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Iimura D, Ishida O. Comparing the beliefs regarding biological or psychological causalities toward stereotyped perception of people who stutter. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1279169. [PMID: 38034304 PMCID: PMC10687552 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1279169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Developmental stuttering is a fluency disorder that may be caused by neurological, genetic, or familial factors. However, a general perception that stuttering is caused by psychological problems could lead to negative attitudes toward stuttering, causing prejudice or discrimination against people who stutter (PWS). Thus, our study aimed to investigate whether certain beliefs in etiology of stuttering are related to the negative perception of stuttering. Methods A web-based survey of 413 native Japanese adults, aged 20-69, who did not suffer from stuttering, schizophrenia, or depression, was conducted in August 2021. The participants were recruited through the Web monitor panel. Participants were divided into three uniform groups based on their response to a 27-item questionnaire about their implicit belief regarding the etiology of stuttering: belief in the biological model (stuttering-biological group), belief in the psychological model (stuttering-psychological group), and the control group (those who responded to perception of healthy adult males). Participants were also asked to respond to 25 items of semantic differential scales about perception of stuttering or healthy adult males. Responses were summarized into several factors by factor analysis, and factor scores were compared among the three groups. The stuttering-biological group had the fewest participants, comprising 80 individuals. Overall, a total of 240 participants, 80 from each group, were included in the analysis. Results Some pairs of stereotypes included in semantic differential scales revealed differences between the groups; PWS, irrespective of the participants of the biological or psychological group, were considered as having negative stereotyping properties such as being "tense," "anxious," or "afraid." Additionally, three concepts from the factor analysis of these 25 items were analyzed using an analysis of variance, and significant differences were found; the mean factor score of the "danger" stereotype was lower in the stuttering-biological group compared to the stuttering-psychological group. Conclusion Although the simplification of the biological model is not recommended, anti-stigma campaigns to educate people that stuttering is caused by multidimensional factors, not just psychological ones, could change the general public's negative perceptions of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Iimura
- Institute of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishida
- College of Education, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
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Iimura D, Koyama Y, Kondo H, Toyomura A, Boyle M. Development of a short Japanese version of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S-J-16): Translation and evaluation of validity and reliability. J Fluency Disord 2022; 73:105917. [PMID: 35753277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to develop a short Japanese version of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S), which assesses the self-stigma of adults who stutter (AWS) in a self-completed form, and evaluate its psychometric properties and reliability and validity. METHODS After translating the original 4S scale into Japanese (4S-J) through a forward-backward translation process, it was administered to 123 Japanese adults who stutter. A short version of the 4S-J was developed through factor analysis and eliminating items with low loadings to original factors. Reliability was verified by calculating internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Participants also completed the Japanese-translated version of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Subjective Happiness Scale to verify construct validity. As a secondary analysis, our results regarding psychological properties of the short version of the 4S were then compared to those of studies from other countries. RESULTS Sixteen items were selected for the short version of the scale (4S-J-16), and confirmatory factor analysis verified the original structure of the 4S. We obtained good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Regarding construct validity, our results showed similar correlation with the other selected scales. The value of all scores on the stigma scale in the Japanese cohort was significantly higher than that in the foreign cohort. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the 4S-J-16 has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity with a three-factor structure of self-stigma in Japanese AWS. The findings suggest that Japanese cultural background increases the stigma scores, thereby enabling us to briefly assess the psychosocial issues of AWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Iimura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yuika Koyama
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kondo
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Toyomura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Michael Boyle
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, Bloomfield, New Jersey, United States
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Iimura D, Kakuta K, Oe T, Kobayashi H, Sakai N, Miyamoto S. Treatment for School-Age Children Who Stutter: A Systematic Review of Japanese Literature. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2022; 53:561-583. [PMID: 35157506 DOI: 10.1044/2021_lshss-21-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review identified and synthesized published research articles, written in Japanese, on the clinical effectiveness of a broad range of nonpharmacological interventions for school-age children who stutter. METHOD A systematic review of Japanese literature published between January 1, 1980, and July 7, 2020, reporting interventions for school-age children who stutter, was carried out through a search of two databases (CiNii Article database and Japan Medical Abstract Society database) using the key words "stuttering" and "school-age" or "child" or "primary school students" or "children" or "school child" in Japanese. To be included in the review, the articles must report studies where data were subjectively reported by clinicians, where school-age participants were treated for developmental stuttering, where participants received interventions conducted by clinicians, and where quantitative outcomes (pre- and/or posttreatment) were measured; and they must be published in Japanese. RESULTS Forty articles met all the inclusion criteria. Most articles adopted a case series or single-case study design. A total of 179 intervention programs were identified from all the articles and broadly classified into speech therapy, psychological therapy, interventions for modifying the child's environment, and others. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review provided a broad overview of the treatments used for school-age children who stutter in Japan. Future research should focus on gathering more reliable, systematic, and rigorous evidence to establish the effectiveness of stuttering treatments for school-age children and thereby develop evidence-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Iimura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences,University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kohei Kakuta
