1
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Becker CA, Aghalari A, Marufuzzaman M, Stone AE. Predicting dairy cattle heat stress using machine learning techniques. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:501-524. [PMID: 33131806 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to use a heat stress scoring system to evaluate the severity of heat stress on dairy cows using different heat abatement techniques. The scoring system ranged from 1 to 4, where 1 = no heat stress; 2 = mild heat stress; 3 = severe heat stress; and 4 = moribund. The accuracy of the scoring system was then predicted using 3 machine learning techniques: logistic regression, Gaussian naïve Bayes, and random forest. To predict the accuracy of the scoring system, these techniques used factors including temperature-humidity index, respiration rate, lying time, lying bouts, total steps, drooling, open-mouth breathing, panting, location in shade or sprinklers, somatic cell score, reticulorumen temperature, hygiene body condition score, milk yield, and milk fat and protein percent. Three different treatments, namely, portable shade structure, portable polyvinyl chloride pipe sprinkler system, or control with no heat abatement, were considered, where each treatment was replicated 3 times with 3 second-trimester lactating cows. Results indicate that random forest outperformed the other 2 methods, with respect to both accuracy and precision, in predicting the sprinkler group's score. Both logistic regression and random forest were consistent in predicting scores for control, shade, and combined groups. The mean probability of predicting non-heat-stressed cows was highest for cows in the sprinkler group. Finally, the logistic regression method worked best for predicting heat-stressed cows in control, shade, and combined. The insights gained from these results could aid dairy producers to detect heat stress before it becomes severe, which could decrease the negative effects of heat stress, such as milk loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Becker
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - A Aghalari
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - M Marufuzzaman
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - A E Stone
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762.
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2
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Paterson MJ, Caldera JR, Nguyen C, Sharma P, Castro AM, Kolar SL, Tsai CM, Limon JJ, Becker CA, Martins GA, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Harnessing antifungal immunity in pursuit of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine strategy. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008733. [PMID: 32817694 PMCID: PMC7446838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide, and antibiotic resistant strains such as Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are a major threat and burden to public health. MRSA not only infects immunocompromised patients but also healthy individuals and has rapidly spread from the healthcare setting to the outside community. However, all vaccines tested in clinical trials to date have failed. Immunocompromised individuals such as patients with HIV or decreased levels of CD4+ T cells are highly susceptible to S. aureus infections, and they are also at increased risk of developing fungal infections. We therefore wondered whether stimulation of antifungal immunity might promote the type of immune responses needed for effective host defense against S. aureus. Here we show that vaccination of mice with a fungal β-glucan particle (GP) loaded with S. aureus antigens provides protective immunity to S. aureus. We generated glucan particles loaded with the four S. aureus proteins ClfA, IsdA, MntC, and SdrE, creating the 4X-SA-GP vaccine. Vaccination of mice with three doses of 4X-SA-GP promoted protection in a systemic model of S. aureus infection with a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in the spleen and kidneys. 4X-SA-GP vaccination induced antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cell and antibody responses and provided long-term protection. This work suggests that the GP vaccine system has potential as a novel approach to developing vaccines for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J. Paterson
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - JR Caldera
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Purnima Sharma
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Castro
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Kolar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jose J. Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Becker
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gislâine A. Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George Y. Liu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatics, UCSD, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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3
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Becker CA, Stone AE. Graduate Student Literature Review: Heat abatement strategies used to reduce negative effects of heat stress in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9667-9675. [PMID: 32713700 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The southeastern United States experiences an extended hot season with a high environmental temperature and relative humidity. With increasing global temperatures, managing dairy cattle in regions with tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean climates is becoming an increasing challenge. Heat-stressed cows will decrease feed intake, decrease productivity, and increase respiration rate in an attempt to maintain internal body temperature. Temperature-humidity index (THI) is a unitless value that has been used to measure the magnitude of heat stress on dairy cows. Many researchers have studied the THI threshold at which dairy cattle begin to experience heat stress. When housing cows in a confinement setting, a pasture-based setting, or a combination of the two, the appropriate heat abatement should be implemented to allow cows to perform to their potential and to improve overall animal welfare. This review summarizes heat abatement strategies that have been studied to reduce the negative effects of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Becker
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville 39762.
