Recovery of Lymphocyte and Dendritic Cell Subsets Following Reduced Intensity Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation

Approaches using reduced conditioning regimens have been developed to obtain minimal procedure-related toxicity. Such novel therapeutic options are being explored with good preliminary results concerning feasibility and engraftment. However, many aspects remain under-evaluated and few data are available about immune and dendritic cell (DC) reconstitution after these highly immunosuppressive regimens. We present here our data in 20 patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) using a reduced preparative regimen. We evaluated in the first 3 months following allo-BMT, several immunological parameters including DC subsets, and compared these to historical results obtained in a group of myeloablative allo-BMT patients. We found an early recovery of leukocytes, CD8+ and NK lymphocytes. We also found a trend towards an improved B cell recovery. These results are somewhat in contrast to the altered immune recovery observed in the myeloablative setting. In addition, we found a significant early circulating DC recovery. Circulating blood DCs were also found to be of full donor origin as assessed by FISH in sex-mismatched pairs. Nevertheless, naive CD4 + CD45RA + T cells were found to be profoundly reduced following such regimens.Collectively, these data further enhance the overall benefits of reduced intensity regimens and the need for a stringent biological monitoring for assessment of the potential advantages of reduced intensity allo-BMT in comparison with conventional allo-BMT.

Randomized study of early hospital discharge following autologous blood SCT: medical outcomes and hospital costs

We report the first randomized study comparing early hospital discharge with standard hospital-based follow-up after high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and PBSCT. Patients aged 18-65 years, with an indication of PBSCT for non-leukemic malignant diseases were randomly assigned between two arms. Arm A consisted of early hospital discharge (HDCT during hospitalization, discharge at day 0, home stay with a caregiver, outpatient clinic follow-up). In arm B patients were followed up as inpatients. In total 131 patients were analyzed (66 in arm A and 65 in arm B). Patient characteristics and hematological reconstitution were comparable between the two groups. In arm A, 26 patients were actually discharged early. Patients in group A spent fewer days in hospital (11 vs 12 days, P=0.006). This strategy resulted in a 6% mean cost reduction per patient when compared with the conventional hospital-based group. The early discharge approach within the French health system, while safe and feasible, is highly dependent on social criteria (caregiver availability and home to hospital distance). It is almost always associated with conventional hospital readmission during the aplasia phase, and limits cost savings when considering the whole population of patients benefiting from HDCT in routine clinical practice.

Detailed analysis of a randomized phase III trial: can the tolerability of capecitabine plus docetaxel be improved without compromising its survival advantage?

BACKGROUND

In a phase III trial, 3-weekly capecitabine (1250 mg/m(2) twice daily days 1-14) plus docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) day 1) demonstrated significantly superior overall survival to 3-weekly docetaxel (100 mg/m(2) day 1). We report a retrospective analysis of the impact of capecitabine/docetaxel dose reduction on safety and efficacy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Safety and efficacy data were analyzed retrospectively according to the actual doses of capecitabine and docetaxel administered.

RESULTS

More patients receiving capecitabine/docetaxel (65%) had dose reductions for adverse events than docetaxel alone (35%). In most patients requiring dose reduction with the combination (80%), capecitabine and docetaxel were simultaneously reduced to 950 mg/m(2) and 55 mg/m(2), respectively. Subsequently, there were fewer cycles (17%) with grade 3/4 adverse events than with the full doses (34%). Time to progression and overall survival appeared to be similar in patients starting the second cycle with reduced doses of capecitabine/docetaxel and those who continued to receive full doses of capecitabine/docetaxel for at least the first four cycles.

CONCLUSIONS

Capecitabine/docetaxel dosing flexibility allows management of side-effects without compromising efficacy. This retrospective analysis, as well as multiple phase II studies of taxanes with reduced-dose capecitabine, shows that reducing the starting dose of capecitabine with docetaxel is a reasonable strategy for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer. In addition, reducing the dose of both agents may be appropriate.

A prospective randomized phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide in extended-disease (ED) SCLC patients after response to chemotherapy (CT): An intergroup study FNCLCC Cleo04 - IFCT 00–01

