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Kerestes R, Perry A, Vivash L, O'Brien TJ, Alvim MKM, Arienzo D, Aventurato ÍK, Ballerini A, Baltazar GF, Bargalló N, Bender B, Brioschi R, Bürkle E, Caligiuri ME, Cendes F, de Tisi J, Duncan JS, Engel JP, Foley S, Fortunato F, Gambardella A, Giacomini T, Guerrini R, Hall G, Hamandi K, Ives-Deliperi V, João RB, Keller SS, Kleiser B, Labate A, Lenge M, Marotta C, Martin P, Mascalchi M, Meletti S, Owens-Walton C, Parodi CB, Pascual-Diaz S, Powell D, Rao J, Rebsamen M, Reiter J, Riva A, Rüber T, Rummel C, Scheffler F, Severino M, Silva LS, Staba RJ, Stein DJ, Striano P, Taylor PN, Thomopoulos SI, Thompson PM, Tortora D, Vaudano AE, Weber B, Wiest R, Winston GP, Yasuda CL, Zheng H, McDonald CR, Sisodiya SM, Harding IH. Patterns of subregional cerebellar atrophy across epilepsy syndromes: An ENIGMA-Epilepsy study. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1072-1091. [PMID: 38411286 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intricate neuroanatomical structure of the cerebellum is of longstanding interest in epilepsy, but has been poorly characterized within the current corticocentric models of this disease. We quantified cross-sectional regional cerebellar lobule volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 1602 adults with epilepsy and 1022 healthy controls across 22 sites from the global ENIGMA-Epilepsy working group. METHODS A state-of-the-art deep learning-based approach was employed that parcellates the cerebellum into 28 neuroanatomical subregions. Linear mixed models compared total and regional cerebellar volume in (1) all epilepsies, (2) temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS), (3) nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy, (4) genetic generalized epilepsy, and (5) extratemporal focal epilepsy (ETLE). Relationships were examined for cerebellar volume versus age at seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, phenytoin treatment, and cerebral cortical thickness. RESULTS Across all epilepsies, reduced total cerebellar volume was observed (d = .42). Maximum volume loss was observed in the corpus medullare (dmax = .49) and posterior lobe gray matter regions, including bilateral lobules VIIB (dmax = .47), crus I/II (dmax = .39), VIIIA (dmax = .45), and VIIIB (dmax = .40). Earlier age at seizure onset (η ρ max 2 = .05) and longer epilepsy duration (η ρ max 2 = .06) correlated with reduced volume in these regions. Findings were most pronounced in TLE-HS and ETLE, with distinct neuroanatomical profiles observed in the posterior lobe. Phenytoin treatment was associated with reduced posterior lobe volume. Cerebellum volume correlated with cerebral cortical thinning more strongly in the epilepsy cohort than in controls. SIGNIFICANCE We provide robust evidence of deep cerebellar and posterior lobe subregional gray matter volume loss in patients with chronic epilepsy. Volume loss was maximal for posterior subregions implicated in nonmotor functions, relative to motor regions of both the anterior and posterior lobe. Associations between cerebral and cerebellar changes, and variability of neuroanatomical profiles across epilepsy syndromes argue for more precise incorporation of cerebellar subregional damage into neurobiological models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kerestes
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Perry
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Vivash
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina K M Alvim
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ítalo K Aventurato
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alice Ballerini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriel F Baltazar
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Radiology of Center of Image Diagnosis, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamin Bender
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Brioschi
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eva Bürkle
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Eugenia Caligiuri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jane de Tisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jerome P Engel
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sonya Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Thea Giacomini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
- University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gerard Hall
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Khalid Hamandi
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK
- Welsh Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Rafael B João
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simon S Keller
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benedict Kleiser
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelo Labate
- Neurophysiopathology and Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Matteo Lenge
- Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Cassandra Marotta
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascal Martin
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- "Mario Serio" Department of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Governance, Institute for Study, Prevention and Network in Oncology of the Tuscany Region, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Conor Owens-Walton
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | | | - Saül Pascual-Diaz
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Powell
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Rebsamen
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Reiter
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Theodor Rüber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Rummel
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Freda Scheffler
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Lucas S Silva
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Richard J Staba
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Peter N Taylor
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | | | - Anna Elisabetta Vaudano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gavin P Winston
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
- Department of Medicine (Division of Neurology), Queen's University Kingston, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hong Zheng
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Carrie R McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
| | - Ian H Harding
