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André WPP, Junior JRP, Cavalcante GS, Ribeiro WLC, Araújo-Filho JV, Morais SM, Oliveira LMB, Abreu FOMS, Bevilaqua CML. Carvacryl acetate nanoencapsulated with chitosan/chichá gum exhibits reduced toxicity in mice and decreases the fecal egg count of sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Parasitology 2021; 148:1560-1565. [PMID: 34238398 PMCID: PMC11010123 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nanoencapsulation of biocomposites with anthelmintic action has been proposed as an alternative for improving their efficiency. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate nanoencapsulated with biopolymers (nCVA) in the control of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/chichá gum and characterized in terms of its efficacy of encapsulation (EE), yield and zeta potential. The acute toxicity of nCVA was evaluated in mice. For the fecal egg count reduction test, 40 animals were divided into four groups (n = 10) and orally administered the following treatments: G1, 250 mg kg−1 CVA; G2, 250 mg kg−1 nCVA; G3, chitosan/chichá gum (negative control) and G4, 2.5 mg kg−1 monepantel (positive control). Feces were collected on days 0 and 16 posttreatment to determine the eggs per gram of feces (epg). The EE and yield of nCVA were 72.8 and 57.5%, respectively. The nanoparticles showed a size of 764.5 ± 302.5 nm, and the zeta potential at pH 3.2 was +22.0 mV. nCVA presented a 50% lethal dose (LD50) of 2609 mg kg−1. By 16 days posttreatment, CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the epg by 52.9.7, 71.5 and 98.7%, respectively, and the epg of sheep treated with nCVA differed from that of the negative control (P > 0.05) but did not differ from that of sheep treated with CVA. In conclusion, the nanoencapsulation of CVA reduced its toxicity, and nCVA showed anthelmintic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibson P. P. André
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitarias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José R. P. Junior
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ambiental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Géssica S. Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Wesley L. C. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José V. Araújo-Filho
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitarias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Selene M. Morais
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lorena M. B. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitarias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Flávia O. M. S. Abreu
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ambiental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Claudia M. L. Bevilaqua
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitarias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Cavalcante GS, de Morais SM, Andre WPP, Ribeiro WLC, Rodrigues ALM, De Lira FCML, Viana JM, Bevilaqua CML. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Calotropis procera (Ait.) latex on Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:22-5. [PMID: 27514877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Calotropis procera is among the species of medicinal plants that have traditionally been used for the treatment of parasites in small ruminants, stimulating the scientific validation of anthelmintic effects. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of ethyl acetate extract of Calotropis procera latex (EAECPL), assess the in vitro effect against Haemonchus contortus and the structural changes caused in the adult worm. The latex was collected, lyophilized and subjected to washing with the ethyl acetate solvent to obtain EAECPL. The constituents of the extract were isolated by column chromatography and identified by (13)C and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The egg hatching test (EHT), larval development test (LDT) and adult worms motility test (WMT) were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of EAECPL on eggs, larvae and adult of H. contortus, respectively. The worms obtained from the WMT, after 24h exposure to EAECPL or controls were observed on a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results were analysed by variance analysis and compared with Tukey's test (P<0.05). Three compounds were isolated from EAECPL and identified as urs-19(29)-en-3-yl acetate, (3β)-Urs-19(29)-en-3-ol, and 1-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-glycerol. In the EHT, EAECPL inhibited larval hatching by 91.8% at dose of 4mg/ml. In the LDT 1mg/ml inhibited 99.8% larval development. In the WMT, EAECPL in the concentration of 100μg/ml inhibited 100% motility of worms, 12h post-exposition. In the SEM, obvious differences were not detected between the negative control worms and the worms treated with EAECPL. In this study, EAECPL showed an effect on inhibition egg hatching, larval development and motility of the adult worms of H. contortus. This should be related both to the identified compounds, as well as the other compounds present in the EAECPL, acting alone or synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica S Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
| | - Selene M de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Weibson P P Andre
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
| | - Wesley L C Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana L M Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
| | - Fábia C M L De Lira
- Laboratório de Microscopia e Microanálise, Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste, Brazil