7057

Background: This study aimed at determining whether or not thalidomide prolongs survival of patients (pts) suffering from SCLC. Methods: Eligibility consisted of previously untreated ED-SCLC, age <70 years, PS ≤2, weight loss <10% and, for women, post-menopausal status. Pts were registered in the study and received two courses of PCDE given 4 weeks apart with G-CSF primary prophylaxis recommended. Afterwards, pts who experienced a response were randomized to receive four additional cycles of PCDE plus thalidomide, (400 mg daily) or placebo. The planned accrual was 200 randomised pts in order to detect a 20% survival improvement. Results: The study was shortened with final analysis performed taking into account 119 registered pts (low accrual). There were 4 toxic-deaths (3.3%). Tumour assessment performed after the first two CT courses demonstrated 11 complete responders and 86 partial responders (81.4% overall response rate). Among these pts, 92 were randomly assigned, 49 in the thalidomide group and 43 in placebo group. The 5 remaining pts were not randomised due to poor recovery from previous CT. Pre-study pts’ characteristics did not differ between the two groups. The planned six cycles of PCDE were delivered to an equal proportion of pts in both groups (75.5% versus 74.4%). Mean ± SD exposure duration to thalidomide was 4.5 months ± 2.7 and to placebo 5.1 ± 2.4 (NS). Reasons for withdrawal differed between the two groups with toxicity as main reason for thalidomide (55.3% versus 35%) and disease progression as main reason for placebo (43% versus 62%; p = 0.06). In Cox model of overall survival within the 9 months following randomisation, pts allocated to the thalidomide group had the longest survival (HR of death for pts in the thalidomide group: 0.48 [95% CI: 0.24–0.93]; p = 0.03; median survival from randomisation: 11.7 versus 8.7 months for thalidomide and placebo groups respectively); Conclusion: Thalidomide prolongs survival of pts with SCLC after response to CT. This study is a clue in favour of angiogenesis process as therapeutic window in SCLC therapy. Supported by the French League against Cancer.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

A phase II trial of rituximab as adjuvant to intensive sequential chemotherapy in patients under 60 years with untreated poor-prognosis diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

The potential benefit of rituximab as adjuvant to high-dose therapy (HDT) has been investigated in patients under 60 years with poor-risk (age-adjusted international prognostic index at 2-3) CD20+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The treatment consisted of four cycles of high-dose CEOP (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, vincristine, prednisone), plus etoposide and cisplatin during the two last cycles. Peripheral blood stem cells were collected after cycle 1, and reinfused after cycles 3 and 4. Four weekly rituximab infusions were subsequently delivered. Among the 36 patients included, 30 could complete chemotherapy schedule, and 24/36 received rituximab. A complete response occured in 26/36 patients (72%). With a median follow-up of 30 months, the estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates (mean +/- s.d.) were 65 +/- 16 and 63 +/- 15%, respectively. For the 24 patients who received both chemotherapy and rituximab, the estimated 5-year OS and EFS rates were 86 +/- 14 and 82 +/- 15%. These data suggest that rituximab after HDT is feasible. Both complete remission rate and survival curves compare favorably with the poor outcome usually observed in high-risk DLBCL patients managed with HDT without rituximab.

Postoperative serum proteomic profiles may predict metastatic relapse in high-risk primary breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy

A total of 30-50% of early breast cancer (EBC) patients considered as high risk using standard prognostic factors develop metastatic recurrence despite standard adjuvant systemic treatment. A means to better predict clinical outcome is needed to optimize and individualize therapeutic decisions. To identify a protein signature correlating with metastatic relapse, we performed surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry profiling of early postoperative serum from 81 high-risk EBC patients. Denatured and fractionated serum samples were incubated with IMAC30 and CM10 ProteinChip arrays. Several protein peaks were differentially expressed according to clinical outcome. By combining partial least squares and logistic regression methods, we built a multiprotein model that correctly predicted outcome in 83% of patients. The 5-year metastasis-free survival in 'good prognosis' and 'poor prognosis' patients as defined using the multiprotein index were strikingly different (83 and 22%, respectively; P<0.0001, log-rank test). In a multivariate Cox regression including conventional pathological factors and multiprotein index, the latter retained the strongest independent prognostic significance for metastatic relapse. Major components of the multiprotein index included haptoglobin, C3a complement fraction, transferrin, apolipoprotein C1 and apolipoprotein A1. Therefore, postoperative serum protein pattern may have an important prognostic value in high-risk EBC.

Early administration of recombinant erythropoietin improves hemoglobin recovery after reduced intensity conditioned allogeneic stem cell transplantation

The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been controversial after myeloablative allogeneic Stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Reduced intensity conditioning regimens (RIC) offer a novel approach that might translate into a different profile of erythropoietic recovery. We treated 20 consecutive patients with rHuEPO early after matched sibling RIC allo-SCT. Conditioning included fludarabine, busulfan and antithymocyte globulin. EPO treatment was analyzed in terms of toxicity, impact on the frequency of Red blood cell transfusions (RBCT) and kinetics of Hemoglobin recovery within the 60 days post-allo-SCT. Results were compared with 27 matched patients who did not receive rHuEPO. In the first 2 months after allo-SCT all patients receiving rHuEPO (100%) achieved an Hb level > 11 g/dl at a median of 30 (15-35) days post-allo-SCT, as compared to only 63% of the patients not receiving rHuEPO (P = 0.007) at a median of 35 (20-55) days (P = 0.03). A total of 70% (95% CI, 50-90) of rHuEPO patients maintained an Hb over 11 g/dl in the second month as compared to only 19% (95% CI, 4-34) in the other group (P = 0.0004). For patients receiving RBCT, the use of rHuEPO was associated with a trend towards reduced RBCT requirements. This pilot study suggests a potential benefit of early administration of rHuEPO after RIC allo-SCT on early erythropoietic recovery.