| | - A E Stone
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville 39762
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4
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Becker CA, Collier RJ, Stone AE. Invited review: Physiological and behavioral effects of heat stress in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6751-6770. [PMID: 32448584 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal welfare can be negatively affected when dairy cattle experience heat stress. Managing heat stress has become more of a challenge than ever before, due to the increasing number of production animals with increased milk yield, and therefore greater metabolic activity. Environmental temperatures have increased by 1.0°C since the 1800s and are expected to continue to increase by another 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052. Heat stress affects production, reproduction, nutrition, health, and welfare. Means exist to monitor and evaluate heat stress in dairy cattle, as well as different ways to abate heat, all with varying levels of effectiveness. This paper is a summary and compilation of information on dairy cattle heat stress over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Becker
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, 39762
| | - R J Collier
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - A E Stone
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, 39762.
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5
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Shapiro BB, Hedrick R, Vanle BC, Becker CA, Nguyen C, Underhill DM, Morgan MA, Kopple JD, Danovitch I, IsHak WW. Cryptococcal meningitis in a daily cannabis smoker without evidence of immunodeficiency. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-221435. [PMID: 29374632 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening condition most commonly observed in immunocompromised individuals. We describe a daily cannabis smoker without evidence of immunodeficiency presenting with confirmed Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis. An investigation of cannabis samples from the patient's preferred dispensary demonstrated contamination with several varieties of Cryptococcus, including C. neoformans, and other opportunistic fungi. These findings raise concern regarding the safety of dispensary-grade cannabis, even in immunocompetent users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan B Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Hedrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brigitte C Vanle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Courtney A Becker
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chris Nguyen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Margie A Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joel D Kopple
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Itai Danovitch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Waguih William IsHak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Abstract
The interaction between screw dislocations and vacancies in body-centered cubic metals is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. For thirteen different classical interatomic potentials, materials properties relating to vacancies, dislocations, and the interaction between the two are evaluated. The potentials include six for iron, two for molybdenum, and five for tantalum, and they are a mix of embedded atom method (EAM), modified embedded atom method (MEAM), and angular dependent potential (ADP) styles. A previously unknown behavior was identified during the interaction simulations. Out of the thirteen potentials investigated, ten predict a vacancy on the dislocation core to no longer remain as a discrete point defect, but rather to dissociate along the dislocation line. The structure of the dissociation is dependent on the potential and is characterized here. As this vacancy dissociation alters the core structure of the dislocation, it may prove to be a new mechanism for dislocation pinning and pipe diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Hale
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - C A Becker
- Office of Data and Informatics, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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7
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Kaplan A, Lee MW, Wolf AJ, Limon JJ, Becker CA, Ding M, Murali R, Lee EY, Liu GY, Wong GCL, Underhill DM. Direct Antimicrobial Activity of IFN-β. J Immunol 2017; 198:4036-4045. [PMID: 28411186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are a cytokine family essential for antiviral defense. More recently, type I IFNs were shown to be important during bacterial infections. In this article, we show that, in addition to known cytokine functions, IFN-β is antimicrobial. Parts of the IFN-β molecular surface (especially helix 4) are cationic and amphipathic, both classic characteristics of antimicrobial peptides, and we observed that IFN-β can directly kill Staphylococcus aureus Further, a mutant S. aureus that is more sensitive to antimicrobial peptides was killed more efficiently by IFN-β than was the wild-type S. aureus, and immunoblotting showed that IFN-β interacts with the bacterial cell surface. To determine whether specific parts of IFN-β are antimicrobial, we synthesized IFN-β helix 4 and found that it is sufficient to permeate model prokaryotic membranes using synchrotron x-ray diffraction and that it is sufficient to kill S. aureus These results suggest that, in addition to its well-known signaling activity, IFN-β may be directly antimicrobial and be part of a growing family of cytokines and chemokines, called kinocidins, that also have antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Michelle W Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Andrea J Wolf
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Jose J Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Courtney A Becker
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Minna Ding
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - George Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; .,Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
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8
