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Saralegui C, García-Durán C, Romeu E, Hernáez-Sánchez ML, Maruri A, Bastón-Paz N, Lamas A, Vicente S, Pérez-Ruiz E, Delgado I, Luna-Paredes C, Caballero JDD, Zamora J, Monteoliva L, Gil C, del Campo R. Statistical Evaluation of Metaproteomics and 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing Techniques for Study of Gut Microbiota Establishment in Infants with Cystic Fibrosis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0146622. [PMID: 36255300 PMCID: PMC9784762 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01466-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) can identify affected but asymptomatic infants. The selection of omic technique for gut microbiota study is crucial due to both the small amount of feces available and the low microorganism load. Our aims were to compare the agreement between 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metaproteomics by a robust statistical analysis, including both presence and abundance of taxa, to describe the sequential establishment of the gut microbiota during the first year of life in a small size sample (8 infants and 28 fecal samples). The taxonomic assignations by the two techniques were similar, whereas certain discrepancies were observed in the abundance detection, mostly the lower predicted relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and the higher predicted relative abundance of certain Firmicutes and Proteobacteria by amplicon sequencing. During the first months of life, the CF gut microbiota is characterized by a significant enrichment of Ruminococcus gnavus, the expression of certain virulent bacterial traits, and the detection of human inflammation-related proteins. Metaproteomics provides information on composition and functionality, as well as data on host-microbiome interactions. Its strength is the identification and quantification of Actinobacteria and certain classes of Firmicutes, but alpha diversity indices are not comparable to those of amplicon sequencing. Both techniques detected an aberrant microbiota in our small cohort of infants with CF during their first year of life, dominated by the enrichment of R. gnavus within a human inflammatory environment. IMPORTANCE In recent years, some techniques have been incorporated for the study of microbial ecosystems, being 16S rRNA gene sequencing being the most widely used. Metaproteomics provides the advantage of identifying the interaction between microorganisms and human cells, but the available databases are less extensive as well as imprecise. Few studies compare the statistical differences between the two techniques to define the composition of an ecosystem. Our work shows that the two methods are comparable in terms of microorganism identification but provide different results in alpha diversity analysis. On the other hand, we have studied newborns with cystic fibrosis, for whom we have described the establishment of an intestinal ecosystem marked by the inflammatory response of the host and the enrichment of Ruminococcus gnavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Saralegui
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Durán
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Romeu
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ainhize Maruri
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Bastón-Paz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelaida Lamas
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saioa Vicente
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Pérez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Delgado
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Luna-Paredes
- Sección de Neumología y Alergia Infantil, Unidad Multidisciplinar Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Caballero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Zamora
- Unidad de Bioestadística, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria and CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Fibrosis Quística, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
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Feito J, Araújo C, Gómez-Sala B, Contente D, Campanero C, Arbulu S, Saralegui C, Peña N, Muñoz-Atienza E, Borrero J, del Campo R, Hernández PE, Cintas LM. Antimicrobial activity, molecular typing and in vitro safety assessment of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from healthy cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) and rearing environment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baquero F, Saralegui C, Marcos-Mencía D, Ballestero L, Vañó-Galván S, Moreno-Arrones ÓM, Del Campo R. Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission. Front Immunol 2021; 12:774018. [PMID: 34925344 PMCID: PMC8671829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.774018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis constitutes a continuous external layer covering the body, offering protection against bacteria, the most abundant living organisms that come into contact with this barrier. The epidermis is heavily colonized by commensal bacterial organisms that help protect against pathogenic bacteria. The highly regulated and dynamic interaction between the epidermis and commensals involves the host’s production of nutritional factors promoting bacterial growth together to chemical and immunological bacterial inhibitors. Signal trafficking ensures the system’s homeostasis; conditions that favor colonization by pathogens frequently foster commensal growth, thereby increasing the bacterial population size and inducing the skin’s antibacterial response, eliminating the pathogens and re-establishing the normal density of commensals. The microecological conditions of the epidermis favors Gram-positive