[Molecular alterations in breast cancer: clinical implications and new analytical tools]

PURPOSE

Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease resulting from various molecular alterations, the identification of which should have profound impact on the management of patients.

CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS

The discovery of germline mutations within breast cancer susceptibility genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are associated with a major risk of breast cancer during lifetime, has improved the assessment of the individual risk toward the disease, allowing appropriate strategies of screening and prevention. The identification of key molecular actors in the mammary oncogenesis may help to better assess the prognosis of the disease, while providing new therapeutic targets. Large-scale molecular technologies, which allow simultaneous assessment of a high number of molecular parameters in a single assay, should provide new tools to tackle complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer. Hence, by examining transcriptional profiles of breast cancer using DNA microarrays, it was possible to reveal new prognostic tumor subgroups, previously indistinguishable. Further improvements are awaited with the recent development of high throughput and large-scale technologies investigating the tumor proteome.

PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS

Precise knowledge of molecular alterations involved in each individual breast cancer will allow more effective and less toxic, tailored therapies.

High-dose alkylating agents with autologous hematopoietic stem cell support and trastuzumab in ERBB2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer: a feasibility study

BACKGROUND

ERBB2 overexpression predicts a worse outcome for patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy (HDC). Trastuzumab improves response rate and survival in ERBB2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer patients (MBC). We investigated the feasibility of combining high-dose alkylating agents with autologous hematopoietic stem cell (AHSC) support and trastuzumab in ERBB2 overexpressing MBC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Eleven consecutive patients with pre-treated ERBB2 overexpressing MBC were enrolled. HDC regimen consisted of a single course of cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg + melphalan 140 mg/m2 (CyMEL, n =8), a single course of Thiotepa 600 mg/m2 (TTP, n = 1) or a sequential combination of Thiotepa 600 mg/m2 followed on day 21 by BCNU 600 mg/m2 (TTP-BCNU, n =2). Trastuzumab (4mg/kg) was started 24 h after AHSC infusion and then administered weekly (2 mg/kg).

RESULTS

Median time to neutrophil and platelet recovery was 10 and 14.5 days, respectively. Three patients experienced febrile neutropenia and in 2 Herpes virus infections were documented. Five grade III/IV mucositis/oesophagitis were recorded. One patient experienced a reversible atrial arrhythmia on day 2 of trastuzumab, and another patients had a nonsymptomatic decrease in LVEF >10% on week 12 of trastuzumab. No toxic death was recorded. Median time to progression was 5 months (1 to 38 +).

CONCLUSION

Combining alkylating agent-based HDC and trastuzumab appears to be feasible in ERBB2 overexpressing MBC and warrants further investigation in a larger cohort.

Multivariate analysis of survival in inflammatory breast cancer: impact of intensity of chemotherapy in multimodality treatment

The prognosis of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is poor. We evaluated clinical and biopathological characteristics that could affect survival in 74 women with nonmetastatic IBC consecutively treated in our institution between 1976 and 2000. Patients received primary anthracycline-based chemotherapy at conventional doses (n=20) or high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with haematopoietic stem cell support (HSCS) (n=54). After chemotherapy, 84% of patients underwent mastectomy, 95% were given radiotherapy and 55% tamoxifen. Immunohistochemistry data (ER, PR, ERBB2, P53) on pre-chemotherapy specimens suggested strong differences between IBC and non-IBC. The rate of pathological complete response to chemotherapy was 26% (27% with HDC and 17% with conventional doses, not significant). No single factor was found predictive of response. With a median follow-up of 48 months after diagnosis, the 5-year projected disease-free survival (DFS) was 24% and overall survival (OS) 41%. In multivariate analysis, the strongest independent prognostic factor was the delivery of HDC. The 5-year DFS and OS of patients were respectively 28 and 50% with HDC and 15 and 18% with conventional chemotherapy. These results and comparisons with other series of patients suggest a role for HDC with HSCS as part of the therapeutic approach in IBC. Further prospective studies are required to confirm it.

Occult tumor cell contamination in patients with stage II/III breast cancer receiving sequential high-dose chemotherapy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of micrometastatic cells in the apheresis products from patients with breast cancer, and also to determine if repeated infusion of contaminated products had any clinical impact. A total of 94 patients with high-risk breast cancer were enrolled in a prospective single center study to evaluate the use of dose-intensified chemotherapy (doxorubicine 75 mg/m(2) and cyclophosphamide 3000 or 6000 mg/m(2) for four cycles) with repeated (x 2) stem cell reinfusion. All women were monitored for the presence of metastatic cells in aphereses, collected after first course of intensive chemotherapy, and following additional mobilization with rhG-CSF. Epithelial cells were screened with monoclonal antibodies directed to cytokeratin. Eight of the 94 patients had detectable tumor cells in one or several aphereses collected after intensive chemotherapy; this was unrelated to other tumor characteristics, including size, histology, Scarff Bloom and Richardson (SBR) grading (presence or absence of hormone receptors). Hemato-poietic reconstitution was similar in the cells from these eight patients, and in the total patient population. Three of these eight patients relapsed. This study has confirmed that contamination of apheresis products remains a rare event, which does not seem to affect clinical evolution, even when reinfused into the patient.