| | - Janaína M Viana
- Laboratório de Microscopia e Microanálise, Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste, Brazil
| | - Claudia M L Bevilaqua
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
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Bezerra-Vasconcelos DR, Melo LM, Albuquerque ÉS, Luciano MCS, Bevilaqua CML. Real-time PCR to assess the Leishmania load in Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies: screening of target genes and assessment of quantitative methods. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:234-9. [PMID: 21864530 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in Brazil caused by Leishmania infantum chagasi and its main vector species is the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Epidemiological studies have used conventional PCR techniques to measure the rate of infection of sand flies collected in the field. However, real-time PCR can detect lower parasite burdens, reducing the number of false negatives and improving the quantification of Leishmania parasites in the sand fly. This study compared genes with various copy numbers to detect and quantify L. infantum chagasi in L. longipalpis specimens by real-time PCR. We mixed pools of 1, 10 and 30 male sand flies with various amounts of L. infantum chagasi, forming groups with 50, 500, 5000 and 50,000 Leishmania parasites. For the amplification of L. infantum chagasi DNA, primers targeting kDNA, polymerase α and the 18S ribosome subunit were employed. Parasites were measured by absolute and relative quantification. PCR detection using the amplification of kDNA exhibited the greatest sensitivity among the genes tested, showing the capacity to detect the DNA equivalent of 0.004 parasites. Additionally, the relative quantification using these primers was more accurate and precise. In general, the number of sand flies used for DNA extraction did not influence Leishmania quantification. However, for low-copy targets, such as the polymerase α gene, lower parasite numbers in the sample produced inaccurate quantifications. Thus, qPCR measurement of L. infantum chagasi in L. longipalpis was improved by targeting high copy-number genes; amplification of high copy-number targets increased the sensitivity, accuracy and precision of DNA-based parasite enumeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Bezerra-Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
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Amóra SSA, Bevilaqua CML, Feijó FMC, D Alves N, do V Maciel M. Control of phlebotomine (Diptera: Psychodidae) leishmaniasis vectors. Neotrop Entomol 2009; 38:303-310. [PMID: 19618043 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-566x2009000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomines are of medical and veterinary concern as they vector leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and some arboviruses. The adaptations of some species to places modified by humans bring these vectors into contact with dwellings, which can facilitate disease transmission, and the vector control strategies adopted have rendered controversial results. Regarding leishmaniasis, for instance, which vector and reservoirs control can be effective, there is an assumption that the incidence of human infection is directly related to the number of infectious dogs, as well as to entomological factors. Therefore, vector control can provide a cheaper and more practical solution to prevent cases of leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of the factors involved, chemical control is still essential, and biological insecticides and insecticide plants, for example, represent areas for study that should be encouraged and developed since they show promising results. This paper summarizes the control strategies adopted so far, especially the methods and efficiency of the entomological components of leishmaniasis control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sthenia S A Amóra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, University Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60740-000
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Souza MMC, Bevilaqua CML, Morais SM, Costa CTC, Silva ARA, Braz-Filho R. Anthelmintic acetogenin from Annona squamosa L. Seeds. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008; 80:271-7. [PMID: 18506253 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Annona squamosa seeds extracts showed anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus, the main nematode of sheep and goat in Northeastern Brazil. A compound 1 was isolated from ethyl acetate extract and inhibited the egg hatching of H. contortus at 25 mg ml(-1). The structure of 1 was determined as a C37 trihydroxy adjacent bistetrahydrofuran acetogenin based on spectroscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M C Souza
