype in vitro and enhance their in vivo effector function in an animal disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Weinberg
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
| | - R Whitham
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
| | - S L Swain
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
| | - W J Morrison
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
| | - G Wyrick
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
| | - C Hoy
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
| | - A A Vandenbark
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
| | - H Offner
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neuroimmunology, Portland, OR 97201
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Abstract
Quantitative studies of faecal bacterial flora were carried out during the week preceding the clinical onset of 12 episodes of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. There were considerable quantitative changes in the faecal flora preceding the clinical onset of both definite and possible episodes of necrotising enterocolitis. There was a decline in the numbers of some species from up to 72 hours before the clinical onset of the disease. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from samples collected during the 48 hours preceding the clinical onset of all four definite episodes of necrotising enterocolitis. These were 'new' isolates in two episodes, and considerably increased numbers in another. The changes that we found are probably the result of changes in intraluminal conditions that precede the clinical onset of necrotising enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoy
- Department of Microbiology, General Infirmary, Leeds
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Hoy C. Role of veterinary nurses. Vet Rec 1990; 127:191. [PMID: 2219652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Prewitt RM, Hoy C, Kong A, Gu SA, Greenberg D, Cook R, Chan SM, Ducas J. Thrombolytic therapy in canine pulmonary embolism. Comparative effects of urokinase and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:290-5. [PMID: 2105682 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared thrombolytic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and urokinase (UK) in canine micropulmonary thromboembolism. Dogs were embolized with radioactive autologous blood clot to increase mean pulmonary artery pressure (from 13 to 34 mm Hg, p less than 0.005) and decrease cardiac output (2.5 to 1.6 L min, p less than 0.005). Four groups of six dogs were treated. We employed two doses of UK, 30,000 U/kg (UK30) and 60,000 U/kg (UK60), and two doses of rtPA, 1 mg/kg (rtPA1) and 2 mg/kg (rtPA2). Drugs were infused over 15 min. Rate and extent of pulmonary thrombolysis were assessed by continuously counting over both lung fields with a gamma camera. Compared with treatment with UK, both rtPA regimes significantly increased thrombolysis. Mean total pulmonary thrombolysis was 14 and 23% with UK30 and UK60, respectively, and 35 and 43% with rtPA1 and rtPA2. Corresponding to the increased thrombolysis, pulmonary hemodynamics improved most with rtPA. From 90 min to 3 h, pulmonary artery pressure was significantly lower with both rtPA regimes than with either UK regime. These results indicate, at least in the model employed, that compared with treatment with UK, pulmonary thrombolysis and corresponding hemodynamic improvement are greatest with rtPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Prewitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Rice GC, Hoy C, Schimke RT. Transient hypoxia enhances the frequency of dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:5978-82. [PMID: 3461470 PMCID: PMC386420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.16.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of Chinese hamster cells to reduced oxygen partial pressure results in a marked enhancement in the frequency of methotrexate resistance and dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification. The frequency of enhanced resistance is a function of the length of exposure to hypoxic conditions and the time after recovery from hypoxia when cells are plated into methotrexate-containing medium. Hypoxia results in an inhibition of DNA synthesis; upon return to normal oxygen atmosphere, greater than 60% of cells in S phase at the time hypoxia was started subsequently undergo overreplication of DNA within a single cell cycle. The cells with the increased frequency of gene amplification are derived from this subset of overreplicated cells. These results are discussed within the context of the hypoxic state of many solid tumors and the high frequency of aneuploidy, chromosomal aberrations, and spontaneously occurring resistances to a number of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Mair IW, Hoy C, Johannessen TA. [Tularemia in Troms, 1970]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1971; 91:1815-6. [PMID: 5110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Hoy C. Old manor house becomes refuge for elderly. Nurs Mirror Midwives J 1968; 127:29-31. [PMID: 5189605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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