Graft-versus-myeloma effect following antithymocyte globulin-based reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation

In all, 41 multiple myeloma (MM) patients received an antithymocyte globulin (ATG), fludarabine, and busulfan-based reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) from HLA-identical siblings. In total, 29 patients (70%) were in partial remission, one patient in complete remission, and 11 (27%) with progressive disease at the time of allo-SCT. Median time between diagnosis and allo-SCT was 24 months. The cumulative incidences of grade II-IV and grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were 36% (95% CI, 21-51%) and 7% (95% CI, 2-20%), respectively. Overall, 10 patients developed limited chronic GVHD, whereas seven developed an extensive form (cumulative incidence, 41% (95% CI, 26-56%) at 2 years). With a median follow-up of 389 days, the overall cumulative incidence of transplant-related mortality (TRM) was 17% (95% CI, 6-28%). In all, 11 patients (27%) are in continuous complete remission, and the Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) at 2 years were 62% (95% CI, 47-76%) and 41% (95% CI, 23-62%), respectively. PFS and OS were significantly higher in patients with chronic GVHD as compared to patients without chronic GVHD (P=0.006 for PFS and P=0.01 for OS). Collectively, these data demonstrate that RIC allo-SCT can mediate a potentially curative graft-versus-myeloma effect with an acceptable incidence of toxicity and TRM.

Decreased RBCTs after reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation: predictive value of prior Hb level

BACKGROUND

RBCT (RBCT) requirements of stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients are often substantial and may be related to transplant type.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

An analysis was done of RBCT requirements and Hb recovery kinetic in the first 60 days after HLA-identical sibling allogeneic SCT in a series of 110 consecutive patients treated for various malignant diagnoses. Patients were prepared with either an antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and reduced intensity chemotherapy-based conditioning (RIC) (n=64) or a myeloablative conditioning regimens (MAC; n=46). Patients received marrow (n=64) or PBPCs (n=46).

RESULTS

Overall, intensity of conditioning regimen (RIC vs. MAC; p=0.0005) and graft source (PBPC vs. marrow; p<0.0001) independently predicted RBCT requirements. Hb recovery was accelerated after RIC when compared to MAC allo-SCT (p=0.02). In RIC patients, RBCTs were inversely correlated to Hb level before conditioning (p<0.0001) and the dose of ATG (p=0.009). Moreover, Hb level before allo-SCT significantly influenced Hb recovery kinetic after RIC but had no impact on RBCT requirements and Hb recovery after MAC.

CONCLUSION

Thus, RIC conditioning creates a different pattern of erythropoiesis recovery as compared to a MAC regimen and suggest a need for studies aimed at further reducing RBCT and accelerating Hb recovery.

Autologous stem cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia in first complete remission: a 6-year follow-up study of 101 patients from a single institution

The objective of the study was to assess the long-term outcome and impact of stem cell source in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who received ASCT in first complete remission (CR). A total of 101 patients (median age 46 years) were included in the study. Cytogenetic categories distribution was: favorable: 18%, intermediate: 42%, and unfavorable: 7%. More than one induction course was needed for CR in 21% of patients. In all, 78% of patients had received at least one course of high-dose ara-C before autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Bone marrow (n=58) or peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) (n=43) transplantation was performed at a median of 3.5 months from CR. Hematologic recovery and hospitalization duration were significantly reduced in the PBSC group. No toxic death was recorded in this group. The median follow-up of survivors is 67 months (range: 15-183). The 6-year survival, disease-free survival (DFS), and relapse probabilities are 44%, 38%, and 54%, respectively. The presence of a favorable karyotype and the use of PBSC are independently associated to better survival, and DFS by multivariate analysis. Our results confirm that long-term DFS can be achieved with high-dose chemotherapy and ASCT in patients with AML. They show that use of PBSC is associated to very low mortality rate and acceptable morbidity and contributes to an improvement of autotransplant results.

