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Dye CD, Walenski M, Mostofsky SH, Ullman MT. A verbal strength in children with Tourette syndrome? Evidence from a non-word repetition task. Brain Lang 2016; 160:61-70. [PMID: 27479738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by motor and vocal tics, and frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities. Whereas cognitive strengths have been found in other neurodevelopmental disorders, less attention has been paid to strengths in TS, or to verbal strengths in any neurodevelopmental disorder. We examined whether the finding of speeded TS production of rule-governed morphological forms (e.g., "slipped") that involve composition (Walenski, Mostofsky, & Ullman, 2007) might extend to another language domain, phonology. Thirteen children with TS and 14 typically-developing (TD) children performed a non-word repetition task: they repeated legal phonological strings (e.g.,"naichovabe"), a task that taps rule-governed (de)composition. Parallel to the morphology findings, the children with TS showed speeded production, while the two groups had similar accuracy. The results were not explained by potentially confounding factors, including IQ. Overall, the findings suggest that rule-governed grammatical composition may be speeded in TS, perhaps due to frontal/basal-ganglia abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D Dye
- Centre for Research in Linguistics and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Walenski
- The Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, United States
| | | | - Michael T Ullman
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, United States.
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Dye CD, Walenski M, Prado EL, Mostofsky S, Ullman MT. Children's computation of complex linguistic forms: a study of frequency and imageability effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74683. [PMID: 24040318 PMCID: PMC3767641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the storage vs. composition of inflected forms in typically-developing children. Children aged 8–12 were tested on the production of regular and irregular past-tense forms. Storage (vs. composition) was examined by probing for past-tense frequency effects and imageability effects – both of which are diagnostic tests for storage – while controlling for a number of confounding factors. We also examined sex as a factor. Irregular inflected forms, which must depend on stored representations, always showed evidence of storage (frequency and/or imageability effects), not only across all children, but also separately in both sexes. In contrast, for regular forms, which could be either stored or composed, only girls showed evidence of storage. This pattern is similar to that found in previously-acquired adult data from the same task, with the notable exception that development affects which factors influence the storage of regulars in females: imageability plays a larger role in girls, and frequency in women. Overall, the results suggest that irregular inflected forms are always stored (in children and adults, and in both sexes), whereas regulars can be either composed or stored, with their storage a function of various item- and subject-level factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D. Dye
- Centre for Research in Linguistics and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CD); (MU)
| | - Matthew Walenski
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Center for Research in Language, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Prado
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Stewart Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Ullman
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CD); (MU)
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Nemeth D, Dye CD, Sefcsik T, Janacsek K, Turi Z, Londe Z, Klivenyi P, Kincses ZT, Szabó N, Vecsei L, Ullman MT. Language deficits in pre-symptomatic Huntington's disease: evidence from Hungarian. Brain Lang 2012; 121:248-253. [PMID: 22538085 PMCID: PMC3350800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A limited number of studies have investigated language in Huntington's disease (HD). These have generally reported abnormalities in rule-governed (grammatical) aspects of language, in both syntax and morphology. Several studies of verbal inflectional morphology in English and French have reported evidence of over-active rule processing, such as over-suffixation errors (e.g., walkeded) and over-regularizations (e.g., digged). Here we extend the investigation to noun inflection in Hungarian, a Finno-Ugric agglutinative language with complex morphology, and to genetically proven pre-symptomatic Huntington's disease (pre-HD). Although individuals with pre-HD have no clinical, motor or cognitive symptoms, the underlying pathology may already have begun, and thus sensitive behavioral measures might reveal already-present impairments. Indeed, in a Hungarian morphology production task, pre-HD patients made both over-suffixation and over-regularization errors. The findings suggest the generality of over-active rule processing in both HD and pre-HD, across languages from different families with different morphological systems, and for both verbal and noun inflection. Because the neuropathology in pre-HD appears to be largely restricted to the caudate nucleus and related structures, the findings further implicate these structures in language, and in rule-processing in particular. Finally, the need for effective treatments in HD, which will likely depend in part on the ability to sensitively measure early changes in the disease, suggests the possibility that inflectional morphology, and perhaps other language measures, may provide useful diagnostic, tracking, and therapeutic tools for assessing and treating early degeneration in pre-HD and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezso Nemeth
