On the artistic production of the alienated: history of theories and practices of Brazilian alienism, 1852-1902

The article deals with the presence of artistic manifestations of inmates of the Hospício de Pedro II, the first psychiatric institution in Latin America (1852-1902). The methodological framework chosen focused on the historicisation of the framing processes of mental illness, in order to demonstrate its consequences for the notion of the subject and the art he produces and in the process of circulation of this knowledge in Brazil. Derrida's concept of archive fever was used to analyse the reasons why such manifestations and the therapies used based on them were ignored by local narratives about the artistic manifestations of individuals in asylums.

History of Psychology in Brazil: the different meanings of degeneration (1903-1930)

The purpose of this article is to analyze the records related to the diagnosis of degeneration (concept derived from Traité des dégénérescences, by Bénedict-Augustin Morel, published in 1857), based on documents from institutions for the insane according to the Assistência aos Alienados no Brasil program (Brazilian Assistance to Individuals with Mental Illnesses). The aim of this work, with a theoretical framework, is to assess interpretative asymmetries related to theories of degeneration at the beginning of the 20th century. Emphasis is given to the particularities of interpretation of the theory of degeneration in the Brazil, which may be attributed to the policies introduced by the newly settled Republic regarding racial mixing in the local society as a result of the trafficking of enslaved Africans before the abolition of slavery (1888). Intellectuals started to explain the Brazilian reality through race, which often led to the diagnosis of people’s degeneration of psychophysiological nature. However, according to a diachronic perspective, the term “degeneration” has had different meanings, mainly within the period covered by this article, during which Juliano Moreira, a doctor with black and white ancestry and a Kraepelin scholar, occupied the role of director of the Hospício Nacional de Alienados (National Institute for Individuals with Mental Illnesses), from 1903 to 1930.

Psychology in Brazilian Assistance to the Insane: First Half of the 20th Century

This paper provides an overview on the history of the earliest applications of psychological practices in the two main mental institutions linked to the Assistance for Psychopaths in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the beginning of the 20th Century. This encompassed a range of clinical practices that employed psychological techniques and tools thought as having a curative effect on the causes or symptoms of mental illness. Mental hygiene doctors used those techniques as well, with the biopolitical goal of averting illness and any consequent risk and social danger. The techniques are analyzed in their relation to the modernization project of Brazilian nation and to the problem of what was then understood as its “degenerated population”. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the role of Psychology in Brazil in the early 20th Century. The results appoint an effective interrelation between the raise of scientific legitimacy of Psychological knowledge and technology and the integration of Psychiatry within different nation's modernization projects.

História das Psicoterapias e da Psicanálise no Brasil: o caso do Rio de Janeiro

O presente artigo se propõe a apresentar as práticas psicoterapêuticas utilizadas pela psiquiatria brasileira no Hospício Nacional de Alienados, instituição psiquiátrica situada no Rio de Janeiro e fundada no ano de 1852. A pesquisa se debruçou sobre artigos, livros autorais e manuais médicos do Hospital Nacional de Alienados e professores da cátedra de Psiquiatria e Moléstias Mentais da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro. Como referencial teórico, o artigo se apoia em Chartier (1990) para indicar que, ao circular no Brasil do início do século XX, as diferentes psicoterapias tiveram que se acomodar ao contexto para poderem circular. Em especial, demonstra-se como a psicanálise foi apropriada e negociada de acordo com os repertórios disponíveis no contexto psiquiátrico local, bem como frente aos diversos interesses individuais e profissionais presentes, tendo que se adaptar para ganhar credibilidade e aceitação no ambiente da medicina mental brasileira da primeira metade do século XX. Apenas no final da década de 1950 é que se constituiria como uma disciplina independente e autônoma frente aos outros saberes psi com os quais teve que se mesclar ao longo do século.

