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Sekiguchi Y, Owaki D, Honda K, Izumi SI, Ebihara S. Differences in kinetic factors affecting gait speed between lesion sides in patients with stroke. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1240339. [PMID: 38567085 PMCID: PMC10985198 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1240339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The differences in kinetic mechanisms of decreased gait speed across brain lesion sides have not been elucidated, including the arrangement of motor modules reflected by kinetic interjoint coordination. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the differences in the kinetic factors of slow gait speed in patients with stroke on the lesion sides. A three-dimensional motion analysis system was employed to assess joint moment in the lower limb and representative gait parameters in 32 patients with right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) and 38 patients with left hemisphere brain damage (LHD) following stroke as well as 20 healthy controls. Motor module composition and timing were determined using principal component analysis based on the three joint moments in the lower limb in the stance phase, which were the variances accounted for principal components (PCs) and the peak timing in the time series of PCs. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the most significant joint moment and PC-associated parameter in explaining gait speed. A negligible difference was observed in age, weight, height, and gait speed among patients with RHD and LHD and controls. The following factors contributed to gait speed: in patients with RHD, larger ankle plantarflexion moment on the paretic (p = 0.001) and nonparetic (p = 0.002) sides and ankle dorsiflexion moment on the nonparetic side (p = 0.004); in patients with LHD, larger ankle plantarflexion moment (p < 0.001) and delayed peak timing of the first PC (p = 0.012) on the paretic side as well as ankle dorsiflexion moment on the nonparetic side (p < 0.001); in the controls, delayed peak timing of the first PC (p = 0.002) on the right side and larger ankle dorsiflexion moment (p = 0.001) as well as larger hip flexion moment on the left side (p = 0.023). The findings suggest that the kinetic mechanisms of gait speed may differ among patients with RHD following patients with stroke with LHD, and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sekiguchi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keita Honda
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Ebihara
- Department of Internal Medicine & Rehabilitation Science, Disability Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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2
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Sugiyama T, Kutsuzawa K, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Latent Representation-Based Learning Controller for Pneumatic and Hydraulic Dual Actuation of Pressure-Driven Soft Actuators. Soft Robot 2024; 11:105-117. [PMID: 37590488 PMCID: PMC10880272 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pneumatic and hydraulic dual actuation of pressure-driven soft actuators (PSAs) is promising because of their potential to develop novel practical soft robots and expand the range of soft robot applications. However, the physical characteristics of air and water are largely different, which makes it challenging to quickly adapt to a selected actuation method and achieve method-independent accurate control performance. Herein, we propose a novel LAtent Representation-based Feedforward Neural Network (LAR-FNN) for dual actuation. The LAR-FNN consists of an autoencoder (AE) and a feedforward neural network (FNN). The AE generates a latent representation of a PSA from a 30-s stairstep response. Subsequently, the FNN provides an individual inverse model of the target PSA and calculates feedforward control input by using the latent representation. The experimental results with PSAs demonstrate that the LAR-FNN can meet the requirements of dual actuation control (i.e., accurate control performance regardless of the actuation method with a short adaptation time) with a single neural network. The results suggest that a LAR-FNN can contribute to soft dual-actuation robot development and the field of soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Sugiyama
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kyo Kutsuzawa
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashibe
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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3
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Tada K, Sorimachi Y, Kutsuzawa K, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Integrated Quantitative Evaluation of Spatial Cognition and Motor Function with HoloLens Mixed Reality. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:528. [PMID: 38257621 PMCID: PMC10819263 DOI: 10.3390/s24020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The steady increase in the aging population worldwide is expected to cause a shortage of doctors and therapists for older people. This demographic shift requires more efficient and automated systems for rehabilitation and physical ability evaluations. Rehabilitation using mixed reality (MR) technology has attracted much attention in recent years. MR displays virtual objects on a head-mounted see-through display that overlies the user's field of vision and allows users to manipulate them as if they exist in reality. However, tasks in previous studies applying MR to rehabilitation have been limited to tasks in which the virtual objects are static and do not interact dynamically with the surrounding environment. Therefore, in this study, we developed an application to evaluate cognitive and motor functions with the aim of realizing a rehabilitation system that is dynamic and has interaction with the surrounding environment using MR technology. The developed application enabled effective evaluation of the user's spatial cognitive ability, task skillfulness, motor function, and decision-making ability. The results indicate the usefulness and feasibility of MR technology to quantify motor function and spatial cognition both for static and dynamic tasks in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhei Sorimachi
- Neuro-Robotics Lab, Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering and also with Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.); (D.O.)
| | | | | | - Mitsuhiro Hayashibe
- Neuro-Robotics Lab, Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering and also with Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (K.T.); (K.K.); (D.O.)