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9
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Kaplan A, Ma J, Kyme P, Wolf AJ, Becker CA, Tseng CW, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Failure to induce IFN-β production during Staphylococcus aureus infection contributes to pathogenicity. J Immunol 2012; 189:4537-45. [PMID: 23008447 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The importance of type I IFNs in the host response to viral infection is well established; however, their role in bacterial infection is not fully understood. Several bacteria (both Gram-positive and -negative) have been shown to induce IFN-β production in myeloid cells, but this IFN-β is not always beneficial to the host. We examined whether Staphylococcus aureus induces IFN-β from myeloid phagocytes, and if so, whether it is helpful or harmful to the host to do so. We found that S. aureus poorly induces IFN-β production compared with other bacteria. S. aureus is highly resistant to degradation in the phagosome because it is resistant to lysozyme. Using a mutant that is more sensitive to lysozyme, we show that phagosomal degradation and release of intracellular ligands is essential for induction of IFN-β and inflammatory chemokines downstream of IFN-β. Further, we found that adding exogenous IFN-β during S. aureus infection (in vitro and in vivo) was protective. Together, the data demonstrate that failure to induce IFN-β production during S. aureus infection contributes to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Kaplan
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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10
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Iliev ID, Funari VA, Taylor KD, Nguyen Q, Reyes CN, Strom SP, Brown J, Becker CA, Fleshner PR, Dubinsky M, Rotter JI, Wang HL, McGovern DPB, Brown GD, Underhill DM. Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis. Science 2012; 336:1314-7. [PMID: 22674328 DOI: 10.1126/science.1221789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 746] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microflora, typically equated with bacteria, influences diseases such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we show that the mammalian gut contains a rich fungal community that interacts with the immune system through the innate immune receptor Dectin-1. Mice lacking Dectin-1 exhibited increased susceptibility to chemically induced colitis, which was the result of altered responses to indigenous fungi. In humans, we identified a polymorphism in the gene for Dectin-1 (CLEC7A) that is strongly linked to a severe form of ulcerative colitis. Together, our findings reveal a eukaryotic fungal community in the gut (the "mycobiome") that coexists with bacteria and substantially expands the repertoire of organisms interacting with the intestinal immune system to influence health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan D Iliev
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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11
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Shimada T, Park BG, Wolf AJ, Brikos C, Goodridge HS, Becker CA, Reyes CN, Miao EA, Aderem A, Götz F, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Staphylococcus aureus evades lysozyme-based peptidoglycan digestion that links phagocytosis, inflammasome activation, and IL-1beta secretion. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 7:38-49. [PMID: 20114027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-1beta produced by phagocytes is important for protection against the mucosal pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Processing and maturation of this cytokine requires activation of the multiprotein inflammasome complex. We observed that the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN) must be particulate and internalized via phagocytosis to activate NLRP3 inflammasomes and IL-1beta secretion. In the context of S. aureus infection of macrophages, we find that phagocytosis and lysozyme-based bacterial cell wall degradation are necessary to induce IL-1beta secretion. Further, an S. aureus enzyme, PGN O-acetyltransferase A, previously demonstrated to make cell wall PGN resistant to lysozyme, strongly suppresses inflammasome activation and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. These observations demonstrate that phagocytosis and lysozyme-based cell wall degradation of S. aureus are functionally coupled to inflammasome activation and IL-1beta secretion and illustrate a case whereby a bacterium specifically subverts IL-1beta secretion through chemical modification of its cell wall PGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimada
- Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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12
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Goodridge HS, Wawrowsky KA, Reyes CN, Ma J, Wolf AJ, Becker CA, Vasilakos JP, Underhill DM. Detection of fungal particles by Dectin-1 triggers reorganization of macrophage membrane proteins to form a “phagocytic synapse” (134.35). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.134.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 is a central player in the anti-fungal responses of myeloid phagocytes. Detection of β-glucan-containing particles by Dectin-1, which signals via an ITAM-like motif in its cytoplasmic tail, triggers phagocytosis, the induction of an oxidative burst, and production of a variety of inflammatory mediators by macrophages and dendritic cells. In contrast, soluble β-glucans, which are too small to trigger phagocytosis, fail to activate Dectin-1 signaling. However, soluble β-glucans immobilized on latex beads are capable of inducing Dectin-1-mediated responses. We used immunofluorescence microscopy to study the rearrangement of macrophage surface proteins upon binding of β-glucan particles to Dectin-1, and observed the formation of a synapse analogous to the immunological synapse that forms between a T cell and an antigen presenting cell. Our data indicate that the formation of this "phagocytic synapse" is required to initiate Dectin-1 signaling, and that the inability of soluble β-glucans to trigger such reorganization accounts for their failure to activate Dectin-1 signaling.