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Rondon FCM, Bevilaqua CML, Franke CR, Barros RS, Oliveira FR, Alcântara AC, Diniz AT. Cross-sectional serological study of canine Leishmania infection in Fortaleza, Ceará state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2008; 155:24-31. [PMID: 18565676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important reemerging parasitic disease in the world. The domestic dog is the main reservoir in urban environments. The aim of this work was to extend the knowledge on canine Leishmania infection in the city of Fortaleza in northeastern Brazil, identifying the risk factors inherent in dog susceptibility to the infection. Two populations were analyzed, domestic dogs from clinics and the Veterinary Hospital Unit of Ceará State University and stray dogs captured by the Center for Zoonosis Control in Fortaleza. Blood samples were collected and centrifuged and the sera were stored at -20 degrees C. ELISA, with soluble crude Leishmania chagasi antigens (LTCC - WDCM731) was used for diagnosis. A total of 1,381 samples were tested, 750 from domestic and 631 from stray dogs. The seroprevalence of canine VL was 21.4% (135/631) in stray dogs and 26.2% (197/750) in domestic dogs. The seroprevalence of Leishmania infection in the six administrative regions of the city (Secretarias Executivas Regionais, or SER) among stray dogs was highest in SER V, representing 31.4% of the cases, with large dogs more infected (27.7%). Among domestic dogs Leishmania infection was most prevalent in SER V (38.5%) and VI (37.6%). The dogs' age (1-6 years), large size, environment with dense vegetation and presence of clinical signs compatible with Leishmania infection were associated with the illness in domestic dogs. The frequency of the infection varied seasonally. The seroprevalence was greatest in July and December. These results confirm Fortaleza is an endemic area for canine VL and suggest some variables associated with increasing infection risk in dog populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C M Rondon
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
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Camurça-Vasconcelos ALF, Bevilaqua CML, Morais SM, Maciel MV, Costa CTC, Macedo ITF, Oliveira LMB, Braga RR, Silva RA, Vieira LS. Anthelmintic activity of Croton zehntneri and Lippia sidoides essential oils. Vet Parasitol 2007; 148:288-94. [PMID: 17629623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because of the development of anthelmintic resistant populations, the search for new drugs is essential to maintain the productivity of small ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Croton zehntneri and Lippia sidoides essential oils and their major constituents, anethole and thymol. The effects of these oils and their constituents were determined by in vitro assays with the eggs and larvae of the sheep gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. The two essential oils were evaluated on intestinal nematodes of mice at 800 mg kg(-1) dose. In the last experiment, the mice were treated with larger doses of L. sidoides, 1200 and 1600 mg kg(-1). The essential oils and their constituents prevented more than 98% of the H. contortus eggs from hatching at a concentration of 1.25 mg ml(-1) and inhibited more than 90% of H. contortus larval development at a concentration of 10 mg ml(-1). At a concentration of 800 mg kg(-1), the two essential oils were 46.3% and 11.64% effective against Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera. At 1200 and 1600 mg kg(-1), L. sidoides essential oil's efficacy on the mouse worm burden was 57.6% and 68.9%, respectively. The fact that L. sidoides essential oil was almost 70% effective against mouse intestinal nematodes indicates it should be evaluated against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats.
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Maciel MV, Morais SM, Bevilaqua CML, Camurça-Vasconcelos ALF, Costa CTC, Castro CMS. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Melia azedarach extracts on Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2006; 140:98-104. [PMID: 16621294 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 03/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is responsible for severe economic losses in sheep and goat breeding in the Northeast of Brazil. However, the effectiveness of control is compromised due to anthelmintic resistance and misuse. In the search for natural anthelmintics, Melia azedarach L., a plant indigenous to India but now distributed throughout Brazil, was selected due to the reported anthelmintic properties of its seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the seed and leaf extracts of the Brazilian adapted plant and investigate the type of organic chemical compounds present in the most active extracts. The ovicidal and larvicidal activity of M. azedarach extracts on H. contortus was evaluated through egg hatching and larval development tests. Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds and chloroform and ethanol extracts of leaves of M. azedarach were used in the tests. To perform the larval development test, feces of an animal free from parasites were mixed with third instar H. contortus larvae and extracts in several concentrations. The coprocultures were incubated for 7 days at 30 degrees C, then the larvae were recovered and counted. LC50 was calculated by probits using the SPSS 8.0 program. The seed ethanol extract was the most active on eggs (LC50=0.36mgmL(-1)) and the leaf ethanol extract showed the best inhibition of larval development (LC50=9.18mgmL(-1)). Phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts revealed the presence of condensed tannins, triterpenes and alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Maciel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ceará State University, Av. Paranjana 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP 60740-000, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Costa CTC, Bevilaqua CML, Maciel MV, Camurça-Vasconcelos ALF, Morais SM, Monteiro MVB, Farias VM, da Silva MV, Souza MMC. Anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Parasitol 2006; 137:306-10. [PMID: 16517074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode control has been performed through use of anthelmintics. However, the