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4
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Koseki S, Hayashibe M, Owaki D. Identifying essential factors for energy-efficient walking control across a wide range of velocities in reflex-based musculoskeletal systems. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011771. [PMID: 38241215 PMCID: PMC10798509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans can generate and sustain a wide range of walking velocities while optimizing their energy efficiency. Understanding the intricate mechanisms governing human walking will contribute to the engineering applications such as energy-efficient biped robots and walking assistive devices. Reflex-based control mechanisms, which generate motor patterns in response to sensory feedback, have shown promise in generating human-like walking in musculoskeletal models. However, the precise regulation of velocity remains a major challenge. This limitation makes it difficult to identify the essential reflex circuits for energy-efficient walking. To explore the reflex control mechanism and gain a better understanding of its energy-efficient maintenance mechanism, we extend the reflex-based control system to enable controlled walking velocities based on target speeds. We developed a novel performance-weighted least squares (PWLS) method to design a parameter modulator that optimizes walking efficiency while maintaining target velocity for the reflex-based bipedal system. We have successfully generated walking gaits from 0.7 to 1.6 m/s in a two-dimensional musculoskeletal model based on an input target velocity in the simulation environment. Our detailed analysis of the parameter modulator in a reflex-based system revealed two key reflex circuits that have a significant impact on energy efficiency. Furthermore, this finding was confirmed to be not influenced by setting parameters, i.e., leg length, sensory time delay, and weight coefficients in the objective cost function. These findings provide a powerful tool for exploring the neural bases of locomotion control while shedding light on the intricate mechanisms underlying human walking and hold significant potential for practical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Koseki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashibe
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Owaki D, Dürr V, Schmitz J. A hierarchical model for external electrical control of an insect, accounting for inter-individual variation of muscle force properties. eLife 2023; 12:e85275. [PMID: 37703327 PMCID: PMC10499373 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyborg control of insect movement is promising for developing miniature, high-mobility, and efficient biohybrid robots. However, considering the inter-individual variation of the insect neuromuscular apparatus and its neural control is challenging. We propose a hierarchical model including inter-individual variation of muscle properties of three leg muscles involved in propulsion (retractor coxae), joint stiffness (pro- and retractor coxae), and stance-swing transition (protractor coxae and levator trochanteris) in the stick insect Carausius morosus. To estimate mechanical effects induced by external muscle stimulation, the model is based on the systematic evaluation of joint torques as functions of electrical stimulation parameters. A nearly linear relationship between the stimulus burst duration and generated torque was observed. This stimulus-torque characteristic holds for burst durations of up to 500ms, corresponding to the stance and swing phase durations of medium to fast walking stick insects. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling revealed that linearity of the stimulus-torque characteristic was invariant, with individually varying slopes. Individual prediction of joint torques provides significant benefits for precise cyborg control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Volker Dürr
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
- Centre for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Josef Schmitz
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
- Centre for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
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6
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Truong MTN, Ali AEA, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. EMG-Based Estimation of Lower Limb Joint Angles and Moments Using Long Short-Term Memory Network. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3331. [PMID: 36992041 PMCID: PMC10058035 DOI: 10.3390/s23063331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental limitations in human biomechanics is that we cannot directly obtain joint moments during natural movements without affecting the motion. However, estimating these values is feasible with inverse dynamics computation by employing external force plates, which can cover only a small area of the plate. This work investigated the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for the kinetics and kinematics prediction of human lower limbs when performing different activities without using force plates after the learning. We measured surface electromyography (sEMG) signals from 14 lower extremities muscles to generate a 112-dimensional input vector from three sets of features: root mean square, mean absolute value, and sixth-order autoregressive model coefficient parameters for each muscle in the LSTM network. With the recorded experimental data from the motion capture system and the force plates, human motions were reconstructed in a biomechanical simulation created using OpenSim v4.1, from which the joint kinematics and kinetics from left and right knees and ankles were retrieved to serve as output for training the LSTM. The estimation results using the LSTM model deviated from labels with average R2 scores (knee angle: 97.25%, knee moment: 94.9%, ankle angle: 91.44%, and ankle moment: 85.44%). These results demonstrate the feasibility of the joint angle and moment estimation based solely on sEMG signals for multiple daily activities without requiring force plates and a motion capture system once the LSTM model is trained.
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7
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Sakamoto S, Hutabarat Y, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Ground Reaction Force and Moment Estimation through EMG Sensing Using Long Short-Term Memory Network. Cyborg Bionic Syst 2023; 4:0016. [PMID: 37000191 PMCID: PMC10044327 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Motion prediction based on kinematic information such as body segment displacement and joint angle has been widely studied. Because motions originate from forces, it is beneficial to estimate dynamic information, such as the ground reaction force (GRF), in addition to kinematic information for advanced motion prediction. In this study, we proposed a method to estimate GRF and ground reaction moment (GRM) from electromyography (EMG) in combination with and without an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor using a machine learning technique. A long short-term memory network, which is suitable for processing long time-span data, was constructed with EMG and IMU as input data to estimate GRF during posture control and stepping motion. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide the GRF estimation with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 8.22 ± 0.97% (mean ± SE) for the posture control motion and 11.17 ± 2.16% (mean ± SE) for the stepping motion. We could confirm that EMG input is essential especially when we need to predict both GRF and GRM with limited numbers of sensors attached under knees. In addition, we developed a GRF visualization system integrated with ongoing motion in a Unity environment. This system enabled the visualization of the GRF vector in 3-dimensional space and provides predictive motion direction based on the estimated GRF, which can be useful for human motion prediction with portable sensors.
