1
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Dockerill M, Ford DJ, Angerani S, Alwis I, Dowman LJ, Ripoll-Rozada J, Smythe RE, Liu JST, Pereira PJB, Jackson SP, Payne RJ, Winssinger N. Development of supramolecular anticoagulants with on-demand reversibility. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02209-z. [PMID: 38689027 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Drugs are administered at a dosing schedule set by their therapeutic index, and termination of action is achieved by clearance and metabolism of the drug. In some cases, such as anticoagulant drugs or immunotherapeutics, it is important to be able to quickly reverse the drug's action. Here, we report a general strategy to achieve on-demand reversibility by designing a supramolecular drug (a noncovalent assembly of two cooperatively interacting drug fragments held together by transient hybridization of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)) that can be reversed with a PNA antidote that outcompetes the hybridization between the fragments. We demonstrate the approach with thrombin-inhibiting anticoagulants, creating very potent and reversible bivalent direct thrombin inhibitors (Ki = 74 pM). The supramolecular inhibitor effectively inhibited thrombus formation in mice in a needle injury thrombosis model, and this activity could be reversed by administration of the PNA antidote. This design is applicable to therapeutic targets where two binding sites can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent Dockerill
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simona Angerani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Imala Alwis
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke J Dowman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rhyll E Smythe
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna S T Liu
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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2
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Bedding MJ, Franck C, Johansen-Leete J, Aggarwal A, Maxwell JWC, Patel K, Hawkins PME, Low JKK, Siddiquee R, Sani HM, Ford DJ, Turville S, Mackay JP, Passioura T, Christie M, Payne RJ. Discovery of High Affinity Cyclic Peptide Ligands for Human ACE2 with SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitory Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:141-152. [PMID: 38085789 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective antiviral compounds is essential for mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Entry of SARS-CoV-2 virions into host cells is mediated by the interaction between the viral spike (S) protein and membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the surface of epithelial cells. Inhibition of this viral protein-host protein interaction is an attractive avenue for the development of antiviral molecules with numerous spike-binding molecules generated to date. Herein, we describe an alternative approach to inhibit the spike-ACE2 interaction by targeting the spike-binding interface of human ACE2 via mRNA display. Two consecutive display selections were performed to direct cyclic peptide ligand binding toward the spike binding interface of ACE2. Through this process, potent cyclic peptide binders of human ACE2 (with affinities in the picomolar to nanomolar range) were identified, two of which neutralized SARS-CoV-2 entry. This work demonstrates the potential of targeting ACE2 for the generation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics as well as broad spectrum antivirals for the treatment of SARS-like betacoronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Bedding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Charlotte Franck
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jason Johansen-Leete
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Joshua W C Maxwell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paige M E Hawkins
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jason K K Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rezwan Siddiquee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hakimeh Moghaddas Sani
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Toby Passioura
- Sydney Analytical Core Research Facility, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Christie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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3
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Johansen-Leete J, Ullrich S, Fry SE, Frkic R, Bedding MJ, Aggarwal A, Ashhurst AS, Ekanayake KB, Mahawaththa MC, Sasi VM, Luedtke S, Ford DJ, O'Donoghue AJ, Passioura T, Larance M, Otting G, Turville S, Jackson CJ, Nitsche C, Payne RJ. Antiviral cyclic peptides targeting the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3826-3836. [PMID: 35432913 PMCID: PMC8966731 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06750h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivirals that specifically target SARS-CoV-2 are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The main protease (Mpro) is essential for SARS-CoV-2 replication and is an attractive target for antiviral development. Here we report the use of the Random nonstandard Peptide Integrated Discovery (RaPID) mRNA display on a chemically cross-linked SARS-CoV-2 Mpro dimer, which yielded several high-affinity thioether-linked cyclic peptide inhibitors of the protease. Structural analysis of Mpro complexed with a selenoether analogue of the highest-affinity peptide revealed key binding interactions, including glutamine and leucine residues in sites S1 and S2, respectively, and a binding epitope straddling both protein chains in the physiological dimer. Several of these Mpro peptide inhibitors possessed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro with EC50 values in the low micromolar range. These cyclic peptides serve as a foundation for the development of much needed antivirals that specifically target SARS-CoV-2. RaPID mRNA display was used for the discovery of antiviral cyclic peptides that potently and selectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The most potent inhibitor exhibited a novel binding mode, interacting with residues across the homodimer interface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Johansen-Leete
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sven Ullrich
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Fry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Frkic
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Max J. Bedding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Anneliese S. Ashhurst
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kasuni B. Ekanayake
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mithun C. Mahawaththa
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Vishnu M. Sasi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephanie Luedtke
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel J. Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony J. O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toby Passioura
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Larance
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gottfried Otting
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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4
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Tran W, Kusay AS, Hawkins PME, Cheung CY, Nagalingam G, Pujari V, Ford DJ, Stoye A, Ochoa JL, Audette RE, Hortle E, Oehlers SH, Charman SA, Linington RG, Rubin EJ, Dowson CG, Roper DI, Crick DC, Balle T, Cook GM, Britton WJ, Payne RJ. Synthetic Sansanmycin Analogues as Potent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Translocase I Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17326-17345. [PMID: 34845906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the design and synthesis of inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase I (MurX), the first membrane-associated step of peptidoglycan synthesis, leveraging the privileged structure of the sansanmycin family of uridylpeptide natural products. A number of analogues bearing hydrophobic amide modifications to the pseudo-peptidic end of the natural product scaffold were generated that exhibited nanomolar inhibitory activity against Mtb MurX and potent activity against Mtb in vitro. We show that a lead analogue bearing an appended neopentylamide moiety possesses rapid antimycobacterial effects with a profile similar to the frontline tuberculosis drug isoniazid. This molecule was also capable of inhibiting Mtb growth in macrophages where mycobacteria reside in vivo and reduced mycobacterial burden in an in vivo zebrafish model of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Tran