This work is supported by grants to DMU from the NIH (AI071116, GM085796) and AHA (0640100N); HSG is a CCFA Research Fellow
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Goodridge
- 1Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kolja A Wawrowsky
- 1Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher N Reyes
- 1Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jun Ma
- 1Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Andrea J Wolf
- 1Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Courtney A Becker
- 1Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - David M Underhill
- 1Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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13
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Goodridge HS, Shimada T, Wolf AJ, Hsu YMS, Becker CA, Lin X, Underhill DM. Differential use of CARD9 by dectin-1 in macrophages and dendritic cells. J Immunol 2009; 182:1146-54. [PMID: 19124758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and Dectin-1 play key roles in coordinating the responses of macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) to fungi. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines is instructed by signals from both TLR2 and Dectin-1. A recent report identified a role for CARD9 in innate anti-fungal responses, demonstrating CARD9-Bcl10-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and proinflammatory cytokine induction in murine bone marrow-derived DC stimulated via Dectin-1. We now report that Dectin-1-CARD9 signals fail to activate NF-kappaB and drive TNF-alpha induction in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, priming of bone marrow-derived macrophages with GM-CSF or IFN-gamma permits Dectin-1-CARD9-mediated TNF-alpha induction. Analysis of other macrophage/DC populations revealed further variation in the ability of Dectin-1-CARD9 signaling to drive TNF-alpha production. Resident peritoneal cells and alveolar macrophages produce TNF-alpha upon Dectin-1 ligation, while thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages and Flt3L-derived DC do not. We present data demonstrating that CARD9 is recruited to phagosomes via its CARD domain where it enhances TLR-induced cytokine production even in cells in which Dectin-1 is insufficient to drive cytokine production. In such cells, Dectin-1, CARD9, and Bcl10 levels are not limiting, and data indicate that these cells express additional factors that restrict Dectin-1-CARD9 signaling for TNF-alpha induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Goodridge
- Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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14
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Becker CA, Hoyt JJ, Buta D, Asta M. Crystal-melt interface stresses: atomistic simulation calculations for a Lennard-Jones binary alloy, Stillinger-Weber Si, and embedded atom method Ni. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2007; 75:061610. [PMID: 17677276 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.061610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations have been used to compute the crystal-melt interface stress (f) in a model Lennard-Jones (LJ) binary alloy system, as well as for elemental Si and Ni modeled by many-body Stillinger-Weber and embedded-atom-method (EAM) potentials, respectively. For the LJ alloys the interface stress in the (100) orientation was found to be negative and the f vs composition behavior exhibits a slight negative deviation from linearity. For Stillinger-Weber Si, a positive interface stress was found for both (100) and (111) interfaces: f{100}=(380+/-30)mJ/m{2} and f{111}=(300+/-10)mJ/m{2}. The Si (100) and (111) interface stresses are roughly 80 and 65% of the value of the interfacial free energy (gamma) , respectively. In EAM Ni we obtained f{100}=(22+/-74)mJ/m{2}, which is an order of magnitude lower than gamma. A qualitative explanation for the trends in f is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Becker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Becker CA, Olmsted D, Asta M, Hoyt JJ, Foiles SM. Atomistic underpinnings for orientation selection in alloy dendritic growth. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:125701. [PMID: 17501136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.125701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In dendritic solidification, growth morphologies often display a pronounced sensitivity to small changes in composition. To gain insight into the origins of this phenomenon, we undertake an atomistic calculation of the magnitude and anisotropy of the crystal-melt interfacial free energy in a model alloy system featuring no atomic size mismatch and relatively ideal solution thermodynamics. By comparing the results of these calculations with predictions from recent phase-field calculations, we demonstrate that alloying gives rise to changes in free-energy anisotropies that are substantial on the scale required to induce changes in growth orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Becker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Abstract
Although the properties of crystal-melt interfaces have been extensively studied in pure materials, effects of alloying on the interfacial free energy remain relatively poorly understood. In this work we make use of Monte Carlo computer simulations for model binary Lennard-Jones alloys to explore the effects which variations in atomic-size mismatch and the chemical contributions to mixing energies have upon density and composition profiles, as well as the resulting magnitudes of equilibrium adsorption coefficients in concentrated alloys. We study four different model systems covering a range of chemical and size mismatch, finding relatively small adsorption values which are nevertheless statistically different from zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Becker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Becker CA. Sound concept, unhealthy in practice ... but at great expense to providers and patients. Health Syst Rev 1995; 28:26-8. [PMID: 10143175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Those states considering implementation of a TennCare-type program should learn from Tennessee's mistakes. Enough lead time should be allowed for the development of the program and for patients and providers to learn about the new program. It should be actuarially should and have strong oversight with provider input. Finally, it should be done in an open forum to allow public accountability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Becker
