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Voss WN, Hou YJ, Johnson NV, Delidakis G, Kim JE, Javanmardi K, Horton AP, Bartzoka F, Paresi CJ, Tanno Y, Chou CW, Abbasi SA, Pickens W, George K, Boutz DR, Towers DM, McDaniel JR, Billick D, Goike J, Rowe L, Batra D, Pohl J, Lee J, Gangappa S, Sambhara S, Gadush M, Wang N, Person MD, Iverson BL, Gollihar JD, Dye JM, Herbert AS, Finkelstein IJ, Baric RS, McLellan JS, Georgiou G, Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC. Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes. Science 2021; 372:1108-1112. [PMID: 33947773 PMCID: PMC8224265 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular composition and binding epitopes of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that circulate in blood plasma after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are unknown. Proteomic deconvolution of the IgG repertoire to the spike glycoprotein in convalescent subjects revealed that the response is directed predominantly (>80%) against epitopes residing outside the receptor binding domain (RBD). In one subject, just four IgG lineages accounted for 93.5% of the response, including an amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD)-directed antibody that was protective against lethal viral challenge. Genetic, structural, and functional characterization of a multidonor class of "public" antibodies revealed an NTD epitope that is recurrently mutated among emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. These data show that "public" NTD-directed and other non-RBD plasma antibodies are prevalent and have implications for SARS-CoV-2 protection and antibody escape.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Protein Domains
- Proteomics
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Voss
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicole V Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - George Delidakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andrew P Horton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Foteini Bartzoka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chelsea J Paresi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yuri Tanno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shawn A Abbasi
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Whitney Pickens
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Katia George
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daniel R Boutz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory-South, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dalton M Towers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Daniel Billick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jule Goike
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lori Rowe
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center Department of Microbiology 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA, USA
| | - Dhwani Batra
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin Lee
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Gadush
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maria D Person
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Brent L Iverson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jimmy D Gollihar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory-South, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ilya J Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Voss WN, Hou YJ, Johnson NV, Kim JE, Delidakis G, Horton AP, Bartzoka F, Paresi CJ, Tanno Y, Abbasi SA, Pickens W, George K, Boutz DR, Towers DM, McDaniel JR, Billick D, Goike J, Rowe L, Batra D, Pohl J, Lee J, Gangappa S, Sambhara S, Gadush M, Wang N, Person MD, Iverson BL, Gollihar JD, Dye J, Herbert A, Baric RS, McLellan JS, Georgiou G, Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC. Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes in COVID-19 convalescent plasma. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 33398269 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.20.423708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although humoral immunity is essential for control of SARS-CoV-2, the molecular composition, binding epitopes and effector functions of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that circulate in blood plasma following infection are unknown. Proteomic deconvolution of the circulating IgG repertoire (Ig-Seq 1 ) to the spike ectodomain (S-ECD 2 ) in four convalescent study subjects revealed that the plasma response is oligoclonal and directed predominantly (>80%) to S-ECD epitopes that lie outside the receptor binding domain (RBD). When comparing antibodies directed to either the RBD, the N-terminal domain (NTD) or the S2 subunit (S2) in one subject, just four IgG lineages (1 anti-S2, 2 anti-NTD and 1 anti-RBD) accounted for 93.5% of the repertoire. Although the anti-RBD and one of the anti-NTD antibodies were equally potently neutralizing in vitro , we nonetheless found that the anti-NTD antibody was sufficient for protection to lethal viral challenge, either alone or in combination as a cocktail where it dominated the effect of the other plasma antibodies. We identified in vivo protective plasma anti-NTD antibodies in 3/4 subjects analyzed and discovered a shared class of antibodies targeting the NTD that utilize unmutated or near-germline IGHV1-24, the most electronegative IGHV gene in the human genome. Structural analysis revealed that binding to NTD is dominated by interactions with the heavy chain, accounting for 89% of the entire interfacial area, with germline residues uniquely encoded by IGHV1-24 contributing 20% (149 Å 2 ). Together with recent reports of germline IGHV1-24 antibodies isolated by B-cell cloning 3,4 our data reveal a class of shared IgG antibodies that are readily observed in convalescent plasma and underscore the role of NTD-directed antibodies in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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