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ali S Kusay
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Paige M E Hawkins
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Venugopal Pujari
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Daniel J Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alexander Stoye
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica L Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Rebecca E Audette
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Elinor Hortle
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Roger G Linington
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Dean C Crick
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas Balle
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Byrne SA, Bedding MJ, Corcilius L, Ford DJ, Zhong Y, Franck C, Larance M, Mackay JP, Payne RJ. Late-stage modification of peptides and proteins at cysteine with diaryliodonium salts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14159-14166. [PMID: 34760200 PMCID: PMC8565360 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The modification of peptides and proteins has emerged as a powerful means to efficiently prepare high value bioconjugates for a range of applications in chemical biology and for the development of next-generation therapeutics. Herein, we report a novel method for the chemoselective late-stage modification of peptides and proteins at cysteine in aqueous buffer with suitably functionalised diaryliodonium salts, furnishing stable thioether-linked synthetic conjugates. The power of this new platform is showcased through the late-stage modification of the affibody zEGFR and the histone protein H2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Byrne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Max J Bedding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Daniel J Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Yichen Zhong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Charlotte Franck
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Mark Larance
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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6
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Cheruvu MS, Dass D, Ford DJ, Roushdi I. 873 The Keystone Challenge- Volar Displaced Intra-Articular Distal Radius Fractures with Lunate Fossa Fragment. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
Volar displaced fractures of the distal radius are unstable and warrant operative management. A subset of patients with volar displaced fractures also has a separate lunate fossa fragment, a specific injury with greater instability that may precipitate carpal subluxation. We aim to review our long-term experience in the management of this complex injury, exploring surgical technique which may improve treatment.
Method
We retrospectively reviewed all volar displaced distal radius fixations between 2015 and 2020. Inclusion criteria: any displaced intra-articular volar distal radius fracture with lunate fragment involvement undergoing volar fixation and over 16 years of age. Exclusion criteria: shaft fractures, extra-articular fractures, open fractures, fractures fixed using k-wires or external fixation, revision surgery and patients without follow-up. We adapted our surgical approach in order to address this more complex fracture pattern, and all operations were performed by specialist hand surgeons.
Results
468 distal radius fractures were assessed, of which 29 (6%) cases included a lunate fossa fragment. 20 (69%) of patients were female, mean age was 59 years (SD 12.4). Mean length of stay was 5 hours and mean operative time was 96 mins (range 79-95). No patients had carpal subluxation, fracture fixation failure or return to theatre for any reason.
Conclusions
From our experience as a specialist orthopaedic institution, we recommend the extended FCR approach and intra-focal exposure to manage this complex injury. In particular, the lunate fossa fragment is the keystone which requires dedicated reduction prior to tackling the remaining fracture configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cheruvu
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - D Dass
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - D J Ford
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - I Roushdi
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
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7
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Ford DJ, Duggan NM, Fry SE, Ripoll-Rozada J, Agten SM, Liu W, Corcilius L, Hackeng TM, van Oerle R, Spronk HMH, Ashhurst AS, Mini Sasi V, Kaczmarski JA, Jackson CJ, Pereira PJB, Passioura T, Suga H, Payne RJ. Potent Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of FXIIa Discovered by mRNA Display with Genetic Code Reprogramming. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7853-7876. [PMID: 34044534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The contact system comprises a series of serine proteases that mediate procoagulant and proinflammatory activities via the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and the kallikrein-kinin system, respectively. Inhibition of Factor XIIa (FXIIa), an initiator of the contact system, has been demonstrated to lead to thrombo-protection and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models and serves as a potentially safer target for the development of antithrombotics. Herein, we describe the use of the Randomised Nonstandard Peptide Integrated Discovery (RaPID) mRNA display technology to identify a series of potent and selective cyclic peptide inhibitors of FXIIa. Cyclic peptides were evaluated in vitro, and three lead compounds exhibited significant prolongation of aPTT, a reduction in thrombin generation, and an inhibition of bradykinin formation. We also describe our efforts to identify the critical residues for binding FXIIa through alanine scanning, analogue generation, and via in silico methods to predict the binding mode of our lead cyclic peptide inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Nisharnthi M Duggan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah E Fry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Stijn M Agten
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene van Oerle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneliese S Ashhurst
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Vishnu Mini Sasi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.,Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Joe A Kaczmarski
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.,Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.,Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Toby Passioura
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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8