organisms and are unsuitable for long-term Gram-negative colonization. However, the epidermis acts as the most important host-to-host transmission platform for bacteria, including those that colonize human mucous membranes. Bacteria are frequently shared by relatives, partners, and coworkers. The epidermal bacterial transmission platform of healthcare workers and visitors can contaminate hospitalized patients, eventually contributing to cross-infections. Epidermal transmission occurs mostly via the hands and particularly through fingers. The three-dimensional physical structure of the epidermis, particularly the fingertips, which have frictional ridges, multiplies the possibilities for bacterial adhesion and release. Research into the biology of bacterial transmission via the hands is still in its infancy; however, tribology, the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, wear and lubrication, will certainly be an important part of it. Experiments on finger-to-finger transmission of microorganisms have shown significant interindividual differences in the ability to transmit microorganisms, presumably due to genetics, age, sex, and the gland density, which determines the physical, chemical, adhesive, nutritional, and immunological status of the epidermal surface. These studies are needed to optimize interventions and strategies for preventing the hand transmission of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Saralegui
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Marcos-Mencía
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luna Ballestero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Vañó-Galván
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar M Moreno-Arrones
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBER-EEII), Madrid, Spain
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Aravena C, Cáceres J, Bastías A. A, Opazo JF, Magna Y, Saralegui C, Quintana C, Del-Campo R. Portación nasal, antibiotipo y genotipo de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas en estudiantes de Medicina y de Enfermería Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile, durante el año 2017. Rev Chilena Infectol 2021; 38:774-782. [DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182021000600774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Alia-García E, Ponce-Alonso M, Saralegui C, Halperin A, Cortés MP, Baquero MR, Parra-Pecharromán D, Galeano J, del Campo R. Machine Learning Study in Caries Markers in Oral Microbiota from Monozygotic Twin Children. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050835. [PMID: 34066599 PMCID: PMC8148599 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the etiology of caries has evolved from a simplistic infectious perspective based on Streptococcus mutans and/or Lactobacillus activity, to a multifactorial disease involving a complex oral microbiota, the human genetic background and the environment. The aim of this work was to identify bacterial markers associated with early caries using massive 16S rDNA. To minimize the other factors, the composition of the oral microbiota of twins in which only one of them had caries was compared with their healthy sibling. Twenty-one monozygotic twin pairs without a previous diagnosis of caries were recruited in the context of their orthodontic treatment and divided into two categories: (1) caries group in which only one of the twins had caries; and (2) control group in which neither of the twins had caries. Each participant contributed a single oral lavage sample in which the bacterial composition was determined by 16S rDNA amplification and further high-throughput sequencing. Data analysis included statistical comparison of alpha and beta diversity, as well as differential taxa abundance between groups. Our results show that twins of the control group have a closer bacterial composition than those from the caries group. However, statistical differences were not detected and we were unable to find any particular bacterial marker by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing that could be useful for prevention strategies. Although these results should be validated in a larger population, including children from other places or ethnicities, we conclude that the occurrence of caries is not related to the increase of any particular bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Alia-García
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.A.-G.); (M.P.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.P.-P.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Manuel Ponce-Alonso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (C.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Claudia Saralegui
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (C.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ana Halperin
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (C.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Marta Paz Cortés
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.A.-G.); (M.P.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.P.-P.); (R.d.C.)
| | - María Rosario Baquero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.A.-G.); (M.P.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.P.-P.); (R.d.C.)
| | - David Parra-Pecharromán
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.A.-G.); (M.P.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.P.-P.); (R.d.C.)
- Departamento de Biología, Servicio de Criminalística, Dirección General de la Guardia Civil, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Galeano
- Complex Systems Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.A.-G.); (M.P.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.P.-P.); (R.d.C.)
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (C.S.); (A.H.)
