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Traoré NE, Uttinger MJ, Cardenas Lopez P, Drobek D, Gromotka L, Schmidt J, Walter J, Apeleo Zubiri B, Spiecker E, Peukert W. Green room temperature synthesis of silver-gold alloy nanoparticles. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:1450-1464. [PMID: 36866254 PMCID: PMC9972530 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00793b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metallic alloy nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit interesting optical, electrical and catalytic properties, dependent on their size, shape and composition. In particular, silver-gold alloy NPs are widely applied as model systems to better understand the syntheses and formation (kinetics) of alloy NPs, as the two elements are fully miscible. Our study targets product design via environmentally friendly synthesis conditions. We use dextran as the reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of homogeneous silver-gold alloy NPs at room temperature. Our approach is a one-pot, low temperature, reaction-controlled, green and scalable synthesis route of well-controlled composition and narrow particle size distribution. The composition over a broad range of molar gold contents is confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) measurements and auxiliary inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy measurements (ICP-OES). The distributions of the resulting particles in size and composition are obtained from multi-wavelength analytical ultracentrifugation using the optical back coupling method and further confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Finally, we provide insight into the reaction kinetics during the synthesis, discuss the reaction mechanism and demonstrate possibilities for scale-up by a factor of more than 250 by increasing the reactor volume and NP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Traoré
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Haberstraße 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - M J Uttinger
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Haberstraße 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - P Cardenas Lopez
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Haberstraße 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - D Drobek
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - L Gromotka
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Haberstraße 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - J Schmidt
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Haberstraße 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - J Walter
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Haberstraße 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - B Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - E Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - W Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Haberstraße 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Cardenas Lopez P, Uttinger MJ, Traoré NE, Khan HA, Drobek D, Apeleo Zubiri B, Spiecker E, Pflug L, Peukert W, Walter J. Multidimensional characterization of noble metal alloy nanoparticles by multiwavelength analytical ultracentrifugation. Nanoscale 2022; 14:12928-12939. [PMID: 36043498 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02633c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a method for the simultaneous retrieval of two-dimensional size-composition distributions of noble metal Ag-Au alloy nanoparticles utilizing an analytical ultracentrifuge equipped with a multiwavelength extinction detector (MWL-AUC). MWL-AUC is used to measure coupled optical and sedimentation properties of the particles. The optical response of the nanoparticles is calculated using Mie's theory, where the particles' complex refractive index is corrected due to the effect of reduced mean free path of electrons. Using a combined analysis of the hydrodynamic and spectral data captured by MWL-AUC, the size and composition of the alloy particles is retrieved. Our method is validated through the analysis of synthetic data and by the very good agreement between experimental scanning transmission electron microscopy and our AUC data. The presented comprehensive characterization approach contributes to improved synthesis, scale-up and production of particulate systems as it provides a simple, fast and direct method to determine noble metal alloy nanoparticle size and composition distributions simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cardenas Lopez
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M J Uttinger
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N E Traoré
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H A Khan
- Competence Unit for Scientific Computing (CSC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstr. 5a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Drobek
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - B Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - L Pflug
- Competence Unit for Scientific Computing (CSC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstr. 5a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - W Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Walter
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstr. 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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