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Patel K, Solomon PD, Walshe JL, Ford DJ, Wilkinson-White L, Payne RJ, Low JKK, Mackay JP. BET-Family Bromodomains Can Recognize Diacetylated Sequences from Transcription Factors Using a Conserved Mechanism. Biochemistry 2021; 60:648-662. [PMID: 33620209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Almost all eukaryotic proteins receive diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) that modulate protein activity. Many histone PTMs are well characterized, heavily influence gene regulation, and are often predictors of distinct transcriptional programs. Although our understanding of the histone PTM network has matured, much is yet to be understood about the roles of transcription factor (TF) PTMs, which might well represent a similarly complex and dynamic network of functional regulation. Members of the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family of proteins recognize acetyllysine residues and relay the signals encoded by these modifications. Here, we have investigated the acetylation dependence of several functionally relevant BET-TF interactions in vitro using surface plasmon resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray crystallography. We show that motifs known to be acetylated in TFs E2F1 and MyoD1 can interact with all bromodomains of BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4. The interactions are dependent on diacetylation of the motifs and show a preference for the first BET bromodomain. Structural mapping of the interactions confirms a conserved mode of binding for the two TFs to the acetyllysine binding pocket of the BET bromodomains, mimicking that of other already established functionally important histone- and TF-BET interactions. We also examined a motif from the TF RelA that is known to be acetylated but were unable to observe any interaction, regardless of the acetylation state of the sequence. Our findings overall advance our understanding of BET-TF interactions and suggest a physical link between the important diacetylated motifs found in E2F1 and MyoD1 and the BET-family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Patel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul D Solomon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James L Walshe
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ford
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jason K K Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Johansen-Leete J, Passioura T, Foster SR, Bhusal RP, Ford DJ, Liu M, Jongkees SAK, Suga H, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Discovery of Potent Cyclic Sulfopeptide Chemokine Inhibitors via Reprogrammed Genetic Code mRNA Display. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9141-9146. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby Passioura
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Simon R. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ram Prasad Bhusal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Minglong Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Seino A. K. Jongkees
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein ScienceThe University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Shehovych A, Salar O, Meyer C, Ford DJ. Adult distal radius fractures classification systems: essential clinical knowledge or abstract memory testing? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2016; 98:525-531. [PMID: 27513789 PMCID: PMC5392888 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classification systems should be tools for concise communication, which ideally can predict prognosis and guide treatment. They should be relevant, reproducible, reliable, properly validated and most importantly simple to use and understand. There are 15 described distal radius classification systems present in the literature in the past 70 years, of which 8 are discussed in this paper. For each classification, we give an insight into its history, strengths and weaknesses, and provide evidence from the literature on reliability and reproducibility. Sadly, on completion of this paper we have not found a distal radius fracture classification that proved to be useful. Failings range from poor reproducibility and reliability, and over-complexity mainly emanating from the inability to classify this spectrum of injury in all of its manifestations. Consequently, we would suggest that classification systems for acute adult distal radius fractures are not useful clinical knowledge but mainly historical and/or research tools. Moreover, we would discourage trainees from spending time learning these classifications, as they serve not as essential clinical knowledge but more as forms of abstract memory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shehovych
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital , Shrewsbury UK
| | - O Salar
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital , Shrewsbury UK
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry , Shropshire , UK
| | - Cer Meyer
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital , Shrewsbury UK
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry , Shropshire , UK
| | - D J Ford
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital , Shrewsbury UK
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry , Shropshire , UK
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Abstract
This study examines the presentation, management and outcomes of a series of 10 patients with giant lipomatous tumours (defined as greater than 5 cm diameter) of the hand and forearm who presented to our orthopaedic oncology service. All patients underwent local staging and were discussed at our multidisciplinary tumour meeting prior to definitive surgery. In all cases, neurovascular structures required mobilization in order to excise the tumour. Seven of the tumours were benign lipomas and one was a neural fibrolipoma. The other two were well differentiated lipoma-like liposarcomas/atypical lipomatous tumours. Giant lipomas and well differentiated lipoma-like liposarcomas/atypical lipomatous tumours of the hand and forearm present infrequently and a multidisciplinary approach is recommended in the investigation and surgical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Cribb
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
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12
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Thomson FC, Ford DJ. P142 Reduced all cause Healthcare Utilisation after Breathing Retraining for Dysfunctional Breathing. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gregory JJ, Kostakopoulou K, Cool WP, Ford DJ. One-year outcome for elderly patients with displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck managed non-operatively. Injury 2010; 41:1273-6. [PMID: 20630527 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of patients with a displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture treated non-operatively was assessed at 1 year and compared with patients managed operatively over the same time period. Data were collected prospectively for 102 consecutive patients. 80 patients underwent hemiarthroplasty and 22 were managed non-operatively. Patients were managed non-operatively if they were felt to have an unacceptably high risk of death within the perioperative period despite medical optimisation. Non-operative management entailed active early mobilisation without bed rest or traction. Patients managed non-operatively had a greater 30-day mortality compared with operatively managed patients. Deaths were due to pre-existing medical conditions or events, which had occurred at the time of hip fracture. No patient in the non-operative treatment group developed pneumonia, pressure sores or thrombo-embolic events. Patients treated non-operatively, who survived 30 days after fracture, had a mortality rate over the following year comparable with those who had undergone surgery. At 1 year, all non-operatively managed patients were able to transfer without pain and 6 of the 11 surviving patients were able to mobilise with walking aids. At 1 year, the majority of surviving non-operatively managed patients were living in their own homes. Surgical intervention is the treatment of choice for the majority of elderly patients with a displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture. However, in patients with life-threatening medical co-morbidity, non-operative treatment with early mobilisation can yield acceptable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gregory
- The Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Shropshire, UK.