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Koseki S, Kutsuzawa K, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Multimodal bipedal locomotion generation with passive dynamics via deep reinforcement learning. Front Neurorobot 2023; 16:1054239. [PMID: 36756534 PMCID: PMC9899902 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.1054239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating multimodal locomotion in underactuated bipedal robots requires control solutions that can facilitate motion patterns for drastically different dynamical modes, which is an extremely challenging problem in locomotion-learning tasks. Also, in such multimodal locomotion, utilizing body morphology is important because it leads to energy-efficient locomotion. This study provides a framework that reproduces multimodal bipedal locomotion using passive dynamics through deep reinforcement learning (DRL). An underactuated bipedal model was developed based on a passive walker, and a controller was designed using DRL. By carefully planning the weight parameter settings of the DRL reward function during the learning process based on a curriculum learning method, the bipedal model successfully learned to walk, run, and perform gait transitions by adjusting only one command input. These results indicate that DRL can be applied to generate various gaits with the effective use of passive dynamics.
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9
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Wang Y, Hayashibe M, Owaki D. Prediction of Whole-Body Velocity and Direction From Local Leg Joint Movements in Insect Walking via LSTM Neural Networks. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2022.3191850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashibe
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Furuhata K, Kutsuzawa K, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Systematic Motion Integration with Multiple Depth Cameras Allowing Sensor Movement for Stable Skeleton Tracking. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2022; 2022:1801-1804. [PMID: 36086142 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9870876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, markerless motion capture using a depth camera or RGB camera without any restriction on the subject has been attracting attention. Especially, depth cameras such as Kinect and RealSense allow instantaneous motion capture even at home outside lab environment, which is attractive for rehabilitation usage. However, single depth camera can capture steadily skeleton only when the subject stands facing to camera for the limited range, thus it is hard to apply to track skeletons while walking. Multiple depth cameras setting may allow to expand the range, but it can involve non-practical calibration process and can affect instantaneous capture advantage of depth camera. In this study, we propose a systematic method to integrate the motion information of skeletal models obtained from multiple depth cameras. The proposed method can perform a quick calibration using skeletal models instead of external reference objects, and estimate the spatial relationship of the sensors that allows the depth camera to move. The result demonstrates stable skeleton tracking free from occlusion problem keeping instantaneous capture capability of depth cameras.
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Hutabarat Y, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Temporal Variation Quantification During Cognitive Dual-Task Gait Using Two IMU Sensors. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2022; 2022:1121-1124. [PMID: 36086327 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple tasks are simultaneously performed during walking in our daily life. Distracted walk by smartphone usage is recently getting a social problem. The term dual-task gait refers to the secondary task added to the walking. Attention demanding tasks may influence how a person walks. Since in-lab measurement may not accurately reflect the daily living gait, wearable sensors approach have been proposed for gait analysis in an out-of-lab setting. This study addresses the potential of using only two inertial measurement units (IMUs) attached to the shoes for the assessment of cognitive dual-task gait and how it differs from single-task gait. We found that the proposed system is sensitive to recognizing a tiny change in gait features such as on the double support time and gait indices when subject performing dual-task gait compared to the single-task gait experiment.
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Tada K, Kutsuzawa K, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Quantifying Motor and Cognitive Function of the Upper Limb Using Mixed Reality Smartglasses. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2022; 2022:2556-2559. [PMID: 36086474 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In our aging world, the need to measure and evaluate motor and cognitive functions and to automate physical and occupational therapy will increase in the future. Many studies on VR-based rehabilitation systems are already underway. However, there are some issues such as the risk of falling or crashing due to the complete blockage of visual information, VR sickness, and lack of reality. The purpose of this research is to develop a system that simultaneously measures and evaluates multiple abilities and functions, such as motor function, cognitive function, and prediction ability, by using mixed reality (MR) smartglasses technology that enables interaction with spatially arranged objects while maintaining real-world information. In this study, we focused on the motor function of the upper limbs and cognitive function, and measured finger and gaze movements during a reaching task. In addition, we developed a game-based task for occupational therapy in a MR environment and reported the results.
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Kojima M, Kutsuzawa K, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Game-based Evaluation of Whole-body Movement Functions with CoM Stability and Motion Smoothness. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2022; 2022:4354-4357. [PMID: 36086233 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9870892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the field of rehabilitation, there is a great demand for an automatic and quantitative evaluation system. The balance ability is an essential factor for motor function evaluation related to posture control. Although balance ability is assessed using various indices in current clinical situations, most of previous studies developing an automatic evaluation system have used only a single particular index for balance evaluation. In this study, we developed a system that evaluates whole-body motor function using multiple indices based on the trajectory of the center of mass (CoM) and the motion smoothness. The system is inexpensive and little physical burden because the evaluation indices are calculated from the skeleton tracked by Kinect in a game environment. We attempt to capture the differences in individual motor functions which are difficult to be detected by qualitative visual observation.