Infectious complications following allogeneic HLA-identical sibling transplantation with antithymocyte globulin-based reduced intensity preparative regimen

In the setting of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), the epidemiology of transplant-related infections is still poorly defined. In 101 high-risk patients who received an HLA-identical sibling allo-SCT after RIC, including fludarabine, busulfan and antithymocyte globulin (ATG), we report during the first 6 months a cumulative incidence of positive CMV antigenemia of 42% (95% CI 32-52%), developing at a median of 37 (range 7-116) days without evidence of CMV disease (median follow-up, 434 days). The cumulative incidence of bacteremia was 25% (95% CI 17-33%), occurring at a median of 67 (range 7-172) days, while patients had recovered a full neutrophil count. In all, 65% of the bacteremia (95% CI 49-81%) were gram negative. The cumulative incidence of fungal infections was 8% (95% CI 3-13%), with a median onset of 89 (range 7-170) days. In multivariate analysis, stem cell source (bone marrow; P=0.0002) was significantly associated with the risk of positive CMV antigenemia, while higher doses of prednisone (>2 mg/kg) represented the major risk factor for bacteremia (P=0.0001). Infectious-related mortality was 5% (95% CI 1-9%), with aspergillosis being the principal cause. Collectively, these results suggest that prospective efforts are warranted to develop optimal antimicrobial preventive strategies after RIC allo-SCT.

Docetaxel and radiotherapy and pancreatic cancer

PURPOSE

We conducted a phase 1 trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of weekly docetaxel delivered concurrently with radiation therapy for the treatment of locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Thirteen patients with histologically proven locally non-resectable advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were enrolled in this study. Patients received 4 weekly doses of docetaxel by 1-hour intravenous (IV) infusion with 40 Gy of external beam radiation therapy during 4 weeks. Patients who were stabilized or in response, received 2 additional cycles of docetaxel with a 10 Gy boost of radiotherapy. Doses were escalated at 10 mg/m2 increments in successive cohorts of 3 new patients until MTD was observed.

RESULTS

Four patients received docetaxel at 20 mg/m2/week, 3 at 25 mg/m2/week, 3 at 30 mg/m2/week, and 3 at 35 mg/m2/week. All patients, except 2, were given the treatment in its integrity. The most common toxicities were nausea, vomiting, asthenia, and abdominal pains. Except for 1 patient, all toxicity was reversible and did not exceed grade 3. Hematologic toxicity was mild and has not required treatment interruption. 28% of the patients had to be rehospitalized. A total of 73 cycles was administered with a mean of 4 cycles per patient (2-6).

CONCLUSION

Even the MTD was not reached, dose escalation was stopped at 35 mg/m2/week. This dose is comparable to the ones previously published using docetaxel in combination with radiotherapy in other tumors. Three patients achieved stable disease and 1 patient an objective response. This combination of weekly docetaxel and radiotherapy shows a feasible and well-tolerated regimen, with, nonetheless, a significant rate of rehospitalization, for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

Phase I study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx) in combination with carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors

PURPOSE

To determine the maximum tolerated dose of the combination of Carboplatin and Caelyx, a pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, with promising activities in various solid tumors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty-two patients with various advanced solid tumors were included. Three dose levels of Caelyx were explored: 30, 35 and 40 mg/m2 in association with a fixed dose of Carboplatin (AUC 5) every 3 weeks. Dose escalation followed a modified continuous reassessment method.

RESULTS

Dose-limiting toxicities were almost exclusively hematological: 3 febrile neutropenia, 1 grade 4 neutropenia lasting more than 7 days and 2 grade 4 thrombopenia were observed. Grade 4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia were observed in 20 and 10% of courses, respectively. The median interval between courses was 25 days after cycle 1 and 27-28 days after subsequent cycles. Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, mucositis and other non hematological toxicities were mild and uncommon. One patient experienced a severe anaphylactic reaction immediately after Caelyx infusion. No clinical heart dysfunction was observed. Three patients responded to therapy including 2 clinical complete responses in relapsing ovarian cancer.

CONCLUSION

The recommended dose for future studies is Caelyx 35 mg/m2 + Carboplatin AUC 5 every 3 or 4 weeks. Antitumor activity, especially in ovarian cancer, warrants further investigation in phase II studies.

Higher doses of CD34+ peripheral blood stem cells are associated with increased mortality from chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic HLA-identical sibling transplantation

Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) has emerged as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation. PBSCT can be associated with a higher incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). In this study, we investigated whether there was a correlation between the composition of PBSC grafts (CD34+ and CD3+ cells) and hematological recovery, GVHD, relapse, and relapse-free survival (RFS) after myeloablative HLA-identical sibling PBSCT. The evolution of 100 acute or chronic leukemia patients was analyzed. Neither hematological recovery, acute or cGVHD, nor relapse, was significantly associated with CD3+ cell dose. Increasing CD34+ stem cells was associated with faster neutrophil (P=0.03) and platelet (P=0.007) recovery. Moreover, 47 of the 78 patients evaluable for cGVHD (60%; 95% CI, 49-71%) developed extensive cGVHD. The probability of extensive cGVHD at 4 years was 34% (95% CI, 21-47%) in patients receiving a 'low' CD34+ cell dose (<8.3 x 10(6)/kg), as compared to 62% (95% CI, 48-76%) in patients receiving a 'high' CD34+ cell dose (>8.3 x 10(6)/kg) (P=0.01). At a median follow-up of 59 months, this has not translated into a difference in relapse. In patients evaluable for cGVHD, RFS was significantly higher in patients receiving a 'low' CD34+ cell dose as compared to those receiving a 'high' CD34+ cell dose (P=0.04). This difference was mainly because of a significantly higher cGVHD-associated mortality (P=0.01). Efforts to accelerate engraftment by increasing CD34+ cell dose must be counterbalanced with the risk of detrimental cGVHD.