- Tennessee Hospital Association, Nashville, USA
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Becker CA. Changing the face of governance. Trustee 1993; 46:30-1. [PMID: 10129990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Becker
- Tennessee Hospital Association, Nashville
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Walsh DC, Hingson RW, Merrigan DM, Levenson SM, Cupples LA, Heeren T, Coffman GA, Becker CA, Barker TA, Hamilton SK. A randomized trial of treatment options for alcohol-abusing workers. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:775-82. [PMID: 1870651 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199109123251105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Employee-assistance programs sponsored by companies or labor unions identify workers who abuse alcohol and refer them for care, often to inpatient rehabilitation programs. Yet the effectiveness of inpatient treatment, as compared with a variety of less intensive alternatives, has repeatedly been called into question. In this study, anchored in the work site, we compared the effectiveness of mandatory in-hospital treatment with that of required attendance at the meetings of a self-help group and a choice of treatment options. METHODS We randomly assigned a series of 227 workers newly identified as abusing alcohol to one of three rehabilitation regimens: compulsory inpatient treatment, compulsory attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings, and a choice of options. Inpatient backup was provided if needed. The groups were compared in terms of 12 job-performance variables and 12 measures of drinking and drug use during a two-year follow-up period. RESULTS All three groups improved, and no significant differences were found among the groups in job-related outcome variables. On seven measures of drinking and drug use, however, we found significant differences at several follow-up assessments. The hospital group fared best and that assigned to AA the least well; those allowed to choose a program had intermediate outcomes. Additional inpatient treatment was required significantly more often (P less than 0.0001) by the AA group (63 percent) and the choice group (38 percent) than by subjects assigned to initial treatment in the hospital (23 percent). The differences among the groups were especially pronounced for workers who had used cocaine within six months before study entry. The estimated costs of inpatient treatment for the AA and choice groups averaged only 10 percent less than the costs for the hospital group because of their higher rates of additional treatment. CONCLUSIONS Even for employed problem drinkers who are not abusing drugs and who have no serious medical problems, an initial referral to AA alone or a choice of programs, although less costly than inpatient care, involves more risk than compulsory inpatient treatment and should be accompanied by close monitoring for signs of incipient relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Walsh
- Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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Abstract
The present studies examined the effects of chronic treatment with several antidepressants and clonidine on conflict behavior. In daily ten-minute sessions, water-deprived rats were trained to drink from a tube which was occasionally electrified (0.25 or 0.5 mA). Electrification was signalled by a tone. Chronic desipramine (5 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or clonidine (40 micrograms/kg, b.i.d.) treatment resulted in time-dependent anticonflict effects, with a latency to onset of approximately 3-4 weeks. In contrast, chronic buproprion (up to 10 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.), mianserin (up to 10 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or trazodone (up to 40 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) treatment resulted in at best only a weak anticonflict effect. The efficacy of these antidepressants and clonidine to increase punished responding when administered chronically correlates well with their efficacy as antipanic agents in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Commissaris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
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Eisenberg P, Becker CA. Semantic context effects in visual word recognition, sentence processing, and reading: evidence for semantic strategies. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1983. [PMID: 6218233 DOI: 10.1037//0096-1523.8.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Earlier research studying the effects of semantic context on single words suggested that subjects may have two strategies for using a context (Becker, 1980). The present research finds that the semantic context strategies may be used in reading short sentences. Further, individual differences in context effects both in a word-level task and in a sentence-level task are related to individual differences in reading continuous text. These results are presented within the framework of the verification model (Becker, 1976, 1980), and the implications for two-process theory (Stanovich & West, 1979, 1981) are discussed.