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Ford DJ, Fogarty DG, Steenkamp R, Tomson CRV, Ben-Shlomo Y, Ansell D. UK Renal Registry 12th Annual Report (December 2009): chapter 13: the UK Renal Registry advanced CKD study: frequency of incorrect reporting of date of start of RRT. Nephron Clin Pract 2010; 115 Suppl 1:c271-8. [PMID: 20413951 DOI: 10.1159/000301236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preliminary review of the UK Renal Registry (UKRR) pre-RRT study data revealed results suggesting that, for some patients, the date of start of renal replacement therapy (RRT), as reported to the UKRR, was incorrect and often significantly later than the true date of start. A more detailed study then aimed to validate a set of criteria to identify patients with an incorrect start date. METHODS Pre-RRT laboratory data were electronically extracted from 8,810 incident RRT patients from 9 UK renal centres. Any patient with a low urea (<15 mmol/L) at the start of RRT or with a substantial improvement in kidney function (either a fall in urea >10 mmol/L or rise in eGFR >2 ml/ min/1.73 m) within the two months prior to RRT were considered to potentially have an incorrect date of start. In 4 selected centres, the electronic patient records of all patients flagged were reviewed to validate these criteria. RESULTS Of 8,810 patients, 1,616 (18.3%) were flagged by the identification criteria as having a potentially incorrect date of start of RRT, although a single centre accounted for 41% of the total flagged cohort. Of these flagged patients, 61.7% had been assigned an incorrect date of start of haemodialysis (HD), 5.7% had evidence of acute RRT being given before the reported date of start of HD and 9.2% had evidence of starting peritoneal dialysis exchanges prior to the reported date of start. Of those flagged, 10.7% had a correct date of start of RRT. CONCLUSIONS Accurate reporting of RRT episodes is vital for the analysis of time dependent studies such as survival or time to transplantation. A proportion of patients starting RRT were assigned an incorrect start date. In order to improve the accuracy of this reporting the UK Renal Registry must work with renal centres and clinical staff on improving data input for the start of RRT.
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Shattock MJ, Miller JI, Marchant CL, Foreman MA, Ford DJ, Bray DG, Waldron CB, Chambers DJ, Warley A. A cryoclamp for the rapid cryofixation of the isolated blood-perfused rabbit cardiac papillary muscle preparation at predefined times during the contraction cycle. J Microsc 1998; 192:269-79. [PMID: 9923419 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1998.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the distribution of monovalent cations in cardiac cells may be non-uniform, particularly in the region immediately beneath the sarcolemma, and we have proposed that a build-up of sodium in this region could be an important factor in the development of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis is ideal for the study of such changes in distribution but the application of the technique to this problem imposes severe requirements on the specimen and on the method for cryofixation. The specimen must be perfused through its vasculature so that it can be made truly ischaemic and be successfully reperfused. It is necessary to be able to cryofix the specimen without disturbance of its blood supply, electrical stimulation or temperature. It is also important to know the time in the contraction cycle when cryofixation occurs. Here we describe the design of an automated cryofixation device which can be used to cryofix a blood perfused papillary muscle preparation at predetermined time points in the contraction cycle. Preliminary data obtained from the analysis of rabbit papillary muscles subjected to varying periods of ischaemia are included as an example of the use of the cryoclamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Shattock
- Cardiovascular Research, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Ford DJ, Scragg R, Weir J. Sale of cigarettes to school children aged 14 and 15 years in New Zealand. N Z Med J 1997; 110:225-7. [PMID: 9236804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the sources of cigarettes and extent of illegal sales to 14 and 15 year old children, and to examine associated risk factors in order to more effectively reduce tobacco access to children. METHOD Nationwide cross sectional survey of fourth form school children in New Zealand by means of an anonymous self administered questionnaire. RESULTS Questionnaires from 14,097 fourteen and fifteen years olds were analysed, with over one third smokers. Twenty four percent of the whole group (3432) had bought cigarettes in the last year. Of smokers, 59.9% bought their own, with the great majority (68.9%) from dairies, particularly females. Ninety five percent said it was "easy" or "very easy" to buy cigarettes, and this was a major risk factor for this behaviour (relative risk (RR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.74, 2.32, RR = 2.54, CI 2.28, 2.83, respectively). Only 24.6% children had ever been refused cigarettes because of age and all points of sale were comparable in this respect. Heavy smokers and males were more likely to have been refused. While refusal was associated with a fourfold increase in the perception that it was difficult to buy cigarettes, there was only a minimal reduction in the risk of children buying their own cigarettes (RR = 0.95, CI 0.91, 1.00). CONCLUSION We have shown that the illegal sale of cigarettes to children is unacceptably easy and accurately perceived as such by children who smoke. The active enforcement of existing or future legislation is essential, with prosecution of offending retailers, if we are to make any progress to reduce the high prevalence of smoking in New Zealand children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Ford
- Department of Medicine, Scarborough Hospital, England
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Ford DJ, Scragg R, Weir J, Gaiser J. A national survey of cigarette smoking in fourth-form school children in New Zealand. N Z Med J 1995; 108:454-7. [PMID: 8538962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking in 14 and 15 year old school children in New Zealand and to examine associated risk factors. METHODS Nationwide cross-sectional survey of fourth-form school children in New Zealand by means of an anonymous self administered questionnaire in November 1992. RESULTS Questionnaires from 14,097 fourteen and fifteen year-olds were analysed. 65.6% had tried smoking, and 36.1% regarded themselves as smokers. Females and Maori had significantly higher prevalence rates. Of Maori females 44.6% were current smokers (more than one per month) compared to 24.0% for the whole group, and 33.0% were daily smokers. Pacific Island students, who have similar socioeconomic disadvantage to Maori, have a lower relative risk of smoking (RR) 0.79, (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68, 0.91), than Europeans. Major independent risk factors were identified and population attributable risk was calculated for parental smoking (22.9%), poor knowledge of adverse health effects (7.3%) and watching televised sports (13.4%). These three modifiable factors accounted for 36.1% of the total smoking prevalence in these children. CONCLUSION The continued high prevalence of smoking in New Zealand children, especially in Maori and in females, prove current public health measures to be inadequate. Our results suggest that strategies aimed at decreasing parental smoking, improving student knowledge of adverse health effects and preventing tobacco sponsorship of television sports could greatly decrease the smoking prevalence in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Ford
