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Birkisdóttir MB, van Galen I, Brandt RMC, Barnhoorn S, van Vliet N, van Dijk C, Nagarajah B, Imholz S, van Oostrom CT, Reiling E, Gyenis Á, Mastroberardino PG, Jaarsma D, van Steeg H, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Dollé MET, Vermeij WP. Corrigendum: The use of progeroid DNA repair-deficient mice for assessing anti-aging compounds, illustrating the benefits of nicotinamide riboside. Front Aging 2022; 3:1086552. [PMID: 36506463 PMCID: PMC9727279 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1086552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1005322.].
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Affiliation(s)
- María B. Birkisdóttir
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ivar van Galen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Renata M. C. Brandt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Barnhoorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claire van Dijk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bhawani Nagarajah
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Conny T. van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Erwin Reiling
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ákos Gyenis
- Faculty of Medicine, CECAD, Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pier G. Mastroberardino
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy,Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Steeg
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Faculty of Medicine, CECAD, Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martijn E. T. Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wilbert P. Vermeij, ; Martijn E. T. Dollé,
| | - Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wilbert P. Vermeij, ; Martijn E. T. Dollé,
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Birkisdóttir MB, van Galen I, Brandt RMC, Barnhoorn S, van Vliet N, van Dijk C, Nagarajah B, Imholz S, van Oostrom CT, Reiling E, Gyenis Á, Mastroberardino PG, Jaarsma D, van Steeg H, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Dollé MET, Vermeij WP. The use of progeroid DNA repair-deficient mice for assessing anti-aging compounds, illustrating the benefits of nicotinamide riboside. Front Aging 2022; 3:1005322. [PMID: 36313181 PMCID: PMC9596940 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1005322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite efficient repair, DNA damage inevitably accumulates with time affecting proper cell function and viability, thereby driving systemic aging. Interventions that either prevent DNA damage or enhance DNA repair are thus likely to extend health- and lifespan across species. However, effective genome-protecting compounds are largely lacking. Here, we use Ercc1 Δ/- and Xpg -/- DNA repair-deficient mutants as two bona fide accelerated aging mouse models to test propitious anti-aging pharmaceutical interventions. Ercc1 Δ/- and Xpg -/- mice show shortened lifespan with accelerated aging across numerous organs and tissues. Previously, we demonstrated that a well-established anti-aging intervention, dietary restriction, reduced DNA damage, and dramatically improved healthspan, strongly extended lifespan, and delayed all aging pathology investigated. Here, we further utilize the short lifespan and early onset of signs of neurological degeneration in Ercc1 Δ/- and Xpg -/- mice to test compounds that influence nutrient sensing (metformin, acarbose, resveratrol), inflammation (aspirin, ibuprofen), mitochondrial processes (idebenone, sodium nitrate, dichloroacetate), glucose homeostasis (trehalose, GlcNAc) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism. While some of the compounds have shown anti-aging features in WT animals, most of them failed to significantly alter lifespan or features of neurodegeneration of our mice. The two NAD+ precursors; nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinic acid (NA), did however induce benefits, consistent with the role of NAD+ in facilitating DNA damage repair. Together, our results illustrate the applicability of short-lived repair mutants for systematic screening of anti-aging interventions capable of reducing DNA damage accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B. Birkisdóttir
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ivar van Galen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Renata M. C. Brandt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Barnhoorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claire van Dijk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bhawani Nagarajah
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Conny T. van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Erwin Reiling
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ákos Gyenis
- Faculty of Medicine, CECAD, Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pier G. Mastroberardino
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy,Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Steeg
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Faculty of Medicine, CECAD, Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martijn E. T. Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wilbert P. Vermeij, ; Martijn E. T. Dollé,
| | - Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wilbert P. Vermeij, ; Martijn E. T. Dollé,
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Timmer R, Bogaardt L, Brummelhuis WJ, van Oostrom CT, van Kerkhof LWM, Wong A, de Valk HW, Ocké MC, van der Maaden T, Dollé MET. A randomized crossover trial assessing time of day snack consumption and resulting postprandial glycemic response in a real-life setting among healthy adults. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1329-1339. [PMID: 36004426 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The postprandial glycemic response is an important metabolic health factor, which, from laboratory studies, is known to change from low to high over the course of the day, and from which negative health outcomes have been linked to nightly eating. We applied interstitial continuous glucose monitoring to examine the glycemic response to a standardized carbohydrate-rich snack (198 kcal) across the day in a real-life setting. Twenty-four healthy participants (12 men, 12 women, 27-61 y old) consumed the snack nine times during 6 d in a crossover design, altering the time of consumption between morning, afternoon and evening. The snack was consumed in the participant's own environment with a preceding fast of at least 2.5 h between their customary main meals and practices. Linear mixed models were used with fixed effect of timing, and participant as random effect, to assess incremental area under the curve, peak value and time-to-peak of the glycemic response. Overall, the highest glycemic excursions were observed in the morning, while a more dampened but prolonged response was observed in the evening. These findings do not concur with previously published laboratory studies. This implies that results obtained under controlled experimental conditions in laboratories cannot be generalized directly to predict chrononutritional effects on the glycemic response in healthy individuals and their daily routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Timmer
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens Bogaardt
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Walter J Brummelhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Conny T van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Linda W M van Kerkhof
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Wong
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harold W de Valk
- Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marga C Ocké
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa van der Maaden
