Associations of regular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner with Body Mass Index during adolescence: longitudinal findings by weight status among the Eating and Activity over Time 2010-2018 cohort

OBJECTIVE

To examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI over 8 years differ by weight status in a sample of adolescents.

DESIGN

Longitudinal, population-based study. Breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption and BMI were self-reported. Linear regressions were used to examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI differed by weight status.

SETTING

Adolescents in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area.

PARTICIPANTS

Adolescents (n 1,471) were surveyed as part of the EAT 2010-2018 in 2009-2010 (Mage = 14·3 years) and 2017-2018 (Mage = 22·0 years).

RESULTS

The prevalence of regular breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption (≥ 5 times/week) ranged from 45 to 65 %, 75 to 89 % and 76 to 94 %, respectively, depending on weight status category. Among adolescents with a sex- and age-specific BMI < 15th percentile, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner during adolescence were positively associated with BMI in emerging adulthood compared with irregular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner (<5 times/week) after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics (β = 5·43, β = 5·39 and β = 6·46, respectively; all P-values <0·01). Among adolescents in the BMI 15-85th and 85-95th percentiles, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner were positively associated with BMI but to a lesser extent (P-values <0·01). For participants with a BMI ≥ 95th percentile, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner were positively associated with BMI, but the associations were not statistically significant (P-values > 0·05).

CONCLUSIONS

The relationship between meal consumption during adolescence and BMI in emerging adulthood differs by adolescent weight status. Future studies should investigate underlying factors related to meal consumption routines and BMI.

Adverse childhood experiences and disordered eating among middle-aged adults: Findings from the coronary artery risk development in young adults study

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include childhood abuse, neglect, and household substance abuse. Childhood abuse is a risk factor for disordered eating (DEB). Less well established are associations of childhood neglect and household substance abuse with DEB, and little research has examined ACE associations with DEB in middle adulthood. The objective of this study was to examine associations between ACEs and DEBs among middle-aged adults and examine sex differences. ACEs prior to age 18 were retrospectively assessed in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study in 2000-2001 (N = 3340, ages 32 to 46). DEB outcomes (i.e., concerns about weight and shape, anxiety about eating or food, unhealthy weight control behaviors, chronic dieting, overeating, and binge eating) were assessed in 1995-1996 (ages 27 to 41). Modified Poisson regressions estimated risk ratios (RRs) for associations of a history of any ACE, each ACE, and cumulative ACEs with DEB outcomes. Among women, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect were each modestly associated with most DEBs (RRs = 1.21-1.35, 1.21-1.45, and 1.23-1.41 across DEBs, respectively) after adjustment for sociodemographic variables, BMI, and depressive symptoms. A cumulative ACE score was associated with all DEBs in a stepwise manner (p for trend ≤0.05) except concerns about weight and shape and overeating. Among men, emotional abuse was most consistently related to the majority of DEBs (RRs = 1.23-1.92); household substance abuse was modestly associated with overeating (RR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.04-1.53). ACEs were cumulatively associated with unhealthy weight control behaviors, overeating, and binge eating (p for trend <0.01).

Everyday discrimination as a predictor of maladaptive and adaptive eating: Findings from EAT 2018

Various types of stressors are associated with maladaptive eating, but how the stressor of everyday discrimination (e.g., less respect, poorer service) relates to maladaptive eating and adaptive eating remains unclear. We examined everyday discrimination as a predictor of maladaptive and adaptive eating. Data were collected in a population-based study, Eating and Activity over Time (N = 1410, ages 18-30). Everyday discrimination was categorized as none, low, moderate, or high. Outcomes included maladaptive eating (i.e., overeating and binge eating) and adaptive eating (i.e., intuitive eating and mindful eating). Modified Poisson regressions estimated the prevalence ratios (PRs) for overeating and binge eating associated with everyday discrimination. Linear regressions estimated associations between everyday discrimination and intuitive and mindful eating scores. After adjustment for age, ethnicity/race, gender, and socioeconomic status, moderate and high levels of discriminatory experiences were each associated with a significantly greater prevalence of binge eating (PR = 2.2, [95% CI = 1.3-3.7] and PR = 3.1, [95% CI = 2.0-4.7], respectively) and lower intuitive (β = -0.4, [95% CI = -0.7, -0.2] and β = -0.5 [95% CI = -0.8, -0.3], respectively), and mindful eating scores (β = -0.3, [95% CI = -0.6, -0.1] and β = -0.5 [95% CI = -0.8, -0.3], respectively) compared to young adults with no discriminatory experience. Public health efforts to prevent maladaptive eating and encourage the adoption of adaptive eating should consider the potential contribution of everyday discrimination and the need to advocate for equity and inclusion.

