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Boey JY, Kong U, Lee CK, Lim GK, Oo CW, Tan CK, Ng CY, Azniwati AA, Tay GS. The effect of spent coffee ground (SCG) loading, matrix ratio and biological treatment of SCG on poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer blend. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131079. [PMID: 38537860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of SCG embedded into biodegradable polymer blends and aimed to formulate and characterise biomass-reinforced biocomposites using spent coffee ground (SCG) as reinforcement in PHB/PLA polymer blend. The effect of SCG filler loading and varying PHB/PLA ratios on the tensile properties and morphological characteristics of the biocomposites were examined. The results indicated that tensile properties reduction could be due to its incompatibility with the PHB/PLA matrixSCG aggregation at 40 wt% content resulted in higher void formation compared to lower content at 10 wt%. A PHB/PLA ratio of 50/50 with SCG loading 20 wt% was chosen for biocomposites with treated SCG. Biological treatment of SCG using Phanerochaete chrysosporium CK01 and Aspergillus niger DWA8 indicated P. chrysosporium CK01 necessitated a higher moisture content for optimum growth and enzyme production, whereas the optimal conditions for enzyme production (50-55 %, w/w) differed from those promoting A. niger DWA8 growth (40 %, w/w). SEM micrographs highlighted uniform distribution and effective wetting of treated SCG, resulting in improvements of tensile strength and modulus of biocomposites, respectively. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of sustainable fungal treatment in enhancing the interfacial adhesion between treated SCG and the PHB/PLA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Boey
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - U Kong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C K Lee
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - G K Lim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C W Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C K Tan
- PMI Packaging Sdn. Bhd., Taman Perindustrian Senai, 81400 Senai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - C Y Ng
- CY Enterprise Sdn. Bhd., Taman Perindustrian Murni, 81400 Senai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Azniwati
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - G S Tay
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
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2
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Loh YC, Oo CW, Tew WY, Wen X, Wei X, Yam MF. The predominance of endothelium-derived relaxing factors and beta-adrenergic receptor pathways in strong vasorelaxation induced by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the rat aorta. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112905. [PMID: 35421787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4HB), known as ρ-hydroxybenzaldehyde, is commonly present in traditional Chinese medicine herb, most frequently used for hypertension treatment. This research aims to determine the potency of 4HB's vasorelaxant action. In the study, the vasodilation effect of 4HB was evaluated using in vitro isolated rat aortic rings assay. The aortic rings were pre-incubated with respective antagonists before being pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE) and challenged with various concentrations of 4HB for mechanistic action studies. Rmax (maximal vasodilation) and pEC50 (negative logarithm of half-maximal effective concentration) values of each experiment were determined for comparison purposes. 4HB caused vasodilation on endothelium-intact aortic rings which pre-contracted with PE (pEC50 = 3.53 ± 0.05, Rmax = 100.95 ± 4.25%) or potassium chloride (pEC50 = 2.96 ± 0.13, Rmax = 72.13 ± 4.93%). The vasodilation effect of 4HB was significantly decreased in the absence of an endothelium (pEC50 = 2.21 ± 0.25, Rmax = 47.96 ± 4.16%). The atropine, 4-aminopyridine, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, glibenclamide, and propranolol significantly reduced the vasorelaxation effect of 4HB. Besides that, 4HB blocked the voltage-operated calcium channel (VOCC) and regulated the intracellular Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the aortic ring. Thus, the results indicated that 4HB exerted its vasodilatory effect via cGMP and β2 pathways, M3-dependent PLC/IP3 pathways, and potassium and calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Chun Loh
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China; Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Yin Tew
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xu Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Beh KK, Manaf AA, Beh KP, Yam FK, Lim HS, Jafri MZM, Oo CW, Sawada K. Fabrication & Characterization of Simple Structure Self-Assembled Graphene Oxide Based Heavy Metal Ion Sensor. IETE Journal of Research 2022; 68:2288-2297. [DOI: 10.1080/03772063.2019.1700177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khi Khim Beh
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@USM, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@USM, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khi Poay Beh