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Oe
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences,University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- School of Teacher Education, College of Human and Social Science, Kanazawa University, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
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Iimura D, Ishida O, Takahashi S, Yokoi H, Miyamoto S. A Questionnaire Survey About Support Requests From School-Age Children and Adolescents Who Stutter. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2021; 52:717-727. [PMID: 33497578 DOI: 10.1044/2020_lshss-20-00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Children who stutter (CWS) face communication difficulties in school activities and at home. Although the importance of receiving support from their surroundings has been documented, few studies have investigated potential requests of CWS from their surroundings. This study aimed to elucidate such requests. Method A total of 43 school-age children and 25 adolescents who stutter completed a free-description questionnaire, including questions such as "what you want your classmates/your classroom teacher/your family to do about your stuttering?" Their descriptions were summarized and categorized based on similarity. Results The results indicate that 90.6% of the participants had more than one request for their classmates, classroom teacher, or family. A total of 197 items were extracted and categorized into seven themes. In particular, the responses included "listen attentively," "treat us naturally," and "make arrangements." While participants tended to hope for classmates or family to "listen attentively" and "treat us naturally," the request to "make arrangements" was higher for their teacher. Their potential requests varied by age: While school-age CWS wanted people around them to "listen carefully," the hope of adolescents who stutter was "treat us naturally." Conclusions The various potential requests of CWS were categorized, and the responses shed light on the importance of increasing knowledge of stuttering. The difference between the requests could reflect psychosocial differences between school-age children and adolescents who stutter. In addition, social interaction among peers is more developed in adolescents, and they could harbor fear of being excluded within their community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Iimura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishida
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Saitama Municipal Nakamoto Elementary School, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Yokoi
- Japan Stuttering Genyukai Association, Tokyo, Japan.,Narumi Stuttering Consultation Room, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoko Miyamoto
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Iimura D, Miyamoto S. Public attitudes toward people who stutter in the workplace: A questionnaire survey of Japanese employees. J Commun Disord 2021; 89:106072. [PMID: 33388698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Negative attitudes toward stuttering by people in their work roles have been previously reported. These attitudes could differ depending on whether or not someone knows a person or has been in contact with a person who stutters. This study aimed to elucidate public attitudes toward people who stutter at work. METHODS A web-based questionnaire survey of 730 adults drawn from the general public throughout Japan was conducted. It gathered information on respondents' demographics, contact experience with people who stutter, knowledge of stuttering, and attitudes and experiences toward stuttering at work, using a Likert-type scale. To investigate the factors associated with their attitudes and experiences toward stuttering at work, respondents' demographic information and contact experience were entered into a multivariable model using ordinal logistic regression analysis. RESULTS We analyzed the data of 671 respondents, of whom 77.2 % were company employees; 41.3 % knew a person who stutters at their workplace, among their friends, and/or in their family, and 34.7 % had been in the position of hiring any individual. Respondents perceived the employment of people who stutter to be somewhat positive overall. Regression analysis revealed that only the factor of workplace contact experience to be significantly positively associated with the respondents' attitudes toward stuttering. That is, knowing a person who stutters in one's workplace was significantly associated with more positive attitudes. CONCLUSION Previous studies have reported widespread negative public attitudes toward stuttering. Our results can supplement this literature, especially regarding attitudes in the workplace. Our findings suggest that the main factor that is associated with people's positive attitudes is their contact experience with people who stutter in their workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Iimura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Shoko Miyamoto
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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Ishida O, Iimura D, Miyamoto S. The Relationship Between Attentional Capture by Speech and Nonfluent Speech Under Delayed Auditory Feedback: A Pilot Examination of a Dual-Task Using Auditory or Tactile Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:51. [PMID: 32174820 PMCID: PMC7055540 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) leads to nonfluent speech where the voice of a speaker is heard after a delay. Previous studies suggested the involvement of attention to auditory feedback in speech disfluency. To date, there are no studies that have revealed the relationship between attention and nonfluent speech by controlling the attention allocated to the delayed own voice. This study examined these issues under three conditions: a single task where the subject was asked to read aloud under DAF (single DAF task), a dual task where the subject was asked to read aloud while reacting to a pure tone (auditory DAF task), and a dual task where the subject was asked to read aloud while reacting to the vibration of their finger (tactile DAF task). The subjects also performed the single and dual tasks (auditory/tactile) under nonaltered auditory feedback where no delayed voices were involved. Results showed that the nonfluency rate under the auditory DAF task was significantly greater than that under the single DAF task. In contrast, the nonfluency rate under the tactile DAF task was significantly lower compared with that of the single DAF task. Speech became nonfluent when attention was captured by the same modality stimulus, i.e., auditory tone. In contrast, speech became fluent when attention was allocated to the stimulus that is irreverent to auditory modality, i.e., tactile vibration. This indicates that nonfluent speech under DAF is involved in attention capture owing to the delayed own voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ishida