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Eisenberg P, Becker CA. Semantic context effects in visual word recognition, sentence processing, and reading: evidence for semantic strategies. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1982; 8:739-56. [PMID: 6218233 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.8.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Earlier research studying the effects of semantic context on single words suggested that subjects may have two strategies for using a context (Becker, 1980). The present research finds that the semantic context strategies may be used in reading short sentences. Further, individual differences in context effects both in a word-level task and in a sentence-level task are related to individual differences in reading continuous text. These results are presented within the framework of the verification model (Becker, 1976, 1980), and the implications for two-process theory (Stanovich & West, 1979, 1981) are discussed.
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Abstract
Semantic context and word frequency factors exert a strong influence on the time that it takes subjects to recognize words. Some of the explanations that have been offered for the effects of the two factors suggest that context and frequency should interact, and other explanations imply additivity. In a recent study, Schuberth and Eimas reported that context and frequency effects added to determine their subjects' reaction times in a lexical decision (word vs. nonword) task. The present experiment reexamines this question with improved procedures. The data show that context and frequency do interact, with a semantic context facilitating the processing of low-frequency words more than high-frequency words.
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Abstract
Semantic context and word frequency factors exert a strong influence on the time that it takes subjects to recognize words. Some of the explanations that have been offered for the effects of the two factors suggest that context and frequency should interact, and other explanations imply additivity. In a recent study, Schuberth and Eimas reported that context and frequency effects added to determine their subjects' reaction times in a lexical decision (word vs. nonword) task. The present experiment reexamines this question with improved procedures. The data show that context and frequency do interact, with a semantic context facilitating the processing of low-frequency words more than high-frequency words.
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Abstract
Large, bakeable, rotatable ultrahigh vacuum seals capable of operation at 10(-11) Torr are described. They employ doubly differentially pumped commercially available spring-loaded Teflon seals. A static version is very convenient for quick access as it requires nearly negligible sealing force other than atmospheric force.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Auerbach
- The James Franck Institute and The Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
A dual-task paradigm was used to assess attentional processing demands during visual word recognition. By manipulating the difficulty of each task, it is argued that the procedure estimates the attention demands of the memory-access component of word recognition. Specifically, the the complexity of the secondary task was varied from a simple reaction time task to a choice reaction time task, and the difficulty of a lexical decision (word vs. nonword) primary task was varied by manipulating word frequency. A comparison of the effect of secondary task complexity across levels of word frequency showed that the difference between the two secondary tasks was larger for low-frequency words than for high-frequency words. This result, supported by other characteristics of the data, suggests that the memory-access processing in one type of word recognition task does demand attention.
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Abstract
A dual-task paradigm was used to assess attentional processing demands during visual word recognition. By manipulating the difficulty of each task, it is argued that the procedure estimates the attention demands of the memory-access component of word recognition. Specifically, the the complexity of the secondary task was varied from a simple reaction time task to a choice reaction time task, and the difficulty of a lexical decision (word vs. nonword) primary task was varied by manipulating word frequency. A comparison of the effect of secondary task complexity across levels of word frequency showed that the difference between the two secondary tasks was larger for low-frequency words than for high-frequency words. This result, supported by other characteristics of the data, suggests that the memory-access processing in one type of word recognition task does demand attention.
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Becker CA. What the Extended Care Facility expects from the physician and the nurse. Wis Med J 1968; 67:136-8. [PMID: 5640112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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