Combining psychiatry and spiritism: Therapies employed in a Brazilian sanatorium (1934-1948)

The purpose of this article is to present an historical account of an intersection that occurred in Brazil between popular healing treatments and conventional psychiatric practices during the first half of the 20th century. To illustrate our argument, we analyzed data retrieved from the medical records of patients admitted to the Spiritist Sanatorium of Uberaba, Brazil, between 1934 and 1948. Although the Uberaba Spiritist movement founded the institution, it was directed by a physician educated in the biomedical tradition at the Rio de Janeiro School of Medicine. Based on the theory of the circulation and appropriation of knowledge, we elucidated the adaptations and negotiations that were necessary for the reception and dissemination of the practice of the two different therapeutic methodologies on Brazilian psychiatric soil. (PsycINFO Database Record

TÉCNICAS, SABERES E PRÁTICAS PSICOLÓGICAS NA PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA (1889-1930)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as técnicas, saberes e práticas tidas como psicológicas no Rio de Janeiro da Primeira República (1889-1930). Nesse sentido, pautou-se por uma metodologia que priorizou o levantamento de fontes bibliográficas primárias (artigos, livros e relatórios técnicos de época). Constatou-se, como resultado da pesquisa empreendida, que ocorreram aproximações e convergências entre áreas da psicologia aplicada que, posteriormente, iriam ocupar institucionalmente espaços bem separados. Assim, verificou-se que a designação de dado saber, prática ou técnica configurada como "Psicologia" não foi sempre configurada em áreas de aplicação independentes. Nessa perspectiva, segue uma linha diversa de abordagens históricas que primam por setorizar práticas psicológicas, sendo a principal contribuição do artigo para o campo da história da psicologia justamente a de mostrar que uma eventual “História da Psicologia do Trabalho”, no período investigado, não era absolutamente distinta de áreas, hoje classificadas, como as da “História da Psicologia Clínica”, ou da “História da Psicologia Escolar”.

A Rede Iberoamericana de Pesquisadores em História da Psicologia: o perfil dos investigadores

O artigo delineou o perfil dos membros da Rede Iberoamericana de Pesquisadores em História da Psicologia (RIPeHP). Optou-se por utilizar como método principal um questionário para obtenção das informações acerca dos membros. Alguns dados foram complementados por meio da Plataforma Lattes e do Portal de información de Ciencia y Tecnología Argentino, bem como currículos disponibilizados na Internet. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os membros da RIPeHP tendem a ser pesquisadores com formação em psicologia, com doutorado e prática docente, nucleados na sua maioria em instituições localizadas nas cidades de Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Bogotá e Belo Horizonte

[Historiographies: Psychiatry in Brazil and its institutions]

This article presents an overview of the history of Psychiatry field and its institutions in Brazil, with emphasis on literature produced in the last thirty-five years. It places the history of Psychiatry in the broader context of theoretical trends in historical studies - as philosophical, anthropological, social history and cultural history approaches - highlighting the most current analyzes. To achieve this goal, authors' selected doctoral theses and dissertations dedicated to mental health in Rio de Janeiro's History as well as Public Health and Psychiatry Graduate Programs. The methodological plan included attention to chronologic and geographic landmarks, types of sources used, themes and places of production as well as the theoretical frameworks that supported them. In this perspective, the article observed the range of subjects taken, the investment in different time clippings as well as in thesis that analyze events in other cities outside the axis Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

The historiography of psychoanalysis in Brazil: the case of Rio de Janeiro

The objective of this article is to analyze the background of the historiography of psychoanalysis in Rio de Janeiro. Three different phases and approaches are analyzed, based on the viewpoints of different groups of authors. The first group features authors who displayed an early interest in the subject, in the 1920's-1930's. The second refers to psychiatrists/psychoanalysts who worked with mental health institutes and societies between the 1940's and 1970's, while the third perspective comes from the academic/university environment, from the end of the 70's to the present. This distinction was made not only to better define the timeframe of the arrival and dissemination of psychoanalysis in Rio de Janeiro, but also to provide a better understanding of the relation between the specific professional and intellectual interests of each group and the respective historical context.

[Emil Kraepelin and psychiatric science in Rio de Janeiro, 1903-1933]

The article addresses the penetration of German psychiatric science in early twentieth-century Brazil. More specifically, it explores how the theory and practices of Emil Kraepelin were absorbed by both Juliano Moreira, director of the National Hospital for the Insane (Hospício Nacional de Alienados) and of the agency for Assistance to the Insane (Assistência a Alienados) in the Federal District (Rio de Janeiro), and also by the circle of physicians with close ties to Moreira from 1903 to 1933. It discusses the ways in which Kraepelin's work was adopted, taking into account the day's medical-mental repertoire, the political and scientific context, and the controversies within the Brazilian psychiatric field. Lastly, the study analyzes these choices based on the prevailing relations between Brazilian and German psychiatry back then.