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Abstract
Insects exhibit resilient and flexible capabilities allowing them to adapt their walk in response to changes of the environment or body properties, for example the loss of a leg. While the motor control paradigm governing inter-leg coordination has been extensively studied in the past for such adaptive walking, the neural mechanism remains unknown. To overcome this situation, the project “Motion Hacking” develops a method for hacking leg movements by electrostimulating leg muscles while retaining the natural sensorimotor functions of the insect. This research aims to elucidate the flexible inter-leg coordination mechanism underlying insect walking by observing the adapting process of inter-leg coordination with the insect nervous system when leg movements are externally controlled via motion hacking.
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Owaki D, Manoonpong P, Ayali A. Editorial: Biological and Robotic Inter-Limb Coordination. Front Robot AI 2022; 9:875493. [PMID: 35391940 PMCID: PMC8981463 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2022.875493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Dai Owaki,
| | - Poramate Manoonpong
- Embodied AI and Neurorobotics Lab., SDU Biorobotics, The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Bio-inspired Robotics and Neural Engineering Lab., School of Information Science and Technology, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Amir Ayali
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sugiyama T, Kutsuzawa K, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Individual deformability compensation of soft hydraulic actuators through iterative learning-based neural network. Bioinspir Biomim 2021; 16:056016. [PMID: 34359064 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac1b6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Robotic devices with soft actuators have been developed to realize the effective rehabilitation of patients with motor paralysis by enabling soft and safe interaction. However, the control of such robots is challenging, especially owing to the difference in the individual deformability occurring in manual fabrication of soft actuators. Furthermore, soft actuators used in wearable rehabilitation devices involve a large response delay which hinders the application of such devices for at-home rehabilitation. In this paper, a feed-forward control method for soft actuators with a large response delay, comprising a simple feed-forward neural network (FNN) and an iterative learning controller (ILC), is proposed. The proposed method facilitates the effective learning and acquisition of the inverse model (i.e. the model that can generate control input to the soft actuator from a target trajectory) of soft actuators. First, the ILC controls a soft actuator and iteratively learns the actuator deformability. Subsequently, the FNN is trained to obtain the inverse model of the soft actuator. The control results of the ILC are used as training datasets for supervised learning of the FNN to ensure that it can efficiently acquire the inverse model of the soft actuator, including the deformability and the response delay. Experiments with fiber-reinforced soft bending hydraulic actuators are conducted to evaluate the proposed method. The results show that the ILC can learn and compensate for the actuator deformability. Moreover, the iterative learning-based FNN serves to achieve a precise tracking performance on various generalized trajectories. These facts suggest that the proposed method can contribute to the development of robotic rehabilitation devices with soft actuators and the field of soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Sugiyama
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kyo Kutsuzawa
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashibe
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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Hutabarat Y, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Seamless Temporal Gait Evaluation during Walking and Running Using Two IMU Sensors. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2021; 2021:6835-6840. [PMID: 34892677 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed a framework for extracting gait events and extensive temporal features, seamlessly, during walking and running on a treadmill by constructing a finite state machine (FSM) transition rules based on two IMU sensors attached to the back of the shoes. Detailed innerclass states were defined to recognize the double support phase on walking gait and the double flight phase on running gait. Further, an in-depth speed-based analysis of temporal gait features can be performed for each tested speed with an automatic speed change detection algorithm based on the moving average filter applied to motion intensity data. The results have demonstrated that the FSM can accurately distinguish walking gait and running gait while also extract a detailed gait phase, respectively. This finding may contribute to a more flexible gait analysis where a change in speed or transition from walk to run can be anticipated and recognized accordingly.
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Chai J, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Deep Reinforcement Learning with Gait Mode Specification for Quadrupedal Trot-Gallop Energetic Analysis. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2021; 2021:4583-4587. [PMID: 34892236 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quadruped system is an animal-like model which has long been analyzed in terms of energy efficiency during its various gait locomotion. The generation of certain gait modes on these systems has been achieved by classical controllers which demand highly specific domain-knowledge and empirical parameter tuning. In this paper, we propose to use deep reinforcement learning (DRL) as an alternative approach to generate certain gait modes on quadrupeds, allowing potentially the same energetic analysis without the difficulty of designing an ad hoc controller. We show that by specifying a gait mode in the process of learning, it allows faster convergence of the learning process while at the same time imposing a certain gait type on the systems as opposed to the case without any gait specification. We demonstrate the advantages of using DRL as it can exploit automatically the physical condition of the robots such as the passive spring effect between the joints during the learning process, similar to the adaptation skills of an animal. The proposed system would provide a framework for quadrupedal trot-gallop energetic analysis for different body structures, body mass distributions and joint characteristics using DRL.
