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Buerger F, Merz LM, Saida K, Yu S, Salmanullah D, Lemberg K, Mertens ND, Mansour B, Kolvenbach CM, Yousef K, Hölzel S, Braun A, Franken GAC, Goncalves KA, Steinsapir A, Endlich N, Schneider R, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. Quantitative phenotyping of Nphs1 knockout mice as a prerequisite for gene replacement studies. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F780-F791. [PMID: 38482553 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00412.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is the second most frequent cause of chronic kidney disease before the age of 25 yr. Nephrin, encoded by NPHS1, localizes to the slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes and is the predominant structural component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Biallelic variants in NPHS1 can cause congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type, for which, to date, no causative therapy is available. Recently, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors targeting the glomerular podocyte have been assessed as a means for gene replacement therapy. Here, we established quantitative and reproducible phenotyping of a published, conditional Nphs1 knockout mouse model (Nphs1tm1.1Pgarg/J and Nphs2-Cre+) in preparation for a gene replacement study using AAV vectors. Nphs1 knockout mice (Nphs1fl/fl Nphs2-Cre+) exhibited 1) a median survival rate of 18 days (range: from 9 to 43 days; males: 16.5 days and females: 20 days); 2) an average foot process (FP) density of 1.0 FP/µm compared with 2.0 FP/µm in controls and a mean filtration slit density of 2.64 µm/µm2 compared with 4.36 µm/µm2 in controls; 3) a high number of proximal tubular microcysts; 4) the development of proteinuria within the first week of life as evidenced by urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios; and 5) significantly reduced levels of serum albumin and elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. For none of these phenotypes, significant differences between sexes in Nphs1 knockout mice were observed. We quantitatively characterized five different phenotypic features of congenital nephrotic syndrome in Nphs1fl/fl Nphs2-Cre+ mice. Our results will facilitate future gene replacement therapy projects by allowing for sensitive detection of even subtle molecular effects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To evaluate potential, even subtle molecular, therapeutic effects of gene replacement therapy (GRT) in a mouse model, prior rigorous quantifiable and reproducible disease phenotyping is necessary. Here, we, therefore, describe such a phenotyping effort in nephrin (Nphs1) knockout mice to establish the basis for GRT for congenital nephrotic syndrome. We believe that our findings set an important basis for upcoming/ongoing gene therapy approaches in the field of nephrology, especially for monogenic nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Buerger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lea M Merz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ken Saida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Seyoung Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Daanya Salmanullah
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Katharina Lemberg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nils D Mertens
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Bshara Mansour
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirollos Yousef
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Selina Hölzel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alina Braun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Gijs A C Franken
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kevin A Goncalves
- Deerfield Discovery and Development, Deerfield Management Company, L.P. (Series C), New York, New York, United States
| | - Andrew Steinsapir
- Deerfield Discovery and Development, Deerfield Management Company, L.P. (Series C), New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Ronen Schneider
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Buerger F, Salmanullah D, Liang L, Gauntner V, Krueger K, Qi M, Sharma V, Rubin A, Ball D, Lemberg K, Saida K, Merz LM, Sever S, Issac B, Sun L, Guerrero-Castillo S, Gomez AC, McNulty MT, Sampson MG, Al-Hamed MH, Saleh MM, Shalaby M, Kari J, Fawcett JP, Hildebrandt F, Majmundar AJ. Recessive variants in the intergenic NOS1AP-C1orf226 locus cause monogenic kidney disease responsive to anti-proteinuric treatment. medRxiv 2024:2024.03.17.24303374. [PMID: 38562757 PMCID: PMC10984069 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.17.24303374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In genetic disease, an accurate expression landscape of disease genes and faithful animal models will enable precise genetic diagnoses and therapeutic discoveries, respectively. We previously discovered that variants in NOS1AP , encoding nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) adaptor protein, cause monogenic nephrotic syndrome (NS). Here, we determined that an intergenic splice product of N OS1AP / Nos1ap and neighboring C1orf226/Gm7694 , which precludes NOS1 binding, is the predominant isoform in mammalian kidney transcriptional and proteomic data. Gm7694 -/- mice, whose allele exclusively disrupts the intergenic product, developed NS phenotypes. In two human NS subjects, we identified causative NOS1AP splice variants, including one predicted to abrogate intergenic splicing but initially misclassified as benign based on the canonical transcript. Finally, by modifying genetic background, we generated a faithful mouse model of NOS1AP -associated NS, which responded to anti-proteinuric treatment. This study highlights the importance of intergenic splicing and a potential treatment avenue in a mendelian disorder.