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6
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Saralegui C, Ponce-Alonso M, Pérez-Viso B, Moles Alegre L, Escribano E, Lázaro-Perona F, Lanza VF, de Pipaón MS, Rodríguez JM, Baquero F, Del Campo R. Genomics of Serratia marcescens Isolates Causing Outbreaks in the Same Pediatric Unit 47 Years Apart: Position in an Updated Phylogeny of the Species. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:451. [PMID: 32296400 PMCID: PMC7136904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first documented nosocomial outbreak caused by Serratia marcescens in Spain occurred in 1969 at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the tertiary La Paz Children's Hospital in Madrid, Spain, and based on the available phenotyping techniques at this time, it was considered as a monoclonal outbreak. Only 47 years later, another S. marcescens outbreak of an equivalent dimension occurred at the same NICU. The aim of the present study was to study isolates from these historical and contemporary outbreaks by phenotypic analysis and whole-genome sequencing techniques and to position these strains along with 444 publicly available S. marcescens genomes, separately comparing core genome and accessory genome contents. Clades inferred by both approaches showed high correlation, indicating that core and accessory genomes seem to evolve in the same manner for S. marcescens. Nine S. marcescens clusters were identified, and isolates were grouped in two of them according to sampling year. One exception was isolate 13F-69, the most genetically distant strain, located in a different cluster. Categorical functions in the annotated accessory genes of both collections were preserved among all isolates. No significant differences in frequency of insertion sequences in historical (0.18-0.20)-excluding the outlier strain-versus contemporary isolates (0.11-0.19) were found despite the expected resting effect. The most dissimilar isolate, 13F-69, contains a highly preserved plasmid previously described in Bordetella bronchiseptica. This strain exhibited a few antibiotic resistance genes not resulting in a resistant phenotype, suggesting the value of gene down expression in adaptation to long-term starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Saralegui
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ponce-Alonso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Pérez-Viso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Moles Alegre
- Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Esperanza Escribano
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Val F Lanza
- Unidad de Bioinformática del IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sáenz de Pipaón
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Baquero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa, Madrid, Spain
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Escribano E, Saralegui C, Moles L, Montes MT, Alba C, Alarcón T, Lázaro-Perona F, Rodríguez JM, Sáenz de Pipaón M, Del Campo R. Influence of a Serratia marcescens outbreak on the gut microbiota establishment process in low-weight preterm neonates. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216581. [PMID: 31112570 PMCID: PMC6529157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate gut microbiota establishment is important for lifelong health. The aim was to sequentially analyze the gut microbiota establishment in low-birth-weight preterm neonates admitted to a single neonatal intensive care unit during their first 3 weeks of life, comparing two epidemiological scenarios. Seven control infants were recruited, and another 12 during a severe S. marcescens outbreak. Meconium and feces from days 7, 14, and 21 of life were collected. Gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S rDNA massive sequencing. Cultivable isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, with four S. marcescens submitted for whole-genome sequencing. The expected bacterial ecosystem expansion after birth is delayed, possibly related to antibiotic exposure. The Proteobacteria phylum dominates, although with marked interindividual variability. The outbreak group considerably differed from the control group, with higher densities of Escherichia coli and Serratia to the detriment of Enterococcus and other Firmicutes. Curiously, obligate predators were only detected in meconium and at very low concentrations. Genotyping of cultivable bacteria demonstrated the high bacterial horizontal transmission rate that was confirmed with whole-genome sequencing for S. marcescens. Preterm infants admitted at NICU are initially colonized by homogeneous microbial communities, most of them from the nosocomial environment, which subsequently evolve according to the individual conditions. Our results demonstrate the hospital epidemiology pressure, particularly during outbreak situations, on the gut microbiota establishing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Escribano
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Saralegui
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Moles
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Montes
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Alba
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Alarcón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Miguel Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sáenz de Pipaón
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Samples of caprine milk from bulk tanks of 405 farms in central Spain were analyzed for Listeria spp. once per season over a 1-yr period. Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua were detected in 2.56 and 1.73% of the 1445 samples, respectively. Listeria ivanovii (0.21% samples) and Listeria seeligeri (0.07% samples) were rarely isolated. Only 6 milk samples were contaminated by more than one Listeria species. Most farms (92.59%) produced milk that was apparently free from L. monocytogenes throughout the sampling period, and 88.40% produced milk that was apparently free from Listeria spp. Milk contamination by Listeria spp. was seasonal; incidence in autumn (9.33%) and winter (5.14%) samples was higher than incidence in spring (0.85%) and summer (0.85%) samples. Occurrence of Listeria spp. was lower in samples from mountain farms (1.25%) than in samples from plateau farms (7.03%).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gaya
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Madrid, Spain
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