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Hedenius M, Persson J, Tremblay A, Adi-Japha E, Veríssimo J, Dye CD, Alm P, Jennische M, Tomblin JB, Ullman MT. Grammar predicts procedural learning and consolidation deficits in children with Specific Language Impairment. Res Dev Disabil 2011; 32:2362-75. [PMID: 21840165 PMCID: PMC3191257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Procedural Deficit Hypothesis (PDH) posits that Specific Language Impairment (SLI) can be largely explained by abnormalities of brain structures that subserve procedural memory. The PDH predicts impairments of procedural memory itself, and that such impairments underlie the grammatical deficits observed in the disorder. Previous studies have indeed reported procedural learning impairments in SLI, and have found that these are associated with grammatical difficulties. The present study extends this research by examining consolidation and longer-term procedural sequence learning in children with SLI. The Alternating Serial Reaction Time (ASRT) task was given to children with SLI and typically developing (TD) children in an initial learning session and an average of three days later to test for consolidation and longer-term learning. Although both groups showed evidence of initial sequence learning, only the TD children showed clear signs of consolidation, even though the two groups did not differ in longer-term learning. When the children were re-categorized on the basis of grammar deficits rather than broader language deficits, a clearer pattern emerged. Whereas both the grammar impaired and normal grammar groups showed evidence of initial sequence learning, only those with normal grammar showed consolidation and longer-term learning. Indeed, the grammar-impaired group appeared to lose any sequence knowledge gained during the initial testing session. These findings held even when controlling for vocabulary or a broad non-grammatical language measure, neither of which were associated with procedural memory. When grammar was examined as a continuous variable over all children, the same relationships between procedural memory and grammar, but not vocabulary or the broader language measure, were observed. Overall, the findings support and further specify the PDH. They suggest that consolidation and longer-term procedural learning are impaired in SLI, but that these impairments are specifically tied to the grammatical deficits in the disorder. The possibility that consolidation and longer-term learning are problematic in the disorder suggests a locus of potential study for therapeutic approaches. In sum, this study clarifies our understanding of the underlying deficits in SLI, and suggests avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hedenius
- Unit for Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, N.W. Washington DC, 20057 USA
| | - Jonas Persson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antoine Tremblay
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, N.W. Washington DC, 20057 USA
| | - Esther Adi-Japha
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - João Veríssimo
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, N.W. Washington DC, 20057 USA
| | - Cristina D. Dye
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, N.W. Washington DC, 20057 USA
- Centre for Research in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Per Alm
- Unit for Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Jennische
- Unit for Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Bruce Tomblin
- Child Language Research Center, Room 3, Wendell Johnson Speech and Hearing Center, Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, The University of Iowa, 250 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242 USA
| | - Michael T. Ullman
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, N.W. Washington DC, 20057 USA
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Hoffmann I, Nemeth D, Dye CD, Pákáski M, Irinyi T, Kálmán J. Temporal parameters of spontaneous speech in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2010; 12:29-34. [PMID: 20380247 DOI: 10.3109/17549500903137256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on four temporal parameters of spontaneous speech in three stages of Alzheimer's disease (mild, moderate, and severe) compared to age-matched normal controls. The analysis of the time course of speech has been shown to be a particularly sensitive neuropsychological method to investigate cognitive processes such as speech planning and production. The following parameters of speech were measured in Hungarian native-speakers with Alzheimer's disease and normal controls: articulation rate, speech tempo, hesitation ratio, and rate of grammatical errors. Results revealed significant differences in most of these speech parameters among the three Alzheimer's disease groups. Additionally, the clearest difference between the normal control group and the mild Alzheimer's disease group involved the hesitation ratio, which was significantly higher in the latter group. This parameter of speech may have diagnostic value for mild-stage Alzheimer's disease and therefore could be a useful aid in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Hoffmann
- Department of Linguistics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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