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn E T Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Pieren DKJ, Smits NAM, Imholz S, Nagarajah B, van Oostrom CT, Brandt RMC, Vermeij WP, Dollé MET, Guichelaar T. Compromised DNA Repair Promotes the Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells With an Aging-Related Phenotype and Responsiveness. Front Aging 2021; 2. [PMID: 35474946 PMCID: PMC9037984 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.667193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Decline of immune function during aging has in part been ascribed to the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and decreased T-cell responses with age. Aside from changes to T cells that occur over a lifetime, the impact of intracellular aging processes such as compromised DNA repair on T cells remains incompletely defined. Here we aimed to define the impact of compromised DNA repair on T-cell phenotype and responsiveness by studying T cells from mice with a deficiency in their DNA excision-repair gene Ercc1. These Ercc1 mutant (Ercc1−/Δ7) mice show accumulation of nuclear DNA damage resulting in accelerated aging. Similarly to wild-type aged mice, Ercc1−/Δ7 mice accumulated Tregs with reduced CD25 and increased PD-1 expression among their naive T cells. Ercc1-deficiency limited the capacity of Tregs, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells to proliferate and upregulate CD25 in response to T-cell receptor- and IL-2-mediated stimulation. The recent demonstration that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) may impair DNA repair lead us to hypothesize that changes induced in the T-cell population by compromised DNA repair may be slowed down or reversed by blocking mTOR with rapamycin. In vivo dietary treatment of Ercc1−/Δ7 mice with rapamycin did not reduce Treg levels, but highly increased the proportion of CD25+ and PD-1+ memory Tregs instead. Our study elucidates that compromised DNA repair promotes the accumulation of Tregs with an aging-related phenotype and causes reduced T-cell responsiveness, which may be independent of mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K. J. Pieren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Noortje A. M. Smits
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Bhawani Nagarajah
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Conny T. van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn E. T. Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Teun Guichelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Teun Guichelaar,
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Godschalk RWL, Verhofstad N, Verheijen M, Yauk CL, Linschooten JO, van Steeg H, van Oostrom CT, van Benthem J, van Schooten FJ. Effects of benzo[a]pyrene on mouse germ cells: heritable DNA mutation, testicular cell hypomethylation and their interaction with nucleotide excision repair. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene induces heritable mutations in male germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W. L. Godschalk
- Dept. Toxicology
- School for Nutrition
- toxicology and metabolism (NUTRIM)
- Maastricht University
- 6200 MD Maastricht
| | - Nicole Verhofstad
- Dept. Toxicology
- School for Nutrition
- toxicology and metabolism (NUTRIM)
- Maastricht University
- 6200 MD Maastricht
| | - Marcha Verheijen
- Dept. Toxicology
- School for Nutrition
- toxicology and metabolism (NUTRIM)
- Maastricht University
- 6200 MD Maastricht
| | - Carole Lyn Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau
- Health Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Joost O. Linschooten
- Dept. Toxicology
- School for Nutrition
- toxicology and metabolism (NUTRIM)
- Maastricht University
- 6200 MD Maastricht
| | - Harry van Steeg
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
- 3720 BA Bilthoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Conny T. van Oostrom
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
- 3720 BA Bilthoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Benthem
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
- 3720 BA Bilthoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J. van Schooten
- Dept. Toxicology
- School for Nutrition
- toxicology and metabolism (NUTRIM)
- Maastricht University
- 6200 MD Maastricht
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Jongbloed F, de Bruin RWF, Pennings JLA, Payán-Gómez C, van den Engel S, van Oostrom CT, de Bruin A, Hoeijmakers JHJ, van Steeg H, IJzermans JNM, Dollé MET. Preoperative fasting protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in aged and overweight mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100853. [PMID: 24959849 PMCID: PMC4069161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable during kidney transplantation leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. We previously reported that preoperative fasting in young-lean male mice protects against IRI. Since patients are generally of older age with morbidities possibly leading to a different response to fasting, we investigated the effects of preoperative fasting on renal IRI in aged-overweight male and female mice. Male and female F1-FVB/C57BL6-hybrid mice, average age 73 weeks weighing 47.2 grams, were randomized to preoperative ad libitum feeding or 3 days fasting, followed by renal IRI. Body weight, kidney function and survival of the animals were monitored until day 28 postoperatively. Kidney histopathology was scored for all animals and gene expression profiles after fasting were analyzed in kidneys of young and aged male mice. Preoperative fasting significantly improved survival after renal IRI in both sexes compared with normal fed mice. Fasted groups had a better kidney function shown by lower serum urea levels after renal IRI. Histopathology showed less acute tubular necrosis and more regeneration in kidneys from fasted mice. A mRNA analysis indicated the involvement of metabolic processes including fatty acid oxidation and retinol metabolism, and the NRF2-mediated stress response. Similar to young-lean, healthy male mice, preoperative fasting protects against renal IRI in aged-overweight mice of both genders. These findings suggest a general protective response of fasting against renal IRI regardless of age, gender, body weight and genetic background. Therefore, fasting could be a non-invasive intervention inducing increased oxidative stress resistance in older and overweight patients as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franny Jongbloed
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ron W. F. de Bruin
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra van den Engel
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conny T. van Oostrom
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Steeg
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N. M. IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn E. T. Dollé
- Laboratory of Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Bruning O, Yuan X, Rodenburg W, Bruins W, van Oostrom CT, Rauwerda H, Wittink FR, Jonker MJ, de Vries A, Breit TM. Serious complications in gene-expression studies with stress perturbation: An example of UV-exposed p53-mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Transcription 2011; 1:159-164. [PMID: 21326892 DOI: 10.4161/trns.1.3.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reanalysis of our UV study of p53-mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed an intriguing orchestration of massive transcriptome responses. However, close scrutiny of the data uncovered an affected mRNA/rRNA ratio, effectively inhibiting valid data analysis. UV-dose range-finding showed low-dose UV specific- and high-dose stress-related responses, which represent a plea for UV dose range-finding in experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Bruning
- MicroArray Department and Integrative Bioinformatics Unit (MAD-IBU); Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Amsterdam (UvA); Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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