- Department of Medicine, North Shore Hospital, Auckland
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19
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Ware GJ, Ford DJ. Cost benefit of pharmacy audit and nonrestrictive antibiotic policy. N Z Med J 1993; 106:160. [PMID: 8479665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G J Ware
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland School of Medicine
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Trickett AE, Ford DJ, Lam-Po-Tang PR, Vowels MR. Immunomagnetic bone marrow purging of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells: suitability of BioMag particles. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991; 7:199-203. [PMID: 2059757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunomagnetic bone marrow purging is becoming a widely used technique in many bone marrow transplant centres. Most centres use Dynabead magnetic particles to facilitate the procedure. The suitability of a novel magnetic particle (BioMag) for immunomagnetic purging was addressed in this study. Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells were targeted using CD9 and CD10 mouse monoclonal antibodies prior to attachment of magnetic particles coated with anti-mouse immunoglobulin and depleted with samarium cobalt magnets. Immunofluorescent and clonogenic assays capable of measuring more than four log depletions of the Nalm 6 cell line showed that a single cycle of purging reduced target cells by 3.1 +/- 0.9 BioMag particles and 1.8 +/- 1.0 logs with Dynabeads. A second cycle of purging was advantageous, increasing target cell depletions to more than 4.5 logs with either particle type. Bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units were not significantly reduced. The results indicate that BioMag particles can be used for the efficient depletion of common ALL cells from bone marrow for transplantation.
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Trickett AE, Ford DJ, Lam-Po-Tang PR, Vowels MR. Sensitive detection of residual acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells for monitoring bone marrow purging. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:2175-6. [PMID: 2219334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A E Trickett
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Trickett AE, Ford DJ, Lam-Po-Tang PR, Vowels MR. Comparison of magnetic particles for immunomagnetic bone marrow purging using an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia model. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:2177-8. [PMID: 2219335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A E Trickett
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Sixty two patients with fractures of the neck of the little finger metacarpal have been studied. Treatment consisted of unrestricted exercises without any splintage or attempts at reduction, irrespective of the degree of angulation of the fractures. Patients were reviewed at one or two-weekly intervals until movement had recovered and return to work was possible. One year after injury, patients were recalled for examination. Recovery was rapid with no long-term functional restriction, although 14% of patients noted minor cosmetic deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Ford
- North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary, Stoke-on-Trent
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Abstract
There is still some uncertainty as to the best inspired oxygen concentration to use in the treatment of acute asthma before measurement of arterial blood gases can be made. In the absence of published data, we report a prospective study in which 35% oxygen was the initial therapy given to patients with moderate to severe asthma, and arterial blood gases were taken to assess the adequacy of oxygenation and the safety of this method. Forty-five episodes were analyzed and a wide range of PaO2 was observed (8.8-21.3 kPa 66-160 mmHg). No relationship was shown between PaCO2 and either PaO2 or duration of oxygen treatment. It was concluded that 35% oxygen given in acute asthma is both safe and probably adequate. A lesser concentration of oxygen could expose asthmatics to an unacceptable risk of significant hypoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Ford
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Abstract
Sixty two patients with fractures of the neck of the little finger metacarpal have been studied. Treatment consisted of unrestricted exercises without any splintage or attempts at reduction, irrespective of the degree of angulation of the fractures. Patients were reviewed at one or two-weekly intervals until movement had recovered and return to work was possible. One year after injury, patients were recalled for examination. Recovery was rapid with no long-term functional restriction, although 14% of patients noted minor cosmetic deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Ford
- North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary, Stoke-on-Trent
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Ford DJ, Hubbard MJ. Fractures of the femoral shaft. The advantages of internal fixation and problems after skeletal traction. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1987; 32:368-70. [PMID: 3448194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ford DJ, Raj PP. Peripheral neurotoxicity of 2-chloroprocaine and bisulfite in the cat. Anesth Analg 1987; 66:719-22. [PMID: 3605691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The responses of peripheral nerves less than 6 hr after and 2 weeks after exposure to 2-chloroprocaine (2-CP) and bisulfite (BS) were studied in cats using electrophysiologic techniques and by light and electron microscopy. Three percent 2-CP with 0.07% or 0.2% BS was not toxic to peripheral nerves. Three percent 2-CP with 1.2% BS and 1.2% BS (pH 2.8) alone had an acute effect on the peripheral nerves but no chronic effect. Ten percent BS (pH 2.8) caused Wallerian degeneration. However, at pH 4.8, no chronic toxicity was observed. Using conductivity measurements, it was shown that 2-CP and BS, when mixed, form an ion pair in solution that lowers the effective concentration of BS.