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Schierbaum LM, Schneider S, Buerger F, Halawi AA, Seltzsam S, Wang C, Zheng B, Wu CHW, Dai R, Connaughton DM, Salmanullah D, Nakayama M, Mann N, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. Prioritization of Monogenic Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract Candidate Genes with Existing Single-Cell Transcriptomics Data of the Human Fetal Kidney. Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147:685-692. [PMID: 37499630 PMCID: PMC11018365 DOI: 10.1159/000531770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in the first 3 decades of life. Over 40 genes have been identified as causative for isolated human CAKUT. However, many genes remain unknown, and the prioritization of potential CAKUT candidate genes is challenging. To develop an independent approach to prioritize CAKUT candidate genes, we hypothesized that monogenic CAKUT genes are most likely co-expressed along a temporal axis during kidney development and that genes with coinciding high expression may represent strong novel CAKUT candidate genes. METHODS We analyzed single-cell mRNA (sc-mRNA) transcriptomics data of human fetal kidney for temporal sc-mRNA co-expression of 40 known CAKUT genes. A maximum of high expression in consecutive timepoints of kidney development was found for four of the 40 genes (EYA1, SIX1, SIX2, and ITGA8) in nephron progenitor cells a, b, c, d (NPCa-d). We concluded that NPCa-d are relevant for CAKUT pathogenesis and intersected two lists of CAKUT candidate genes resulting from unbiased whole-exome sequencing (WES) with the 100 highest expressed genes in NPCa-d. RESULTS Intersection of the 100 highest expressed genes in NPCa-d with WES-derived CAKUT candidate genes identified an overlap with the candidate genes KIF19, TRIM36, USP35, CHTF18, in each of which a biallelic variant was detected in different families with CAKUT. CONCLUSION Sc-mRNA expression data of human fetal kidney can be utilized to prioritize WES-derived CAKUT candidate genes. KIF19, TRIM36, USP35, and CHTF18 may represent strong novel candidate genes for CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M Schierbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Sophia Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian Buerger
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abdul Aziz Halawi
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steve Seltzsam
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bixia Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chen-Han Wilfried Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Urology and Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dervla M Connaughton
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daanya Salmanullah
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nina Mann
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Seltzsam S, Wang C, Zheng B, Mann N, Connaughton DM, Wu CHW, Schneider S, Schierbaum L, Kause F, Kolvenbach CM, Nakayama M, Dai R, Ottlewski I, Schneider R, Deutsch K, Buerger F, Klämbt V, Mao Y, Onuchic-Whitford AC, Nicolas-Frank C, Yousef K, Pantel D, Lai EW, Salmanullah D, Majmundar AJ, Bauer SB, Rodig NM, Somers MJG, Traum AZ, Stein DR, Daga A, Baum MA, Daouk GH, Tasic V, Awad HS, Eid LA, El Desoky S, Shalaby M, Kari JA, Fathy HM, Soliman NA, Mane SM, Shril S, Ferguson MA, Hildebrandt F. Reverse phenotyping facilitates disease allele calling in exome sequencing of patients with CAKUT. Genet Med 2022; 24:307-318. [PMID: 34906515 PMCID: PMC8876311 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) constitute the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in children. In total, 174 monogenic causes of isolated or syndromic CAKUT are known. However, syndromic features may be overlooked when the initial clinical diagnosis of CAKUT is made. We hypothesized that the yield of a molecular genetic diagnosis by exome sequencing (ES) can be increased by applying reverse phenotyping, by re-examining the case for signs/symptoms of the suspected clinical syndrome that results from the genetic variant detected by ES. METHODS We conducted ES in an international cohort of 731 unrelated families with CAKUT. We evaluated ES data for variants in 174 genes, in which variants are known to cause isolated or syndromic CAKUT. In cases in which ES suggested a previously unreported syndromic phenotype, we conducted reverse phenotyping. RESULTS In 83 of 731 (11.4%) families, we detected a likely CAKUT-causing genetic variant consistent with an isolated or syndromic CAKUT phenotype. In 19 of these 83 families (22.9%), reverse phenotyping yielded syndromic clinical findings, thereby strengthening the genotype-phenotype correlation. CONCLUSION We conclude that employing reverse phenotyping in the evaluation of syndromic CAKUT genes by ES provides an important tool to facilitate molecular genetic diagnostics in CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Seltzsam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bixia Zheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nina Mann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dervla M Connaughton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chen-Han Wilfred Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sophia Schneider
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luca Schierbaum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Franziska Kause
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Isabel Ottlewski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Konstantin Deutsch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Florian Buerger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Verena Klämbt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Youying Mao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ana C Onuchic-Whitford
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Camille Nicolas-Frank
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kirollos Yousef
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dalia Pantel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ethan W Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daanya Salmanullah
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stuart B Bauer
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nancy M Rodig
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J G Somers
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Avram Z Traum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Deborah R Stein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ankana Daga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michelle A Baum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ghaleb H Daouk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Hazem S Awad