CD34(+) immunoselected cells for poor graft function following allogeneic BMT

BACKGROUND

Poor graft function without signs of graft rejection following allogeneic BMT (allo-BMT) occurs in around 9% of patients. A high incidence of hazardous complications may be encountered, leading to life-threatening situations.

METHODS

We describe three patients who underwent allo-BMT for acute leukemia in first complete remission and untreated myelodysplastic syndrome. The three patients experienced prolonged and profound granulocytopenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia, despite growth factors and transfusions. This was not corrected by donor leukocytes infusion. They received a boost of CD34(+) positively-selected cells from their HLA-identical sibling donors.

RESULTS

A rapid improvement of peripheral blood cell counts was observed in both patients who were in full donor chimerism status at time of boost infusion, whereas the patient with mixed chimerism did not show any signs of improvement. Neither patient suffered further exacerbation of GvHD.

DISCUSSION

Allogeneic positively-immunoselected CD34(+) cells can represent an interesting alternative treatment for poor graft function following allo-BMT, in the absence of graft rejection signs.

Intensive sequential dose dense chemotherapy with stem cell support as first-line treatment in advanced ovarian carcinoma: a phase II study

From August 1995 to December 1997, 15 patients with stage III-IV ovarian cancer were treated with outpatient intensive chemotherapy with G-CSF and stem cell support. The first cycle consisted of cyclophophamide IV 6 g/m(2); second, third, fourth and fifth paclitaxel 250 mg/m(2) and the sixth and seventh carboplatin AUC 18. CD34(+) cells were collected after the first cycle and reinfused after completion of cycles 6 and 7. Fourteen patients had stage IIIc and one patient had stage IV disease with liver metastases. All patients underwent laparotomy to maximize tumor debulking. This was optimal in eight patients and suboptimal in seven patients. Second-look surgery was performed in 14 patients. All patients had macroscopic complete responses and 10 patients had complete histologic response. Median follow-up was 48 months (range, 20 to 62). Twelve patients had further progression at a median of 27 months (range, 9 to 42) and nine are alive, three without evidence of disease progression. This pilot study shows that dose-dense chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin is associated with low toxicity and may improve the outcome of patients with poor prognosis ovarian cancer.

Features of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) expansion following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a long-term analysis

Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) proliferation typically follows a chronic course during which major features are cytopenia and immune abnormalities. Elevated numbers of LGL were reported in a few cases following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). In this report, we present a retrospective analysis of LGL cases that occurred following allo-SCT in a cohort of 201 consecutive patients transplanted over a period of 7 years. Six cases were identified and LGL expansion occurred more frequently following a reduced fludarabine and anti-T lymphocyte globulin-based preparative regimen (4 cases/49), than after a conventional myeloablative regimen (2 cases/152). Expansion of LGL was seen between 3 and 15 months following allo-SCT. Hematopoiesis, with mild to severe cytopenia, was a favored target for LGL. Autoimmune manifestations including polyarthritis and hypergammaglobulinemia were also observed. LGL proliferation was observed in the context of chronic antigenic stimulation associated with recurrent viral infections especially CMV. Moreover, five out of these six high risk patients achieved a long-term complete remission concomitant or following LGL expansion. These data suggest that LGL might be a subset of effector lymphocytes which may participate to the graft-versus-tumor effect.

Modulations of dose intensity of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in association with G-CSF and peripheral blood stem cells in adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: comparative evaluation of completion and safety of three intensive regimens

The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare in terms of toxicity the modulations of dose intensity of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin in adjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk breast cancer. Four cycles of sequential high-dose chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC), supported with G-CSF and peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) were administered to 81 women. Three successive cohorts were studied: doxorubicin (75 mg/m(2)) + cyclophosphamide (3000 mg/m(2)) every 21 days (group 1), doxorubicin (75 mg/m(2)) + cyclophosphamide (3000 mg/m(2)) every 15 days (group 2), and doxorubicin (75 mg/m(2)) + cyclophosphamide (6000 mg/m(2)) every 21 days (group 3). Seventy-five patients received four cycles of treatment with a total of 310 cycles administered. The received dose intensity of doxorubicin was higher in group 2 and that of cyclophosphamide was lower in group 1 than in the other two groups. Hematological and extra-hematological toxicities, as well as the number and duration of hospitalizations for toxicity, were significantly higher in group 3. We conclude that the group 3 regimen is associated with toxicities comparable to autologous transplantation. Increasing dose intensity of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide is feasible in an outpatient setting and safe in groups 1 and 2 with the support of hematopoietic factor and PBSC.