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Kerestes R, Perry A, Vivash L, O'Brien TJ, Alvim MKM, Arienzo D, Aventurato ÍK, Ballerini A, Baltazar GF, Bargalló N, Bender B, Brioschi R, Bürkle E, Caligiuri ME, Cendes F, de Tisi J, Duncan JS, Engel JP, Foley S, Fortunato F, Gambardella A, Giacomini T, Guerrini R, Hall G, Hamandi K, Ives-Deliperi V, João RB, Keller SS, Kleiser B, Labate A, Lenge M, Marotta C, Martin P, Mascalchi M, Meletti S, Owens-Walton C, Parodi CB, Pascual-Diaz S, Powell D, Rao J, Rebsamen M, Reiter J, Riva A, Rüber T, Rummel C, Scheffler F, Severino M, Silva LS, Staba RJ, Stein DJ, Striano P, Taylor PN, Thomopoulos SI, Thompson PM, Tortora D, Vaudano AE, Weber B, Wiest R, Winston GP, Yasuda CL, Zheng H, McDonald CR, Sisodiya SM, Harding IH. Patterns of subregional cerebellar atrophy across epilepsy syndromes: An ENIGMA-Epilepsy study. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.21.562994. [PMID: 37961570 PMCID: PMC10634708 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.21.562994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective The intricate neuroanatomical structure of the cerebellum is of longstanding interest in epilepsy, but has been poorly characterized within the current cortico-centric models of this disease. We quantified cross-sectional regional cerebellar lobule volumes using structural MRI in 1,602 adults with epilepsy and 1,022 healthy controls across twenty-two sites from the global ENIGMA-Epilepsy working group. Methods A state-of-the-art deep learning-based approach was employed that parcellates the cerebellum into 28 neuroanatomical subregions. Linear mixed models compared total and regional cerebellar volume in i) all epilepsies; ii) temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS); iii) non-lesional temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE-NL); iv) genetic generalised epilepsy; and (v) extra-temporal focal epilepsy (ETLE). Relationships were examined for cerebellar volume versus age at seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, phenytoin treatment, and cerebral cortical thickness. Results Across all epilepsies, reduced total cerebellar volume was observed (d=0.42). Maximum volume loss was observed in the corpus medullare (dmax=0.49) and posterior lobe grey matter regions, including bilateral lobules VIIB (dmax= 0.47), Crus I/II (dmax= 0.39), VIIIA (dmax=0.45) and VIIIB (dmax=0.40). Earlier age at seizure onset (ηρ2max=0.05) and longer epilepsy duration (ηρ2max=0.06) correlated with reduced volume in these regions. Findings were most pronounced in TLE-HS and ETLE with distinct neuroanatomical profiles observed in the posterior lobe. Phenytoin treatment was associated with reduced posterior lobe volume. Cerebellum volume correlated with cerebral cortical thinning more strongly in the epilepsy cohort than in controls. Significance We provide robust evidence of deep cerebellar and posterior lobe subregional grey matter volume loss in patients with chronic epilepsy. Volume loss was maximal for posterior subregions implicated in non-motor functions, relative to motor regions of both the anterior and posterior lobe. Associations between cerebral and cerebellar changes, and variability of neuroanatomical profiles across epilepsy syndromes argue for more precise incorporation of cerebellum subregions into neurobiological models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kerestes
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Perry
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucy Vivash
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marina K M Alvim
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ítalo K Aventurato
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alice Ballerini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriel F Baltazar
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Radiology of Center of Image Diagnosis (CDIC), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamin Bender
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Brioschi
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eva Bürkle
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Eugenia Caligiuri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jane de Tisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jerome P Engel
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonya Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Thea Giacomini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Functional and Epilepsy Neurosurgery Unit, Neurosurgery Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gerard Hall
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Hamandi
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- The Welsh Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Rafael B João
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simon S Keller
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benedict Kleiser
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelo Labate
- Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Matteo Lenge
- Functional and Epilepsy Neurosurgery Unit, Neurosurgery Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Pascal Martin
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- 'Mario Serio' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Governance, Institute for Study, Prevention and network in Oncology of the Tuscany Region, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Conor Owens-Walton
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | | | - Saül Pascual-Diaz
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Powell
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jun Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Rebsamen
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Reiter
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Theodor Rüber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Rummel
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Freda Scheffler
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Lucas S Silva
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Richard J Staba
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Radiology of Center of Image Diagnosis (CDIC), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Functional and Epilepsy Neurosurgery Unit, Neurosurgery Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- The Welsh Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 'Mario Serio' Department of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Governance, Institute for Study, Prevention and network in Oncology of the Tuscany Region, Florence, Italy
- Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Modena, Modena, Italy
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- IRCCS Istituto 'Giannina Gaslini', Genova, Italy
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont St Peter, UK
- Department of Medicine (Division of Neurology), Queen's University Kingston, ON, Canada
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto 'Giannina Gaslini', Genova, Italy
| | - Peter N Taylor
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | | | - Anna Elisabetta Vaudano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gavin P Winston
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Chalfont St Peter, UK
- Department of Medicine (Division of Neurology), Queen's University Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hong Zheng
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Carrie R McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
| | - Ian H Harding
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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