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fong Kwong Yam
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hwee San Lim
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Chuan Wei Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kazuaki Sawada
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
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Loh YC, Oo CW, Tew WY, Yam MF. Herbal Medicines as Sources of an Evidence-Based Pharmacological Research Paradigm: improving research translation. J Pharmacopuncture 2022; 25:68-69. [PMID: 35371585 PMCID: PMC8947968 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2022.25.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yean Chun Loh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yin Tew
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Loh YC, Chan SY, Oo CW, Yam MF. Discovery of trans-3,4,4'-trihydroxystilbene as new lead vasorelaxant agent for antihypertensive drug development. Life Sci 2021; 278:119560. [PMID: 33915131 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The structure-vasorelaxant activity relationships (SARs) assessment in previous study has found that trans-3,4,4'-trihydroxystilbene (344OH) could potentially act as a vasorelaxing agent with demonstration of over 2-fold maximal relaxation (Rmax) compared to its analogue, resveratrol. The present study focuses on the mechanism of actions and pathways employed by 344OH and compared to its analogue to further speculate the SAR of stilbenoids towards vasorelaxation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 344OH employed in present study was synthesized based on the protocol in previous study. The vascular responses towards the cumulative addition of 344OH were evaluated using in vitro rat aortic rings assays. KEY FINDINGS The pEC50 and Rmax values were found to be 4.33 ± 0.05 and 106 ± 3.99%, respectively. Results showed that the vasorelaxation of 344OH were predominated by G-protein-coupled muscarinic- (M3) and β2-adrenergic receptors, followed by PGI2/AC/cAMP- and NO/sGC/cGMP-dependent pathways. It was also identified that 344OH employed voltage-activated- (Kv), calcium-activated- (Kca) and inwardly-rectifying (Kir) potassium channels and act as an antagonist for both VOCC and IP3R while regulating the action potential in the vasculature. SIGNIFICANCE The different position of hydroxyl substituent located in A-ring of the stilbenoid backbone in 344OH compared to resveratrol resulted in a significant difference in mechanistic actions that lead to 344OH's fast-acting and less time-dependent vasorelaxation behaviour. This has substantially increased the potential of 344OH to be developed as an effective antihypertensive drug in future. Present findings further strengthen our inferences where the SARs study approach should be carried out as the mainstream methodology in future drug development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Chun Loh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sock Ying Chan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyanng Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
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Lai JY, Inoue N, Oo CW, Kawasaki H, Lim TS. One-step synthesis of M13 phage-based nanoparticles and their fluorescence properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1367-1375. [PMID: 35424103 PMCID: PMC8693608 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02835e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles have been gaining more attention in recent years for their excellent fluorescence properties and simple synthesis routes. Different carbon sources have been reported for fluorescent carbon nanoparticle synthesis but the use of virus particles as a carbon source is scarce. Herein, we report the utilization of M13 bacteriophage particles as the carbon source to synthesize phage-based nanoparticles through facile, one-step microwave heating. M13 bacteriophage is a nanosized filamentous virus particle with a single-stranded DNA genome encapsulated by a large number of coat proteins. These amino acid rich building blocks provide a substantial amount of carbon source for the synthesis of fluorescent nanoparticles. The resulting nanoparticles from M13 bacteriophage showed good water solubility and exhibited bright blue luminescence. The selectivity and sensitivity of the phage-based nanoparticles towards Fe(iii) ions showed a quenching effect with a linear correlation and a detection limit of 8.0 μM. This process highlights the potential application of virus particles as a source for the synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and the sensing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia +60-4-653-4803 +60-4-653-4852
| | - Naoya Inoue
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University 3-3-35 Yamate-cho Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan +60-6-6368-0979
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Minden Penang Malaysia
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University 3-3-35 Yamate-cho Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan +60-6-6368-0979