development of resistant populations has required research into new alternatives. There are popular reports about anti-parasitic activity of Azadirachta indica in animals and plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of A. indica after feeding sheep with the dried leaves. In this experiment, 40 sheep were allotted into four treatment groups. Group I received a treatment of A. indica dry leaves mixed in a concentrate at a rate of 0.1 g/kg dose for 3 months. Group II was treated with double the dose of Group I. Group III was treated with closantel (Diantel) at the manufacturer-recommended dose once at the beginning of the study and Group IV was not treated. To compare treatment effects, the following parameters were evaluated: egg count per gram of feces (EPG), worm burden, weight gain and haematocrit. EPG and worm burden results were statistically evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Haematocrit and live weight gain were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means evaluated by Tukey's test with 95% probability. None of the evaluated parameters of the treatment groups were statistically different when compared to the control group, demonstrating that, with the protocol used, A. indica has no anthelmintic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T C Costa
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Parajana 1700, 60740-000 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Simões-Mattos L, Mattos MRF, Teixeira MJ, Oliveira-Lima JW, Bevilaqua CML, Prata-Júnior RC, Holanda CM, Rondon FCM, Bastos KMS, Coêlho ZCB, Coêlho ICB, Barral A, Pompeu MML. The susceptibility of domestic cats (Felis catus) to experimental infection with Leishmania braziliensis. Vet Parasitol 2004; 127:199-208. [PMID: 15710520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, several cases of feline leishmaniasis (FL) with cutaneous and visceral forms have been reported around the world. Nonetheless, the real susceptibility of cats to infection with Leishmania spp. and the outcome of leishmaniasis in these animals are poorly understood. Experimental studies on feline models will contribute to the knowledge of natural FL. Thus, in order to determine the susceptibility of domestic cats (Felis catus) to experimental infection with Leishmania braziliensis, 13 stray cats were infected with 10(7) promastigotes by the intradermal route in the ear and nose simultaneously and followed up for 72 weeks. Soon after infection, the earliest indication of a lesion was a papule on the ear at 2 weeks post-infection (w.p.i.). The emergence of satellite papules around the primary lesion was observed about 4 w.p.i. Two weeks later these papules coalesced and formed a huge and irregular nodule. Thereafter, there was lesion dissemination to the external and marginal surface of the ipsilateral ear, and later to the contralateral ear. At 10 w.p.i., some nodules became ulcerated. Nose lesions presented a similar evolution. At both sites, the largest lesion sizes occurred at 10 w.p.i. and started to decrease 15 days later. Ear and nose nodules healed at 32 and 40 w.p.i., respectively. Specific L. braziliensis IgG antibody titers (optical density> or = 0.01 as positive result) were detected as early as 2 w.p.i. (0.09 +/- 0.02) in only three animals (23%), and all cats had positive titers at 20 w.p.i. (0.34 +/- 0.06). Only three animals (38%) continued to show positive serology at 72 w.p.i. (0.08 +/- 0.02). Up to that time, none of the cats had lesion recurrence. In a feline model of cutaneous leishmaniasis, it seems that there is no correlation between active lesions and positive serology. The implications of these data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Simões-Mattos
- Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Ceará, CEP 60.740-000, Brazil.
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Camurça-Vasconcelos ALF, Nascimento NRF, Sousa CM, Melo LM, Morais SM, Bevilaqua CML, Rocha MFG. Neuromuscular effects and acute toxicity of an ethyl acetate extract of Spigelia anthelmia Linn. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 92:257-261. [PMID: 15138009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2002] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An ethyl acetate extract of Spigelia anthelmia (EASa), with validated anthelmintic activity, was evaluated for its acute toxicity and general effects in albino Swiss mice and for neuromuscular relaxant activity in the frog sciatic-gastrocnemius and rectus abdominis preparation. The extract induced a dose-related myotonia and muscular paralysis of rapid onset at higher doses. The calculated LD50 after oral and intraperitoneal administration was 345.9 [241.4-484.7] mg/kg and 60.8 [47.4-80] mg/kg, respectively. In broilers, intramuscular injection of EASa-induced spastic paralysis qualitatively similar to that obtained after succinylcholine administration and contrasting to the flaccid paralysis induced by D-tubocurarine. The contraction elicited by direct stimulation of the gastrocnemius was blocked by EASa by 54.3+/-4.7% (IC50 = 21.4 [11.2-35.8] microg/ml) and the twitches evoked by stimulation of the sciatic nerve were blocked by 69.1+/-7.4% (IC50 = 17.9 [4.5-34.23] microg/ml). EASa also blocked acetylcholine-induced contractions in the frog rectus abdominis by 58.6+/-7.4% (IC50 = 7.4 [1.7-15.28] microg/ml) but did not decrease tonic contractions induced by a high-potassium Ringer solution. In summary, the ethyl acetate extract of Spigelia anthelmia induces tonic paralysis in vivo, and decreases amplitudes of twitches and increases tonus of skeletal muscle in vitro.