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Loai A Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sherif El Desoky
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Shalaby
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameela A Kari
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M Fathy
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shrikant M Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael A Ferguson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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5
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Majmundar AJ, Buerger F, Forbes TA, Klämbt V, Schneider R, Deutsch K, Kitzler TM, Howden SE, Scurr M, Tan KS, Krzeminski M, Widmeier E, Braun DA, Lai E, Ullah I, Amar A, Kolb A, Eddy K, Chen CH, Salmanullah D, Dai R, Nakayama M, Ottlewski I, Kolvenbach CM, Onuchic-Whitford AC, Mao Y, Mann N, Nabhan MM, Rosen S, Forman-Kay JD, Soliman NA, Heilos A, Kain R, Aufricht C, Mane S, Lifton RP, Shril S, Little MH, Hildebrandt F. Recessive NOS1AP variants impair actin remodeling and cause glomerulopathy in humans and mice. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabe1386. [PMID: 33523862 PMCID: PMC10763988 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. We found recessive NOS1AP variants in two families with early-onset NS by exome sequencing. Overexpression of wild-type (WT) NOS1AP, but not cDNA constructs bearing patient variants, increased active CDC42 and promoted filopodia and podosome formation. Pharmacologic inhibition of CDC42 or its effectors, formin proteins, reduced NOS1AP-induced filopodia formation. NOS1AP knockdown reduced podocyte migration rate (PMR), which was rescued by overexpression of WT Nos1ap but not by constructs bearing patient variants. PMR in NOS1AP knockdown podocytes was also rescued by constitutively active CDC42Q61L or the formin DIAPH3 Modeling a NOS1AP patient variant in knock-in human kidney organoids revealed malformed glomeruli with increased apoptosis. Nos1apEx3-/Ex3- mice recapitulated the human phenotype, exhibiting proteinuria, foot process effacement, and glomerulosclerosis. These findings demonstrate that recessive NOS1AP variants impair CDC42/DIAPH-dependent actin remodeling, cause aberrant organoid glomerulogenesis, and lead to a glomerulopathy in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Buerger
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Verena Klämbt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantin Deutsch
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas M Kitzler
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara E Howden
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mickaël Krzeminski
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eugen Widmeier
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela A Braun
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ethan Lai
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Eddy
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chin Heng Chen
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daanya Salmanullah
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabel Ottlewski
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana C Onuchic-Whitford
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youying Mao
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina Mann
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marwa M Nabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seymour Rosen
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie D Forman-Kay
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andreas Heilos
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa H Little
- Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Connaughton DM, Dai R, Owen DJ, Marquez J, Mann N, Graham-Paquin AL, Nakayama M, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, St-Germain JR, Blok LS, Vino A, Klämbt V, Deutsch K, Wu CHW, Kolvenbach CM, Kause F, Ottlewski I, Schneider R, Kitzler TM, Majmundar AJ, Buerger F, Onuchic-Whitford AC, Youying M, Kolb A, Salmanullah D, Chen E, van der Ven AT, Rao J, Ityel H, Seltzsam S, Rieke JM, Chen J, Vivante A, Hwang DY, Kohl S, Dworschak GC, Hermle T, Alders M, Bartolomaeus T, Bauer SB, Baum MA, Brilstra EH, Challman TD, Zyskind J, Costin CE, Dipple KM, Duijkers FA, Ferguson M, Fitzpatrick DR, Fick R, Glass IA, Hulick PJ, Kline AD, Krey I, Kumar S, Lu W, Marco EJ, Wentzensen IM, Mefford HC, Platzer K, Povolotskaya IS, Savatt JM, Shcherbakova NV, Senguttuvan P, Squire AE, Stein DR, Thiffault I, Voinova VY, Somers MJG, Ferguson MA, Traum AZ, Daouk GH, Daga A, Rodig NM, Terhal PA, van Binsbergen E, Eid LA, Tasic V, Rasouly HM, Lim TY, Ahram DF, Gharavi AG, Reutter HM, Rehm HL, MacArthur DG, Lek M, Laricchia KM, Lifton RP, Xu H, Mane SM, Sanna-Cherchi S, Sharrocks AD, Raught B, Fisher SE, Bouchard M, Khokha MK, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. Mutations of the Transcriptional Corepressor ZMYM2 Cause Syndromic Urinary Tract Malformations. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:727-742. [PMID: 32891193 PMCID: PMC7536580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) constitute one of the most frequent birth defects and represent the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in the first three decades of life. Despite the discovery of dozens of monogenic causes of CAKUT, most pathogenic pathways remain elusive. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 551 individuals with CAKUT and identified a heterozygous de novo stop-gain variant in ZMYM2 in two different families with CAKUT. Through collaboration, we identified in total 14 different heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in ZMYM2 in 15 unrelated families. Most mutations occurred de novo, indicating possible interference with reproductive function. Human disease features are replicated in X. tropicalis larvae with morpholino knockdowns, in which expression of truncated ZMYM2 proteins, based on individual mutations, failed to rescue renal and craniofacial defects. Moreover, heterozygous Zmym2-deficient mice recapitulated features of CAKUT with high penetrance. The ZMYM2 protein is a component of a transcriptional corepressor complex recently linked to the silencing of developmentally regulated endogenous retrovirus elements. Using protein-protein interaction assays, we show that ZMYM2 interacts with additional epigenetic silencing complexes, as well as confirming that it binds to FOXP1, a transcription factor that has also been linked to CAKUT. In summary, our findings establish that loss-of-function mutations of ZMYM2, and potentially that of other proteins in its interactome, as causes of human CAKUT, offering new routes for studying the pathogenesis of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervla M Connaughton