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia +60-4-653-4803 +60-4-653-4852
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia
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Lim YH, Oo CW, Koh RY, Voon GL, Yew MY, Yam MF, Loh YC. Synthesis, characterization, and anti-cancer activity of new chalcone derivatives containing naphthalene and fluorine moieties. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:994-1003. [PMID: 32720715 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, chalcones and their derivatives have become the focus of global scientists due to increasing evidence reported towards their potency in antitumor and anti-cancer. Here, the chalcones designed and synthesized in our present study were derived from the derivatives of naphthaldehyde and acetophenone. Both these precursors have been reported in demonstrating a certain degree of anticancer property. Also, the substituents on these precursors such as hydroxyl, methoxy, prenyl, and chloro were shown able to enhance the anticancer efficiency. Hence, it is the interest of the current study to investigate the anticancer potential of the hybrid molecules (chalcones) consisting of these precursors with different alkoxy substituents and with or without the fluorine moiety. Two series of chalcone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized using the elemental analysis, IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, subsequently evaluated for their anti-cancer activity. Interestingly, the results showed that the fluorinated chalcones 11-15 exhibited stronger cytotoxic activity towards the breast cancer cell lines (4T1) compared to non-fluorinated chalcone derivatives. Remarkably, the selectivity index obtained for these fluorinated chalcones derivatives against the breast cancer 4T1 cell line was higher than those exhibited by cisplatin, which is one of the most frequently deployed chemotherapy agents in current medical practice. These findings could provide an insight towards the potential of fluorinated chalcones being developed as an anti-cancer agent with moderate activity towards breast cancer cell and low inhibition of fibroblast cell at a concentration of 100 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hui Lim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gah Leong Voon
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mei Yeng Yew
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yean Chun Loh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Loh YC, Chan SY, Oo CW, Yam MF. Creation of Novel Antihypertensive Agent via Structure-Activity Relationship Study on Phytochemicals towards Vasorelaxant Activity. J Pharmacopuncture 2020; 23:88-89. [PMID: 32685237 PMCID: PMC7338707 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2020.23.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yean Chun Loh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sock Ying Chan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Yam MF, Loh YC, Oo CW, Basir R. Overview of Neurological Mechanism of Pain Profile Used for Animal "Pain-Like" Behavioral Study with Proposed Analgesic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124355. [PMID: 32575378 PMCID: PMC7352401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is the most common sensation installed in us naturally which plays a vital role in defending us against severe harm. This neurological mechanism pathway has been one of the most complex and comprehensive topics but there has never been an elaborate justification of the types of analgesics that used to reduce the pain sensation through which specific pathways. Of course, there have been some answers to curbing of pain which is a lifesaver in numerous situations-chronic and acute pain conditions alike. This has been explored by scientists using pain-like behavioral study methodologies in non-anesthetized animals since decades ago to characterize the analgesic profile such as centrally or peripherally acting drugs and allowing for the development of analgesics. However, widely the methodology is being practiced such as the tail flick/Hargreaves test and Von Frey/Randall-Selitto tests which are stimulus-evoked nociception studies, and there has rarely been a complete review of all these methodologies, their benefits and its downside coupled with the mechanism of the action that is involved. Thus, this review solely focused on the complete protocol that is being adapted in each behavioral study methods induced by different phlogogenic agents, the different assessment methods used for phasic, tonic and inflammatory pain studies and the proposed mechanism of action underlying each behavioral study methodology for analgesic drug profiling. It is our belief that this review could significantly provide a concise idea and improve our scientists' understanding towards pain management in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Fei Yam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Yean Chun Loh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (Y.C.L.); (R.B.); Tel.: +60-46536018 (Y.C.L.); +60-389472448 (R.B.)
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Y.C.L.); (R.B.); Tel.: +60-46536018 (Y.C.L.); +60-389472448 (R.B.)