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Assis LM, Bevilaqua CML, Morais SM, Vieira LS, Costa CTC, Souza JAL. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity in vitro of Spigelia anthelmia Linn. extracts on Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2003; 117:43-9. [PMID: 14597278 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of anthelmintic resistance, associated with the high cost of the available anthelmintic drugs, had limited the success of gastrointestinal nematodiasis control in sheep and goats and thus awakened interest in the study of medicinal plants as alternative sources of anthelmintics. Spigelia anthelmia extracts obtained with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate or methanol, were tested on Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae via egg hatch and larval development tests. The extracts were evaluated at five concentrations: 3.1, 6.2, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg ml(-1). At 50.0 mg ml(-1), the ethyl acetate extract inhibited 100% of the egg hatching and 81.2% of the larval development. In a similar way the methanolic extract inhibited 97.4% of the egg hatching and 84.4% of larval development. These results suggest that utilization of S. anthelmia extracts may be useful in the control of sheep and goats gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Assis
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av Paranjana 1700, Fortaleza, Ceara 60740-000, Brazil
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Pessoa LM, Morais SM, Bevilaqua CML, Luciano JHS. Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and eugenol against Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2002; 109:59-63. [PMID: 12383625 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ovicidal activity of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Labideae) and its main component eugenol was evaluated against Haemonchus contortus, gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants. The oil and eugenol were diluted in Tween 20 (0.5%) at five different concentrations. In the egg hatch test, H. contortus eggs were obtained from feces of goats experimentally infected. At 0.50% concentration, the essential oil and eugenol showed a maximum eclodibility inhibition. These results suggest a possible utilization of the essential oil of O. gratissimum as an aid to the control of gastrointestinal helmintosis of small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Pessoa
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Parajana, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Cep. 78900 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Simões-Mattos L, Teixeira MJ, Costa DC, Prata JRC, Bevilaqua CML, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Evaluation of terbinafine treatment in Leishmania chagasi-infected hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Vet Parasitol 2002; 103:207-16. [PMID: 11750114 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of terbinafine treatment in hamsters infected with Leishmania chagasi. Four of five groups of hamsters were infected with 3 x 10(7) L. chagasi promastigotes by the intracardiac route and submitted to different treatments of 30 days duration starting on the 30th day after inoculation. Group 1 was treated with 100mg/kg terbinafine PO, group 2 was treated with 80 mg/kg Glucantime IM, and group 3 was treated with a combination of the same dose of each drug by the same routes. Group 4 (control) received vehicle (Tween 80 [0.1%]+CMC[0.5%]+H(2)O [0.5 ml], PO). Spleen parasite burden and spleen relative weight were determined 3 days after the end of the treatment. The results were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the infected untreated and terbinafine-treated groups in spleen parasite burden (15.81+/-15.81 vs. 13.00+/-12.94, respectively). Terbinafine plus Glucantime (6.11+/-5.90) and Glucantime alone (4.83+/-4.82) significantly reduced spleen parasite burden compared to the infected untreated group (15.81+/-15.81, P<0.01). There was a difference in the relative weight of the spleen between the naïve and the infected untreated groups (2.5+/-0.2 vs. 9.8+/-1.0, respectively) as well as between the naïve and terbinafine groups (2.5+/-0.2 vs. 10.0+/-1.4, respectively). Glucantime alone and Glucantime plus terbinafine (2.5+/-0.2 and 4.2+/-0.6) significantly reduced the weight of the spleen in comparison with the infected untreated group. Even so, the spleen parasite burden was directly related to spleen weight. Terbinafine alone at the dose and schedule used had no effect on spleen parasite burden or relative spleen weight of L. chagasi-infected hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Simões-Mattos
- Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Av. Paranjana 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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