A experiência da loucura segundo o espiritismo: uma análise dos prontuários médicos do Sanatório Espírita de Uberaba

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar, a partir da análise dos prontuários de internamento de uma instituição destinada ao tratamento de alienados administrada por seguidores do espiritismo, as concepções particulares sobre saúde, doença e loucura produzidas por essa doutrina e o modo pelo qual elas eram transpostas para o interior de uma instituição de caráter asilar, o Sanatório Espírita de Uberaba, no Brasil da primeira metade do século XX.

Os êxtases da Irmã Germana: diferentes interpretações em torno das doenças nervosas no Brasil

Apresenta diferentes concepções em torno dos êxtases de uma beata (Irmã Germana) que viveu em Minas Gerais no século XIX, o parecer do médico Antônio Gonçalves Gomide, seguido do exame de dois cirurgiões e da narrativa do naturalista Auguste de Saint-Hilaire. O objetivo é situar historicamente os textos, investigando as orientações teóricas dos autores e o modo como analisaram os êxtases da beata. A publicação dos documentos pode contribuir para o estudo dos saberes médico-mentais em inícios do século XIX no Brasil.

Detection and Frequency of Lily Viruses in Argentina

In a survey of lily growing fields in various regions of Argentina, three viruses, Lily symptomless virus (LSV), Lily mottle virus (LMoV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), were found in Longiflorum, Asiatic, Oriental, Longiflorum × Asiatic (LA), and Oriental × Trumpet (OT) hybrids. The areas surveyed were between latitude 26° 56' S and 43° 03' S, and longitude 65° 21' W and 71° 29' W. Virus detection was performed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using polyclonal antiserum. In infected samples, viruses detected in decreasing order were LSV (60.5%), LMoV (51.0%), and CMV (28.7%) present in single or mixed infections. Virus infection varied among tested hybrids from 36.0% (Oriental Montecristo) to 94.7% (Lilium longiflorum Avita) in 2006 and from 38.9% (OT Yelloween) to 82.1% (LO Triumphator) in 2007, with an overall incidence of 64.1 and 70.7% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. A variation in virus incidence among localities was also observed. The highest virus incidence (89.6 and 87.6% in 2006 and 2007, respectively) was observed in Bahía Blanca (38° 44' S, 62° 16' W). The lowest virus incidences, detected in Trevellin (43° 03' S, 71° 29' W) and in Malargüe (35° 28' S, 69° 35' W), were 47.4 and 48.6% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Moreover, a different distribution of each virus was observed between localities. The high occurrence of viruses infecting lily crops in Argentina could be due to both the use of infected bulbs for propagation and the lack of preventive virus vector control measures.

Entre a psicanálise e a degenerescência: sexualidade e doença mental no início do século XX no Brasil

O texto de Henrique Roxo, publicado em 1919 e aqui apresentado, fundamenta-se em grande medida na psicanálise, discutindo o papel central da sexualidade nos casos de doença mental, em especial da demência precoce. Nosso artigo analisa as relações entre a psicanálise e a psiquiatria para demonstrar o modo sui generis como esses campos de saber foram combinados na construção do mental como objeto científico em nosso contexto.

“Gentes provindas de outras terras” – ciência psiquiátrica, imigração e nação brasileira

Publicado em 1925, o texto de Juliano Moreira que ora apresentamos discute o problema da imigração e sua relação com a constituição mental dos brasileiros. Nosso artigo analisa o contexto em que o artigo foi escrito para demonstrar as relações do processo de consolidação da psiquiatria brasileira com o conjunto de idéias e práticas relativas aos destinos do país.

[The diagnostic and therapeutic problems of endocrine tumors of the digestive system: our experience]

The authors experience in the surgical treatment of endocrine tumours of the digestive tract is reported. Particularly, they emphasize that in spite of the several syndromes associated with these neoplasms, diagnostic and therapeutic concepts herein analyzed are similar.