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Zhu W, Guo X, Owaki D, Kutsuzawa K, Hayashibe M. A Survey of Sim-to-Real Transfer Techniques Applied to Reinforcement Learning for Bioinspired Robots. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 2021; PP:1-16. [PMID: 34587101 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2021.3112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) techniques have made innumerable advancements in robot control, especially in combination with deep neural networks (DNNs), known as deep reinforcement learning (DRL). In this article, instead of reviewing the theoretical studies on RL, which were almost fully completed several decades ago, we summarize some state-of-the-art techniques added to commonly used RL frameworks for robot control. We mainly review bioinspired robots (BIRs) because they can learn to locomote or produce natural behaviors similar to animals and humans. With the ultimate goal of practical applications in real world, we further narrow our review scope to techniques that could aid in sim-to-real transfer. We categorized these techniques into four groups: 1) use of accurate simulators; 2) use of kinematic and dynamic models; 3) use of hierarchical and distributed controllers; and 4) use of demonstrations. The purposes of these four groups of techniques are to supply general and accurate environments for RL training, improve sampling efficiency, divide and conquer complex motion tasks and redundant robot structures, and acquire natural skills. We found that, by synthetically using these techniques, it is possible to deploy RL on physical BIRs in actuality.
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Sun T, Xiong X, Dai Z, Owaki D, Manoonpong P. Corrigendum: [A Comparative Study of Adaptive Interlimb Coordination Mechanisms for Self-Organized Robot Locomotion]. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:702167. [PMID: 34150859 PMCID: PMC8208030 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.702167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.638684.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Institute of Bioinspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.,Embodied Artificial Intelligence and Neurorobotics Laboratory, SDU Biorobotics, The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Xiaofeng Xiong
- Embodied Artificial Intelligence and Neurorobotics Laboratory, SDU Biorobotics, The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Institute of Bioinspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Poramate Manoonpong
- Institute of Bioinspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.,Embodied Artificial Intelligence and Neurorobotics Laboratory, SDU Biorobotics, The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Zamboni R, Owaki D, Hayashibe M. Adaptive and Energy-Efficient Optimal Control in CPGs Through Tegotae-Based Feedback. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:632804. [PMID: 34124172 PMCID: PMC8187776 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.632804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain biologically inspired robotic control, the architecture of central pattern generators (CPGs) has been extensively adopted to generate periodic patterns for locomotor control. This is attributed to the interesting properties of nonlinear oscillators. Although sensory feedback in CPGs is not necessary for the generation of patterns, it plays a central role in guaranteeing adaptivity to environmental conditions. Nonetheless, its inclusion significantly modifies the dynamics of the CPG architecture, which often leads to bifurcations. For instance, the force feedback can be exploited to derive information regarding the state of the system. In particular, the Tegotae approach can be adopted by coupling proprioceptive information with the state of the oscillation itself in the CPG model. This paper discusses this policy with respect to other types of feedback; it provides higher adaptivity and an optimal energy efficiency for reflex-like actuation. We believe this is the first attempt to analyse the optimal energy efficiency along with the adaptivity of the Tegotae approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashibe
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Owaki D, Horikiri SY, Nishii J, Ishiguro A. Tegotae-Based Control Produces Adaptive Inter- and Intra-limb Coordination in Bipedal Walking. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:629595. [PMID: 34054453 PMCID: PMC8149599 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.629595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the appealing concept of central pattern generator (CPG)-based control for bipedal walking robots, there is currently no systematic methodology for designing a CPG-based controller. To remedy this oversight, we attempted to apply the Tegotae approach, a Japanese concept describing how well a perceived reaction, i.e., sensory information, matches an expectation, i.e., an intended motor command, in designing localised controllers in the CPG-based bipedal walking model. To this end, we developed a Tegotae function that quantifies the Tegotae concept. This function allowed incorporating decentralised controllers into the proposed bipedal walking model systematically. We designed a two-dimensional bipedal walking model using Tegotae functions and subsequently implemented it in simulations to validate the proposed design scheme. We found that our model can walk on both flat and uneven terrains and confirmed that the application of the Tegotae functions in all joint controllers results in excellent adaptability to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shun-ya Horikiri
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Nishii
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Akio Ishiguro
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Sun T, Xiong X, Dai Z, Owaki D, Manoonpong P. A Comparative Study of Adaptive Interlimb Coordination Mechanisms for Self-Organized Robot Locomotion. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:638684. [PMID: 33912596 PMCID: PMC8072274 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.638684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking animals demonstrate impressive self-organized locomotion and adaptation to body property changes by skillfully manipulating their complicated and redundant musculoskeletal systems. Adaptive interlimb coordination plays a crucial role in this achievement. It has been identified that interlimb coordination is generated through dynamical interactions between the neural system, musculoskeletal system, and environment. Based on this principle, two classical interlimb coordination mechanisms (continuous phase modulation and phase resetting) have been proposed independently. These mechanisms use decoupled central pattern generators (CPGs) with sensory feedback, such as ground reaction forces (GRFs), to generate robot locomotion autonomously without predefining it (i.e., self-organized locomotion). A comparative study was conducted on the two mechanisms under decoupled CPG-based control implemented on a quadruped robot in simulation. Their characteristics were compared by observing their CPG phase convergence processes at different control parameter values. Additionally, the mechanisms were investigated when the robot faced various unexpected situations, such as noisy feedback, leg motor damage, and carrying a load. The comparative study reveals that the phase modulation and resetting mechanisms demonstrate satisfactory performance when they are subjected to symmetric and asymmetric GRF distributions, respectively. This work also suggests a strategy for the appropriate selection of adaptive interlimb coordination mechanisms under different conditions and for the optimal setting of their control parameter values to enhance their control performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.,Embodied Artificial Intelligence and Neurorobotics Laboratory, SDU Biorobotics, The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Xiaofeng Xiong
- Embodied Artificial Intelligence and Neurorobotics Laboratory, SDU Biorobotics, The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Poramate Manoonpong
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.,Embodied Artificial Intelligence and Neurorobotics Laboratory, SDU Biorobotics, The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Yanagisawa R, Shigaki S, Yasui K, Owaki D, Sugimoto Y, Ishiguro A, Shimizu M. Wearable Vibration Sensor for Measuring the Wing Flapping of Insects. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:E593. [PMID: 33467684 PMCID: PMC7829746 DOI: 10.3390/s21020593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated a novel wearable vibration sensor for insects and measured their wing flapping. An analysis of insect wing deformation in relation to changes in the environment plays an important role in understanding the underlying mechanism enabling insects to dynamically interact with their surrounding environment. It is common to use a high-speed camera to measure the wing flapping; however, it is difficult to analyze the feedback mechanism caused by the environmental changes caused by the flapping because this method applies an indirect measurement. Therefore, we propose the fabrication of a novel film sensor that is capable of measuring the changes in the wingbeat frequency of an insect. This novel sensor is composed of flat silver particles admixed with a silicone polymer, which changes the value of the resistor when a bending deformation occurs. As a result of attaching this sensor to the wings of a moth and a dragonfly and measuring the flapping of the wings, we were able to measure the frequency of the flapping with high accuracy. In addition, as a result of simultaneously measuring the relationship between the behavior of a moth during its search for an odor source and its wing flapping, it became clear that the frequency of the flapping changed depending on the frequency of the odor reception. From this result, a wearable film sensor for an insect that can measure the displacement of the body during a particular behavior was fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Yanagisawa
- Department of Systems Science, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
| | - Shunsuke Shigaki
- Department of System Innovation, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
| | - Kotaro Yasui
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Sugimoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Akio Ishiguro
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Shimizu
- Department of System Innovation, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
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Owaki D, Aonuma H, Sugimoto Y, Ishiguro A. Leg amputation modifies coordinated activation of the middle leg muscles in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1327. [PMID: 33446762 PMCID: PMC7809211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects alter their walking pattern in order to respond to demands of an ever-changing environment, such as varying ground surface textures. They also exhibit resilient and flexible ability to retain the capacity to walk even after substantial changes in their body properties, e.g. leg amputation. While the motor control paradigm governing the inter-leg coordination in such adaptive walking has been extensively described in past studies, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we examined this question by using the cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus), which shows a tetrapod/tripod gait on a flat surfaces, like many other insects. We performed leg amputation experiments to investigate modifications of leg movements and coordination of muscle activities. We simultaneously recorded (1) the leg movements, locomotion velocity, and body rotation and (2) the leg movements and leg muscles activities before and after leg amputation. Crickets displayed adaptive coordination of leg movement patterns in response to amputations. The activation timings of levator muscles in both middle legs tended to synchronize in phase when both legs were amputated at the coxatrochanteral joint. This supports the hypothesis that an intrinsic contralateral connection within the mesothoracic ganglion exists, and that mechanosensory feedback from the legs override this connection, resulting in the anti-phase movement of a normal gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Aonuma
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sugimoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akio Ishiguro
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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Sekiguchi Y, Owaki D, Honda K, Fukushi K, Hiroi N, Nozaki T, Izumi SI. Ankle-foot orthosis with dorsiflexion resistance using spring-cam mechanism increases knee flexion in the swing phase during walking in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Gait Posture 2020; 81:27-32. [PMID: 32652487 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle-foot orthoses with plantarflexion resistance (AFO-Ps) improve knee flexion in the stance phase on the paretic side in patients with hemiparesis. However, AFO-Ps decrease ankle power generation in the late stance phase and do not improve the knee flexion in the swing phase based on insufficient push-off at the late stance, resulting in lower toe clearance. RESEARCH QUESTION This study sought to investigate the effect of an AFO with dorsiflexion resistance, which was implemented by our developed device with spring-cam mechanism attached to the AFO-P (Gait Solution; Pacific Supply Co., Ltd., Japan), on kinetics and kinematics in the lower limb during gait in patients with hemiparesis. METHODS