Overexpression of erb B2 remains a major risk factor in non-metastatic breast cancers treated with high-dose alkylating agents and autologous stem cell transplantation

The importance of dose intensity has been strongly emphasized in high-risk breast cancer. Overexpression of erb B2 is clearly correlated with an overall poor prognosis which could be limited in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy with alkylating agents and autologous stem cell transplants (SST). Thirty-five patients with high-risk non-metastatic breast cancer (>4 involved lymph nodes), treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) followed by SST were analyzed. All were previously treated by four cycles of standard-dose anthracycline or anthracene dione. Nine had erb B2 overexpression. Minimum follow-up duration was 41 months (median 68 months). At 5 years, the actuarial relapse-free survival is 57.4% and actuarial overall survival 67.4%. Patients with overexpression of erb B2 had significantly lower disease-free survivals (P: 0.021) and overall survivals (P: 0.001). On multivariate analysis, erb B2 overexpression appeared to be the single independent poor prognosis factor for relapse (RR 3.25, range 1.12 to 9.45) and overall (RR 5.28, range 1.74 to 16.03) survival. These results suggest that poor prognosis of erb B2 overexpression is unchanged after HDC with alkylating agents but a possible benefit may exist in these patients with the additional monoclonal antibody, herceptin.

Quality of life of breast cancer patients receiving high-dose-intensity chemotherapy: impact of length of cycles

This study was designed to measure treatment side-effects and quality of life (QL) of 47 nonmetastatic breast cancer patients subjected to a dose-intensity increase while receiving a sequential high dose chemotherapy (doxorubicin+cyclophosphamide - 4 cycles). The dose-intensity increase was obtained by shortening the length of cycles from 21 to 14 days. Treatment side-effects were self-assessed in terms of frequency and associated distress in cycles 1 and 3 by using a specific side-effect self-report questionnaire (19 items). Multidimensional QL measurement was performed at inclusion and before the start of cycles 2 and 4, by using the EORTC QLQ-C30. Pain was evaluated by patients on a visual analogue scale at the same times as QL evaluation. Patients' self-ratings indicated that the total number of symptoms, the number of symptoms rated by patients as quite or very distressing, and symptom frequency were comparable whatever the length of cycle. Overall, although underestimating most patients' symptoms, physicians' reports provided similar results. However, analysis of multidimensional QL showed that, in comparison to standard administration of 4 cycles of 21 days, there was a more significant deterioration of the QLQ-C30 global QL score ( P=0.01) at the second cycle of chemotherapy and of the physical functioning score ( P=0.02) at the fourth cycle when the cycle length was reduced. This study, although limited by a small patient cohort, has shown that shortening cycles to increase dose intensity had relatively few consequences on adverse treatment effects but a highly negative impact on patients' quality of life.

Randomized, controlled, dose-range study of Ro 25-8315 given before and after a high-dose combination chemotherapy regimen in patients with metastatic or recurrent breast cancer patients

PURPOSE

To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of three different dose levels of pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Ro 25-8315) on progenitor cell mobilization and hematologic recovery in cancer patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Breast cancer patients (n = 36) were randomly assigned to receive before (part I) and after (part II) chemotherapy either a single-dose injection of Ro 25-8315 (20 microg/kg, n = 9; 60 microg/kg, n = 9; 100 microg/kg, n = 10) or a standard daily dose of filgrastim (part I, 10 microg/kg/d; part II, 5 microg/kg/d) (control group, n = 8).

RESULTS

Overall, Ro 25-8315 was well tolerated. In part I, more progenitor cell mobilization was observed with Ro 25-8315 100 microg/kg. The peak of circulating CD34(+) cells was obtained at day +5 in the four groups, and the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) returned to less than 20 x 10(9)/L by day +15. In part II, high levels of circulating CD34(+) cells (> 20 cells/microL) were obtained in all four groups. The chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (< 1 x 10(9)/L) was similar in the four groups. Ro 25-8315 100 microg/kg was more effective than filgrastim in reducing the number of patients with an ANC less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L on day +12 after chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

A single injection of Ro 25-8315 100 microg/kg might be the optimal dose for steady-state peripheral-blood progenitor cell mobilization. A single injection of 20, 60, or 100 microg/kg could be as efficient as daily administration of filgrastim to correct chemotherapy-induced cytopenia. The optimal dose of Ro 25-8315 should be determined according to the planned chemotherapy regimen.

Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) following non-myeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a case report

We report here the first case of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) expansion following non-myeloablative allo-BMT for chronic myeloid leukemia. We characterized the morphologic, phenotypic and functional features of the LGL subset amplified in vivo 14 months after allo-BMT. Our results indicate that LGL can mediate in vitro a cytolytic activity on tumor cells. In vivo, the timing of the LGL expansion was associated with a sustained complete molecular remission. These observations suggest that LGL are a subset with the properties of effector lymphocytes which may contribute to the graft-versus-tumor effect.