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Beh KK, Manaf AA, Oo CW, Beh KP, Yam FK, Sawada K. Comparative Studies of Graphitic material Interaction with Flame Retardant 4 (FR-4) Substrate for Miniature Electrochemical-based pH Sensor. Sensors and Materials 2020; 32:2089. [DOI: 10.18494/sam.2020.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Loh YC, Chan SY, Tew WY, Oo CW, Yam MF. New flavonoid-based compound synthesis strategy for antihypertensive drug development. Life Sci 2020; 249:117512. [PMID: 32145305 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of mortality in relation to the cardiovascular conditions and easily the most overlooked and poorly managed disease in mankind. With well over 200 drugs available in the market globally, there is still an urgency to search for antihypertensive alternatives due to the subpar efficacy and unwarranted side effects of the current choices. Present studies reported over 250 types of plant-derived compounds were being investigated for potential pharmacological effects on the vasculature in the last 3 decades. There were numerous literatures that claimed various compounds exhibiting vasorelaxant properties to a certain extent with low numbers of these compounds being successfully adapted into the current medicinal practice for treatment of hypertension. The issue is the scarcity of reviews that summarizes the discovery of this field and the lack of thorough comparison of these compounds to identify which of these vasodilators should be the next face of hypertension management. Thus, this review is aiming towards identifying the relationship between a major class of plant-derived compounds, flavonoid's activity as a vasodilator with their signalling pathways and their structural characteristics according to their vasorelaxant properties. Interestingly, we found that both nitric oxide and voltage-operated calcium channels pathways, and two of the flavonoid's structural characteristics play crucial roles in eliciting strong vasorelaxant effects. We have faith that the insights of this review will serve as a reference for those researching similar topics in the future and potentially lead to the development of more promising antihypertensive alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Chun Loh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sock Ying Chan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yin Tew
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Beh KK, Manaf AA, Beh KP, Yam FK, Oo CW, Sawada K. In-house Fabrication of Heavy Metal Ion Detection Sensor using Graphitic Materials. 2018 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD) 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/scored.2018.8710962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Loh YC, Tan CS, Yam MF, Oo CW, Omar WMW. Orthogonal Stimulus-Response as a Tool to Formulate Traditional Chinese Medicinal Herbal Combination: - New Scientific-Based TCM Herbal Formulating Method. J Pharmacopuncture 2018; 21:203-206. [PMID: 30283708 PMCID: PMC6168191 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2018.21.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is an increasing number of complex diseases that are progressively more difficult to be controlled using the conventional "single compound, single target" approach as demonstrated in our current modern drug development. TCM might be the new cornerstone of treatment alternative when the current treatment option is no longer as effective or that we have exhausted it as an option. Orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study is one of the most frequently employed formulas to produce optimal herbal combination for treatment of multi-syndromic diseases. This approach could solve the relatively low efficacy single drug therapy usage and chronic adverse effects caused by long terms administration of drugs that has been reported in the field of pharmacology and medicine. Methods The present review was based on the Science Direct database search for those related to the TCM and the development of antihypertensive TCM herbal combination using orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group studies approach. Results Recent studies have demonstrated that the orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study approach was most frequently used to formulate TCM herbal combination based on the TCM principles upon the selection of herbs, and the resulting formulated TCM formula exhibited desired outcomes in treating one of global concerned complex multi-syndromic diseases, the hypertension. These promising therapeutic effects were claimed to have been attributed by the holistic signaling mechanism pathways employed by the crude combination of herbs. Conclusion The present review could serve as a guide and prove the feasibility of TCM principles to be used for future pharmacological drug research development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Chun Loh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chu Shan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Maznah Wan Omar
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Leng Lim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 USM Penang Malaysia
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Nagaoka University of Technology; 1603-1 Kamitomioka Nagaoka Niigata 940-2188 Japan
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 USM Penang Malaysia
| | - Takaomi Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; Nagaoka University of Technology; 1603-1 Kamitomioka Nagaoka Niigata 940-2188 Japan
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Lim WL, Kobayashi T, Aota H, Oo CW. A New Benzylidene-based Fluorophore Polymer as “Turn on” Fluorescent Chemosensor Selectively for Heavy Metal Ions. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Leng Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | - Takaomi Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology
| | - Hiroyuki Aota
- Faculty of Chemistry, Material and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Chuan Wei Oo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
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