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Saitama Municipal Nakamoto Elementary School, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Osamu Ishida
| | - Daichi Iimura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Miyamoto
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Iimura D, Asakura N, Sasaoka T, Inui T. Abnormal Sensorimotor Integration in Adults Who Stutter: A Behavioral Study by Adaptation of Delayed Auditory Feedback. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2440. [PMID: 31736833 PMCID: PMC6834693 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stuttering is a fluency disorder, partially alleviated during altered auditory feedback, suggesting abnormal sensorimotor integration in adults who stutter (AWS). As weighting of multiple integrating-information sources would be decided based on their reliabilities, the use of external (auditory feedback) and internal information (prediction of sensory consequences) could correlate with speech processing. We hypothesized that abnormal auditory-feedback processing in AWS could be related to decrease in internal processing precision. We used a perceptual-adaptation experiment of delayed auditory feedback (DAF) to verify the hypothesis. Seventeen AWS and 17 adults who do not stutter (ANS) were required to say “ah” and judge the simultaneity between their motor sensations and vocal sounds in each stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, or 150 ms) after inducing adaptation of DAF (three conditions with 0-, 66-, or 133-ms delay). While no adaptation occurred during the 0 ms condition, perceptual change in simultaneity judgment (adaptation effect) occurred during the 66 and 133 ms conditions. The simultaneity judgments following exposure in each SOA were fitted to the psychometric function in each condition for the AWS and ANS groups. We calculated the μ (signifying the point of subjective simultaneity and adaptation-effect degree) and σ (signifying the detecting precision) of each function and analyzed them by parametric analyses. For the μ, participant groups and adaptation conditions showed a significant interaction; the adaptation effect was greater in the AWS than in the ANS group. Additionally, the μ and σ were only positively correlated in the AWS group. The point of subjective simultaneity for auditory delay by inducing DAF was higher in AWS than in ANS, indicating that perception of simultaneity in AWS was influenced by DAF to a greater extent. Moreover, the significant positive correlation between the μ and σ in AWS showed that the more imprecise the internal auditory processing, the more AWS relied on auditory feedback. It is suggested that the reliability of internal information differed within the AWS group, and AWS with reduced internal reliability appeared to compensate by relying to a great extent on auditory feedback information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Iimura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Domo-Work (Specified Nonprofit Corporation), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Asakura
- Center for Mathematical Modeling and Data Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sasaoka
- Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Department of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, Osaka, Japan
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Iimura D, Yada Y, Imaizumi K, Takeuchi T, Miyawaki M, Van Borsel J. Public awareness and knowledge of stuttering in Japan. J Commun Disord 2018; 72:136-145. [PMID: 29448988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine laypeople's knowledge and awareness of stuttering in Japan. METHODS A total of 303 respondents, recruited by street sampling, completed a questionnaire assessing the prevalence, onset, gender distribution, occurrence in different races, cause, treatment, association with intelligence, and hereditariness of stuttering. The questionnaire used was a Japanese version of that devised by Van Borsel, Verniers, and Bouvry (1999) for use in Belgium. RESULTS Although around half of the respondents had heard or met a stutterer, they tended to misunderstand the stuttering; e.g., respondents estimated the prevalence of stuttering as high. Knowledge also differed according to age, gender, and education level. Specifically, older individuals, females, and individuals with higher levels of education tended to have greater knowledge of stuttering. In comparing the results of the present study with similar studies conducted in Belgium, China, and Brazil, we observed several similarities and differences. DISCUSSION Although most respondents were to some extent familiar with stuttering, their overall knowledge of the condition was limited. Certain factors could be involved in having knowledge of stuttering, such as one's life experience, cultural background, and social attitudes toward stuttering. The findings suggest the need for growing knowledge and awareness of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Iimura
- Domo-work (Specified Nonprofit Corporation), 7-26-7, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Fuke Hospital, 2197, Kamekubo, Hujimino-shi, Saitama, 356-0051, Japan.
| | - Yasuto Yada
- Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kazuya Imaizumi
- Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, 3-11-3, Setagaya, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-8568, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Takeuchi
- Domo-work (Specified Nonprofit Corporation), 7-26-7, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022, Japan
| | - Manami Miyawaki
- Domo-work (Specified Nonprofit Corporation), 7-26-7, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0022, Japan
| | - John Van Borsel
- Department of Logopaedic and Audiologic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185 2P1, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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