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Abstract
Twenty-two patients with 26 fractured metacarpals were treated by internal fixation using A. O. mini-fragment screws and plates. This form of internal fixation was reserved for metacarpal fractures which were multiple, unstable, displaced or rotated. Nine patients had open fractures, two had divided extensor tendons and four had multiple fractures. Fractures consistently united without infection or deformity. The mean duration of postoperative immobilization was seven days and mean time off work was six weeks. All but one patient did manual work. No patients had persistent symptoms which caused difficulty with work or sport. Fourteen patients regained full movement. Four had total active movement of 220 degrees or more in the involved ray and 6 patients had total active movement of between 180 and 220 degrees. Restricted movement was present in patients with open fractures and divided extensor tendons or intra-articular fractures of the metacarpal head. Uniformly satisfactory results were found after mini-screw and plate fixation of metacarpal fractures.
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Abstract
Thirty-six patients were treated for 38 phalangeal fractures using 1.5 mm and 2 mm A. O. screws. Plates were not used in the fingers. Oblique fractures of the condyles, shafts or bases of the proximal or middle phalanges were treated by internal fixation because of instability, displacement or rotation. 40% of fractures had associated skin wounds, were comminuted or had damage to the extensor mechanism. The mean duration of post-operative immobilization was 9 days and the mean time off work was 6 weeks. Total active movement in the involved ray was 220 degrees or greater in 24 cases, 180 degrees to 215 degrees in eight cases, and less than 180 degrees in two patients at follow up. The patients were reviewed between three and 54 months after treatment and the mean duration of follow up was 24 months. The most frequent complication was 10 degrees to 30 degrees of flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint after internal fixation of condylar fractures. Results were satisfactory in 90% of cases.
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Ford DJ, el-Hadidi S, Lunn PG, Burke FD. Fractures of the Metacarpals: Treatment by A. O. Screw and Plate Fixation. Journal of Hand Surgery 1987; 12:34-7. [PMID: 3572175 DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681_87_90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two patients with 26 fractured metacarpals were treated by internal fixation using A. O. mini-fragment screws and plates. This form of internal fixation was reserved for metacarpal fractures which were multiple, unstable, displaced or rotated. Nine patients bad open fractures, two had divided extensor tendons and four had multiple fractures.
Fractures consistently united without infection or deformity. The mean duration of postoperative immobilization was seven days and mean time off work was six weeks. All but one patient did manual work. No patients had persistent symptoms which caused difficulty with work or sport. Fourteen patients regained full movement. Four had total active movement of 220 degrees or more in the involved ray and 6 patients had total active movement of between 180 and 220 degrees. Restricted movement was present in patients with open fractures and divided extensor tendons or intra-articular fractures of the metacarpal head.
Uniformly satisfactory results were found after mini-screw and plate fixation of metacarpal fractures.
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Ford DJ, Khoury G, el-Hadidi S, Lunn PG, Burke FD. The Herbert screw for fractures of the scaphoid. A review of results and technical difficulties. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1987; 69:124-7. [PMID: 3818717 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.69b1.3818717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed 22 patients with scaphoid fractures treated by internal fixation with the Herbert screw. Three patients had trans-scaphoid perilunar dislocations, one had an oblique displaced fracture of the waist of the scaphoid and 18 had fractures with delayed or non-union. Corticocancellous bone grafts were added in nine of the cases of non-union. Results were excellent or good in 80% of cases after a mean duration of postoperative immobilisation of four weeks. The technical difficulties are analysed and the problems of applying the jig and of operative exposure are discussed.
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Abstract
Five patients suffered injuries around the wrist complicated by acute tunnel syndrome. Pain associated with median nerve paraesthesia or hypo-aesthesia are indications for urgent treatment; in four patients where operation was delayed, the outcome was poor.
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Abstract
Three patients have been reported who developed metastatic tumour within the neural tissue of the brachial plexus three years, four years and fourteen years respectively after treatment of breast carcinoma by simple mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. A fourth patient who developed bilateral upper limb paralysis after radiotherapy for a lymphoma is also reported. At exploration of the brachial plexus extensive fibrosis was present in all cases with metastases only diagnosed through biopsy of neural tissue. The clinical features and the role of surgery are discussed in the light of our experience and a review of available literature.
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Ford DJ, Singh P, Watters C, Raj PP. Duration and toxicity of bupivacaine for topical anesthesia of the airway in the cat. Anesth Analg 1984; 63:1001-4. [PMID: 6496968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To assess bupivacaine as a topical anesthetic of the airway, 0.5 ml of 1, 2, and 4% bupivacaine was sprayed down the trachea of lightly anesthetized cats and the duration of anesthesia, systemic toxicity, and local toxicity was compared to that produced by 4% lidocaine. Two percent bupivacaine suppressed the cough reflex longer than 4% lidocaine with no increase in either local or systemic toxicity. Four percent bupivacaine produced arrhythmias in 5 of 10 cats in two groups and apnea in 4 of 6 cats. This study indicates that 2% would be an appropriate concentration to assess bupivacaine as a topical anesthetic of the airway in humans.