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital - London Health Sciences Centre, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Danielle J Owen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan Marquez
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nina Mann
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adda L Graham-Paquin
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network & Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network & Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jonathan R St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network & Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lot Snijders Blok
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arianna Vino
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Verena Klämbt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konstantin Deutsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen-Han Wilfred Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franziska Kause
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabel Ottlewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas M Kitzler
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Florian Buerger
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana C Onuchic-Whitford
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mao Youying
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Kolb
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daanya Salmanullah
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amelie T van der Ven
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Hadas Ityel
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steve Seltzsam
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johanna M Rieke
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Tel Aviv University, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801, Israel
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefan Kohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriel C Dworschak
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mariëlle Alders
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal- Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stuart B Bauer
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle A Baum
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eva H Brilstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas D Challman
- Geisinger, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, 100 N Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Jacob Zyskind
- Department of Clinical Genomics, GeneDx, 207 Perry Pkwy, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Carrie E Costin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Akron Children's Hospital, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH 44308, USA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Floor A Duijkers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcia Ferguson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, 6701 Charles St, Towson, MD 21204, USA
| | - David R Fitzpatrick
- MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Edinburgh, 2XU, Crewe Rd S, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Roger Fick
- Mary Bridge Childrens Hospital, 316 Martin Luther King JR Way, Tacoma, WA 98405, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Center for Medical Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1000 Central Street, Suite 610, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Antonie D Kline
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, 6701 Charles St, Towson, MD 21204, USA
| | - Ilona Krey
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal- Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Swiss Epilepsy Center, Klinik Lengg, Bleulerstrasse 60, 8000 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Selvin Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Tamil Salai, Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600008, India
| | - Weining Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elysa J Marco
- Cortica Healthcare, 4000 Civic Center Drive, Ste 100, San Rafael, CA 94939, USA
| | - Ingrid M Wentzensen
- Department of Clinical Genomics, GeneDx, 207 Perry Pkwy, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal- Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inna S Povolotskaya
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Juliann M Savatt
- Geisinger, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, 100 N Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Natalia V Shcherbakova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Prabha Senguttuvan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Dr. Mehta's Multi-Specialty Hospital, No.2, Mc Nichols Rd, Chetpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600031, India
| | - Audrey E Squire
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic Medicine, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Deborah R Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, 5000 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Victoria Y Voinova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Michael J G Somers
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avram Z Traum
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ghaleb H Daouk
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ankana Daga
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nancy M Rodig
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paulien A Terhal
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Binsbergen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loai A Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Hila Milo Rasouly
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tze Y Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dina F Ahram
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Heiko M Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Section of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Clinic for Pediatrics, University Hospital Bonn, Adenauerallee 119, 53313 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristen M Laricchia
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102 Shanghai, China
| | - Shrikant M Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew D Sharrocks
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network & Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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