Eleven patients with hemiparesis due to stroke walked on a 7-m walkway at a self-selected comfortable pace in the following conditions: (a) walking using the AFO-P with the proposed device with a spring-cam mechanism (AFO-PCAM), (b) walking using the AFO-P without our device (AFO-P), and (c) walking using no device (barefoot condition). Gait kinematics and kinetics were collected using a three-dimensional motion analysis system and four ground-reaction force plates. Changes in all parameters from the barefoot to AFO-PCAM and AFO-P conditions were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS In the AFO-PCAM condition, decrease in the maximum ankle power generation in the late-stance phase was significantly smaller than that in the AFO-P condition (p = 0.041). We noted a significant higher change in knee flexion in the paretic swing phase in the AFO-PCAM condition relative to that in the AFO-P condition (p = 0.016). The effect size for the comparisons of change was large (r ≧ 0.5). SIGNIFICANCE Our device facilitated the realization of the ankle plantarflexion power in the late-stance phase because of dorsiflexion resistance, increasing the knee flexion angle during the swing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sekiguchi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Dai Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Keita Honda
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeo Nozaki
- NEC Corporation, 34, Miyukigaoka, Tukuba, 305-8501, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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Abstract
In this study, we have developed a centipede-like multi-legged robot named i-CentiPot. This robot was developed to demonstrate our concept presented in the CREST project. In the project, we show that the existence of implicit control is important. i-CentiPot plays the part of the anchor example for our project.*
* This article is a translation from the article: K. Osuka et al., “Centipede type robot i-CentiPot: From machine to creatures,” The 8th Conf. of Transdisciplinary Federation of Science and Technology, D-2-4, 2017 (in Japanese).
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Fukuhara A, Owaki D, Kano T, Kobayashi R, Ishiguro A. Spontaneous gait transition to high-speed galloping by reconciliation between body support and propulsion. Adv Robot 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01691864.2018.1501277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Fukuhara
- Research Institute of Electric and Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - D. Owaki
- Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - T. Kano
- Research Institute of Electric and Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - R. Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - A. Ishiguro
- Research Institute of Electric and Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Sekiguchi Y, Muraki T, Owaki D, Honda K, Izumi SI. Regulation of quasi-joint stiffness by combination of activation of ankle muscles in midstances during gait in patients with hemiparesis. Gait Posture 2018; 62:378-383. [PMID: 29625414 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of ankle joint stiffness by combination of activation of plantarflexor and dorsiflexor during gait has not been investigated in patients with hemiparesis. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between combination of activation of ankle muscles and quasi-joint stiffness (QJS) during the stance phase of gait. METHODS The activation of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG), soleus, and tibialis anterior, gait parameters were collected from 19 patients with hemiparesis due to stroke and from 12 healthy controls using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The indexes of reciprocal activation and coactivation were calculated from the ratio of plantarflexor to dorsiflexor activation and magnitude of coactivation (MC), which is computed by multiplying an index of simultaneous activation of ankle muscles by plantarflexor activation. RESULTS QJS was significantly correlated with MC of MG on the paretic side, whereas it correlated with the ratio of MG (r = 0.63, p < 0.05) in healthy controls and the ratio of MG (r = 0.67, p < 0.05) and soleus (r = 0.61, p < 0.05) on the non-paretic side in midstance. Furthermore, QJS on the paretic side was lower than that on the non-paretic side and in healthy controls (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Our findings support that the regulation of QJS in midstance by reciprocal activation is altered on the paretic side, whereas it may be regulated by reciprocal activation and enhanced by relatively high activity of plantarflexor on the non-paretic side and in healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sekiguchi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Muraki
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Dai Owaki
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-2-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Keita Honda
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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Abstract
Insects exhibit adaptive and versatile locomotion despite their minimal neural computing. Such locomotor patterns are generated via coordination between leg movements, i.e., an interlimb coordination, which is largely controlled in a distributed manner by neural circuits located in thoracic ganglia. However, the mechanism responsible for the interlimb coordination still remains elusive. Understanding this mechanism will help us to elucidate the fundamental control principle of animals' agile locomotion and to realize robots with legs that are truly adaptive and could not be developed solely by conventional control theories. This study aims at providing a “minimal" model of the interlimb coordination mechanism underlying hexapedal locomotion, in the hope that a single control principle could satisfactorily reproduce various aspects of insect locomotion. To this end, we introduce a novel concept we named “Tegotae,” a Japanese concept describing the extent to which a perceived reaction matches an expectation. By using the Tegotae-based approach, we show that a surprisingly systematic design of local sensory feedback mechanisms essential for the interlimb coordination can be realized. We also use a hexapod robot we developed to show that our mathematical model of the interlimb coordination mechanism satisfactorily reproduces various insects' gait patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Owaki
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Goda
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Sakiko Miyazawa
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Akio Ishiguro
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CRESTSaitama, Japan
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Abstract