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Ford DJ, Pither C, Raj PP. Comparison of insulated and uninsulated needles for locating peripheral nerves with a peripheral nerve stimulator. Anesth Analg 1984; 63:925-8. [PMID: 6486492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the use of insulated and uninsulated needles with a peripheral nerve stimulator for locating a peripheral nerve in an anesthetized cat. The needles were mounted on a one-dimensional manipulator and both the saphenous and sciatic nerves were located. The tip of the insulated needle was consistently placed on the sciatic nerve. The tip of the uninsulated needle was placed 0.1-0.9 cm past the sciatic nerve. Injecting saline to assess the position of the tip of the needle relative to the sciatic nerve did not detect the needle being past the nerve. With the saphenous nerve preparation, both the needle and nerve were visible through the tissue. Using an insulated needle, the minimum current required to stimulate the nerve occurred when the tip of the needle touched the saphenous nerve. Using an uninsulated needle, the minimum current occurred when the tip was 0.1-0.8 cm past the nerve. The conclusion is that insulated needles more precisely locate the peripheral nerve than uninsulated needles.
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Abstract
The effect of immunologic hypersensitivity to a metabolite of halothane (trifluoroacetate) on the halothane-hypoxia-induction model was tested in mice and rats. Male Fisher 344 rats (200 g) were immunized with ovalbumin-trifluoroacetate (OVA-TFA) and the time course of the delayed hypersensitivity response determined. The animals had a peak response between 4 and 6 weeks after immunization. Rats were immunized with OVA-TFA, OVA, or saline 5 weeks before being anesthetized. Ten days before anesthesia, the animals were started on 0.1% phenobarbital in the drinking water. The animals were anesthetized with 1% halothane and 14% oxygen for 2 h. Hypersensitivity to TFA had no effect on the liver damage in either the mouse or the rat. These results do not rule out an immunologic vector in halothane hepatitis but make the involvement of TFA unlikely.
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Abstract
Controversy still surrounds the differential susceptibility of nerve fibers to local anesthetic conduction block. In order to help resolve this controversy, we developed an in vivo model of peripheral nerve blockade in the cat that closely reproduced the clinical state. Using this model, differential rate of nerve blockade of A-alpha, A-delta, and C fibers by 2-chloroprocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and etidocaine was observed and quantitated. C fibers were blocked first by 2-chloroprocaine, lidocaine and bupivacaine. Etidocaine blocked A-delta fibers first. A-alpha fibers always were blocked last. Of the four local anesthetics tested, 2-chloroprocaine produced the greatest differential rate of block of the nerve fibers, and etidocaine produced the least.
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Ford DJ, Ward RJ. The effect on mice of practical diets containing different protein and energy levels. Lab Anim 1983; 17:336-9. [PMID: 6678357 DOI: 10.1258/002367783781062406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice of 2 strains were fed diets of natural ingredients in 3 different laboratories. The diets, which were fed before and after pelleting, contained levels of protein and energy within the ranges comparable to those found in existing laboratory diets and were the same formulation as those fed to rats in a previous paper. The diet with the lowest energy level supported the lowest rate of bodyweight gain, as it had with rats. Little effect was noticed on food consumption, conversion efficiency or water intake. Animals fed the pelleted diets gained bodyweight faster and there were indications of greater food and water consumption and also food conversion efficiency. It was concluded that food intake was improved with the pelleted diets resulting in the other increases.
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Abstract
Rats of 3 strains were fed diets of natural ingredients in 4 different laboratories. The diets contained different levels of protein and energy within ranges comparable to those found in existing laboratory diets. Energy level over the range examined appeared to exert greatest influence on bodyweight gain, but had no effect on food intake. The diet with the highest amino acid content was consumed in smaller amounts than the other diets. Food utilization was less efficient in the lower energy diets. Fat deposition was reduced in animals fed the lowest energy diet. It is concluded that energy level of the diet exerts an effect on the rate of bodyweight gain in rats, but that for longer-term studies a reduced energy level may be beneficial by leading to smaller fat deposits with consequent increase in longevity.
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Ritschel WA, Bykadi G, Ford DJ, Bloomfield SS, Levy RC. Pilot study on disposition and pain relief after i.m. administration of meperidine during the day or night. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1983; 21:218-23. [PMID: 6683251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two groups (four patients each) of sickle cell anemia patients with severe pain were studied. One group comprised patients admitted to emergency unit in the morning (5:40 to 9:15) and the other patients admitted in the evening (18:53 to 22:50). All patients received intramuscular meperidine (1.5 mg/kg). Pain intensity and pain relief were followed for 4 h; blood samples were taken up to 6 h after drug administration. Significant differences in drug disposition were found between the day and night groups, as the elimination half-life was 46% shorter during the night and the total serum clearance was 70% greater during the night. Whereas a positive correlation was found between drug concentration and pain relief for the day group, no such correlation was found for th night group. Even though peak concentrations were higher during the night, analgesia was lower. This pilot study suggests that much higher meperidine doses might be required during the night to achieve equieffective analgesia.
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Abstract
Substantial interaction was observed in 3 inbred strains of mice maintained on 5 normal commercial pelleted diets. Strain B10.BR was most sensitive to the unknown dietary factor, and the ranking of B10.BR and A2G was reversed across the array of diets. There was no apparent relationship between the ‘biological’ value of the diet and 21 dietary ingredients determined chemically. The study shows that the diet which gives the best performance for one strain of mice may not be the best for another.