Demonstration of Epstein-Barr virus in odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

BACKGROUND

Although considerable insight has been gamed into Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as an important etiologic factor in various tumors, virtually little is known about the relationship between EBV genes and oral tumors.

METHOD

Thirty-two cases of nonodontogenic tumor (16 squamous cell carcinomas, 11 salivary gland tumors, 1 malignant lymphoma, 1 spindle cell sarcoma, 1 osteogenic sarcoma, 1 malignant fibrous histiocytoma and 1 verrucous carcinoma), 17 cases of odontogenic tumor (17 ameloblastomas, the most important and common type of odontogenic tumor) and 12 cases of normal oral tissue (8 normal gingival tissues and other oral mucosa) were examined for the presence of EBV-DNA, with primers specific for the BamW, BNRF1, BMLF1, BamC, IR3, BMRF1, EBNA-2A BamhY, and EBNA-2B BamhY region of the EBV genome by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

RESULTS

Fifty-three percent (17/32) of nonodontogenic tumors, forty-eight percent (8/17) of ameloblastomas, and ninety-two percent (11/12) of normal oral tissues were positive for EBV-DNA. Of the EBV-DNA, BMLF1 demonstrated the strongest reactivity in the nonodontogenic tumors, and BamC demonstrated the strongest reactivity in the ameloblastomas and normal oral mucosae.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken into account with the expression of different EBV genes in odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors, these findings suggest that even though odontogenic tumors and nonodontogenic tumors are relatively unique, the appearance of different EBV genes seems to suggest the complicated roles that the EBV genes play.

Effect of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether on the spermatogenesis in pubertal and adult rats

The effects of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) on testicular cell populations in pubertal (5 weeks old) and adult (9 weeks old) male rats were investigated by a flow cytometric method. A total of 50 rats (in number, 25 pubertal and 25 adult rats) was divided into 5 experimental groups including 0 (control), 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg EGEE/kg of body weight. The animals were administered by gavage for 4 weeks. In adult rats, the treatment of EGEE at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight decreased significantly the populations of haploid, while it increased those of diploid and tetraploid cells. In pubertal rats, the treatment of EGEE at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight caused only minimal changes in the relative percent of testicular cell types. These results suggest that the effects of EGEE on testicular function in pubertal rats appear to be less pronounced than in adult rats.

Flow cytometric evaluation on the age-dependent changes of testicular DNA contents in rats

An age-dependent cellular change of DNA contents in the testis of Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated by flow-cytometric method. Testicular cell suspensions at the age of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 26 weeks were prepared and stained with propidium iodide. The relative proportions in the number of mature and immature haploid (1n), diploid (2n), S-phase and tetraploid (4n) cells were calculated. The proportion in the number of mature haploid cells was sharply increased to the age of 10 weeks (about 38%), thereafter increased slightly to the level of 42% at the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of immature haploid cells was dramatically increased to the age of 6 weeks, then maintained at the level of 20 to 30% thereafter. The proportion of diploid cells was 64% at the age of 4 weeks, then decreased gradually through the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of S-phase cells was increased to the age of 4 weeks, then maintained at a plateau level to the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of tetraploid cells were about 26% at the age of 4 weeks, then decreased gradually to the age of 26 weeks. These results suggest that the proportions of testicular cells may depend on the age of the rat and that the flow cytometric method may be useful in the evaluation of the spermatogenic status with regard to accuracy and sensitivity.

Frequent somatic mutations in serine/threonine kinase 11/Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene in left-sided colon cancer

We analyzed somatic mutation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11)/Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene in 49 colorectal tumors in three different stages of a dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. We detected LOH in 10 of 19 (52.6%) informative colorectal cancers at loci D19S886 and/or D19S883, but no LOH was observed in 25 informative adenomas. We detected a total of 9 somatic mutations [7 of 13 (53.8%) left-sided colon cancers and 2 of 7 (28.6%) left-sided adenomas with high-grade dysplasia], but no mutations were detected in right-sided colon tumors. Of the nine mutations, one was a frameshift mutation (the same mutation detected in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome family previously), and the other eight were missense mutations. This results indicate that STK11 is a tumor suppressor gene and that genetic changes of STK11 play an important role in left-sided colon cancer carcinogenesis.