Legged animals exhibit adaptive and resilient locomotion through interlimb coordination. The long-term goal of this study is to clarify the relationship between the number of legs and the inherent decentralized control mechanism for interlimb coordination. As a preliminary step, the study focuses on millipedes as they represent the species with the greatest number of legs among various animal species. A decentralized control mechanism involving local force feedback was proposed based on the qualitative findings of behavioural experiments in which responses to the removal of part of the terrain and leg amputation were observed. The proposed mechanism was implemented in a developed millipede-like robot to demonstrate that the robot can adapt to the removal of the part of the terrain and leg amputation in a manner similar to that in behavioural experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kano
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Suzuki S, Owaki D, Fukuhara A, Ishiguro A. Quadruped Gait Transition from Walk to Pace to Rotary Gallop by Exploiting Head Movement. Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42417-0_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Yozu A, Haga N, Funato T, Owaki D, Chiba R, Ota J. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy types 4 and 5: Review and proposal of a new rehabilitation method. Neurosci Res 2015; 104:105-11. [PMID: 26562335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although pain is unpleasant, it should serve as a reminder for individuals to avoid similar damaging incidents in the future. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) includes genetic disorders involving various sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. They are classified by the mode of inheritance, clinical features, and related genes. HSAN type 4 (HSAN-4) and type 5 (HSAN-5) are characterized by insensitivity to pain and thermal sensation. Further, HSAN-4 is accompanied by decreased sweating and intellectual disabilities. These characteristics of HSAN-4 and -5 result in many clinical features, such as pediatric, psychiatric, orthopedic, oral, dermatological, and ophthalmological problems. Orthopedic problems include destructive injuries such as multiple fractures and joint dislocation. Studies on gait have shown greater speed and higher heel contact angular velocity in HSAN-4 and -5 patients compared with controls. Studies on grasp-lift-holding tasks have shown higher grasp force and fluctuations in acceleration of the object. We believe that these findings represent outcomes of deficient motor learning. We propose a new rehabilitation method for patients with HSAN-4 and -5, with the aim of decreasing their destructive injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arito Yozu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Haga
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Funato
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Dai Owaki
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Chiba
- Research Center for Brain Function and Medical Engineering, Asahikawa Medical University, 1-1-1 Midorigaoka-higashi-nijyou, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Ota
- Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
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Owaki D, Kano T, Nagasawa K, Tero A, Ishiguro A. Simple robot suggests physical interlimb communication is essential for quadruped walking. J R Soc Interface 2012; 10:20120669. [PMID: 23097501 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quadrupeds have versatile gait patterns, depending on the locomotion speed, environmental conditions and animal species. These locomotor patterns are generated via the coordination between limbs and are partly controlled by an intraspinal neural network called the central pattern generator (CPG). Although this forms the basis for current control paradigms of interlimb coordination, the mechanism responsible for interlimb coordination remains elusive. By using a minimalistic approach, we have developed a simple-structured quadruped robot, with the help of which we propose an unconventional CPG model that consists of four decoupled oscillators with only local force feedback in each leg. Our robot exhibits good adaptability to changes in weight distribution and walking speed simply by responding to local feedback, and it can mimic the walking patterns of actual quadrupeds. Our proposed CPG-based control method suggests that physical interaction between legs during movements is essential for interlimb coordination in quadruped walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Owaki
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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Owaki D, Ishida S, Tero A, Ito K, Nagasawa K, Ishiguro A. An Oscillator Model That Enables Motion Stabilization and Motion Exploration by Exploiting Multi-Rhythmicity. Adv Robot 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/016918611x574650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Owaki
- a Department of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;,
| | - Satoshi Ishida
- b Fuji Electric Co., Ltd., 1-11-2 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tero
- c Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ito
- d Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Koh Nagasawa
- e Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-05 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akio Ishiguro
- f Department of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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Owaki D, Ishiguro A. Mechanical Dynamics That Enables Stable Passive Dynamic Bipedal Running – Enhancing Self-Stability by Exploiting Nonlinearity in the Leg Elasticity –. J Robot Mechatron 2007. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2007.p0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been widely recognized that control and mechanical systems cannot be designed separately due to their tight interdependency. However, there still leaves much to be understood about how well-balanced coupling between control and mechanical systems can be achieved. Therefore, as an initial step toward this goal, we intensively discuss the effect of intrinsic dynamics of a robot’s body on resulting behavior, in the hope that the mechanical systems appropriately designed will allow us to significantly reduce complexity of control algorithm required. More precisely, we focus on the property of leg elasticity of a passive dynamic running biped and investigate how this influences stability of running. As a result, we found that a certain type of nonlinearity in leg elasticity plays a crucial role in enhancing the stability of passive dynamic running. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been explicitly addressed in papers presented thus far.
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