Detection of epithelial cells in hematopoietic organs of patients with breast cancer. Physiopathological significance and clinical consequences

Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplastic disease in populations of developed countries. It will affect 1 of every 6 or 7 women during their lifetime. The disease eventually evolves to a metastatic stage, and currently appears to be not curable at that stage. Thus, understanding mechanisms that result in the establishment of tumor at sites distant from the primary location is of the utmost importance. Equally important is the definition of a metastatic state, especially in regard to the detection of micrometastases. Finally, the presence of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients who undergo progenitor mobilization, collection and reinfusion may be of clinical significance in the setting of high-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Vertebral metastases from pineoblastoma

Two male patients aged 26 and 18 years presented with vertebral metastases originating from pineoblastomas on which surgery had been performed 8 years and 5 months earlier, respectively. In the first case in which the metastasis developed in the T8 corpus, the disease is presently under control after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation. The second patient (sacral metastasis), despite aggressive adjuvant therapy, died 2 years after the last operation because of spinal seeding. These uncommon cases are discussed with reference to the literature on extraneural metastases that originate from neuroepithelial tumors of the central nervous system.

Outcome of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia who failed to achieve complete remission after one course of induction chemotherapy: a report from the BGMT Study Group

Between 50 and 75% of adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia achieve complete remission (CR) but 25 to 40% of them require more than one course of induction chemotherapy to achieve CR. In order to investigate the impact of this situation on the overall outcome of patients we conducted a retrospective analysis of 130 patients, resistant to a single induction course from among three consecutive protocols, using the same induction regimen employed by the BGMT study group. This group of patients has a particularly poor prognosis with relapse and survival rates of 70% and 14% respectively at 5 years. For these patients, being in CR after two induction courses appears to be a major prognostic factor for outcome, since the 5-year Kaplan-Meier survival probability is significantly better (29%, range 17-46) than of those patients with resistant disease (5%, range 2-13). However, results are worse than when complete remission is obtained after a single course. Thus, post remission treatment should have a powerful anti-leukemic effect in preventing relapse. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is a preferential strategy in this setting but to be effective this should be performed as early as possible. Furthermore, these results indicate that allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an alternative donor should be considered in the absence of HLA identical sibling.

High-dose chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma: long-term results from the Solid Tumour Registry of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)

PURPOSE

to determine the outcome of epithelial ovarian cancer in patients registered with the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed on 254 patients with advanced or recurrent disease, median age 46 years (14-63) from 39 centres treated between 1982 and 1996. Only 25% of patients were known to have no or microscopic disease after initial surgery; in approximately 20% the disease status was unknown, the remainder had macroscopic disease.

RESULTS

One hundred five patients received high-dose chemotherapy in complete or very good partial remission, twenty-seven in second remission and the remainder in the presence of residual disease. Most received melphalan or carboplatin, or a combination (86%) supported by autologous bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells. The survival of patients treated in remission was significantly better than in other groups (median 33 vs. 14 months; P = 0.0001). The durability of remission was longer after transplantation in first remission than in second remission (median disease-free survival 18 vs. 9 months; P = 0.005). With a median follow-up of 76 months from diagnosis the median disease-free and overall survival in stage III disease transplanted in remission is 42 and 59 months and for stage IV disease 26 and 40 months.

CONCLUSIONS

High-dose chemotherapy has a potential benefit for patients in remission. The results support the conduct of randomised studies to determine whether there is a real value from this treatment.

Clinical outcome after front-line intensive sequential chemotherapy (ISC) in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and high-risk international prognostic index (IPI 3): final analysis of survival in two consecutive ISC trials

BACKGROUND

Aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) in patients under the age of 60 have a very poor prognosis when the international prognostic index (IPI) is high, with an age-adjusted (Aa)-IPI score at 3. In such patients, conventional chemotherapy results in a low complete response (CR) rate of 46%, a five-year survival and disease-free survival (DFS) of 32% and 58%, respectively. For this report we have analyzed whether front-line high-dose chemotherapy could influence the outcome of this group of patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From 1992 onwards we conducted two pilot clinical trials of intensive sequential chemotherapy (ISC) with growth factors and blood stem cell support as initial treatment in 62 poor-risk patients with aggressive NHL. Of these patients, 33 were considered to be a high-risk group based on the Aa-IPI.

RESULTS

The median age was 42 years (range 21-60). The treatment was completed in 88% of patients, 86% receiving greater than 75% or more of the projected dose-intensity. Twenty patients (61%) achieved a CR. At a median follow-up of 48 months (range 26-86), the estimated five-year survival and DFS was 51% (95% confidence interval (CI): 34%-68%) and 70% (95% CI: 50%-90%), respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that primary treatment using high-dose therapy supported by both growth factors and peripheral blood stem cells can cure up to 50% of high-risk patients with malignant lymphomas.