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Dosa S, Pesce AJ, Ford DJ, Muckerheide A, Michael JG. Immunological properties of peptic fragments of bovine serum albumin. Immunol Suppl 1979; 38:509-17. [PMID: 93079 PMCID: PMC1457839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of peptic degradation on the immunological and antigenic properties of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. Molecular fragments obtained after various times of digestion (3-360 min) were studied. Enzymatic digestion resulted in a rapid loss of serologically defined antigenic determinants. The immunogenicity of the fragments as measured by the level of reaginic and total anti-BSA antibody response in BDF1 mice was also diminished. Pre-treatment of mice with fragments exhibiting a low density of B-cell interacting determinants before immunization with BSA, resulted in significant suppression of both the primary and secondary antibody response. The most effective immunosuppressive fragments were obtained following removal of peptides which bound to anti-BSA antibodies. The suppression was shown to be antigen specific. It was concluded that separate determinants on the BSA molecule were responsible for the immunogenic and suppressive properties of the antigen.
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Turton JA, Ford DJ, Bleby J, Hall BM, Whiting R. Composition of the milk of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and milk substitutes used in hand-rearing programmes, with special reference to fatty acids. Folia Primatol (Basel) 1978; 29:64-79. [PMID: 417007 DOI: 10.1159/000155827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) milk were carried out to determine values for crude protein, lactose, total lipids, major minerals, and osmotic pressure. Mean values were (g/100 ml): protein, 3.6; lactose, 7.5; total lipids, 7.7; minerals (mg/100 ml): sodium, 21.4; potassium, 54.3; calcium, 92.2; phosphorus, 22.8; magnesium, 5.0; chloride, 52.2; osmotic pressure, 354 mosm/kg water. Similar analyses were conducted on 2 milk substitutes used in hand-rearing programmes. Fatty acid analyses were carried out on natural milk, the milk substitutes, and the marmoset diet. For hand-rearing C. jacchus it is recommended that a human milk substitute is modified by increasing the levels of protein, carbohydrate, and total lipids, and that a small amount of fish oil is added.
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Ford DJ, Radin R, Pesce AJ. Characterization of glutaraldehyde coupled alkaline phosphatase--antibody and lactoperoxidase--antibody conjugates. Immunochemistry 1978; 15:237-43. [PMID: 97208 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(78)90061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Increasing hardness of diet pellets reduced food wastage by each species. Also, less wastage occurred when pellets made from finely ground materials were given, an effect that was not related to hardness. The hardest diet reduced growth of the mice by reducing true food consumption and a poorer food conversion efficiency (true food consumption/growth) was obtained. Apparent food consumption increased with the softness of the diet and food utilization (apparent food consumption/growth) of the softest diets was less efficient than those of the others. Grinding of the raw materials prior to pelleting had no effect on food conversion, but food utilization was less efficient because of the greater wastage of pellets from coarsely ground materials and consequent apparent food comsumption.
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Abstract
A pelleted and 2 expanded rodent diets were autoclaved at 121 degrees C for 20 minutes, and fed to DBA/1 and LACA strains of mice. Reproduction was not significantly different on any diet and autoclaving had no effect other than increasing the intervals between litters. However, apparent food consumption was greater and efficiency of food utilization (expressed as young weaned/diet consumed) was poorer in mice fed pelleted diets. Diet had no significant effect on growth, but food wastage and consequently apparent food consumption were less and food utilization more efficient when expanded diets were fed. In addition, true food consumption was lower and food conversion more efficient. Autoclaving had little effect on expanded diets but caused a significant reduction in wastage and in apparent and true consumption of the pelleted diet, perhaps because of increased hardness.
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Clarke HE, Coates ME, Eva JK, Ford DJ, Milner CK, O'Donoghue PN, Scott PP, Ward RJ. Dietary standards for laboratory animals: report of the Laboratory Animals Centre Diets Advisory Committee. Lab Anim 1977; 11:1-28. [PMID: 402499 DOI: 10.1258/002367777780959175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
1. The effect on protein quality of treating a commercial rat diet by autoclaving at various temperatures for different periods of time, or by irradiation with 2-5 or 10 Mrd, was studied. True digestibility (TD) and biological value (BV) were measured and the available and total amino acids in the diets were estimated using microbiological and chemical methods. 2. Autoclaving at 121 degrees for 60 min reduced BV, TD and net protein utilization (NPU) more than autoclaving at 134 degrees for 3 min. Availability of amino acids was reduced by both treatments but to a greater extent by autoclaving at 121 degrees for 60 min. Total amino acids were essentially unaffected. Irradiation had no effect on BV, TD, NPU or total amino acids, and the availability of amino acids was also unaffected, with the exception of lysine which was slightly reduced. 3. When the diet was autoclaved at 115 or 121 degrees for 15, 30 or 60 min, or at 134 degrees for 3 min the availability of the amino acids was reduced with increasing time and temperature of treatment. Treatment at 134 degrees for 3 min had an effect on available amino acids similar to treatment at 121 degrees for 15 or 30 min. 4. Ethylene oxide fumigation of the diet caused reduced availability of histidine, methionine and tryptophan but had negligble effect on arginine, leucine and lysine. 5. It is concluded that from a practical point of view irradiation causes least damage to proteins in rodent diets. If such diets are to be autoclaved they should be supplemented with complete protein to counteract amino acid destruction.
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