1
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Guinn S, Kinny-Köster B, Tandurella JA, Mitchell JT, Sidiropoulos DN, Loth M, Lyman MR, Pucsek AB, Zabransky DJ, Lee JW, Kartalia E, Ramani M, Seppälä TT, Cherry C, Suri R, Zlomke H, Patel J, He J, Wolfgang CL, Yu J, Zheng L, Ryan DP, Ting DT, Kimmelman A, Gupta A, Danilova L, Elisseeff JH, Wood LD, Stein-O’Brien G, Kagohara LT, Jaffee EM, Burkhart RA, Fertig EJ, Zimmerman JW. Transfer Learning Reveals Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Are Associated with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Inflammation in Cancer Cells in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1517-1533. [PMID: 38587552 PMCID: PMC11065624 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment enriched with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). This study used a convergence approach to identify tumor cell and CAF interactions through the integration of single-cell data from human tumors with human organoid coculture experiments. Analysis of a comprehensive atlas of PDAC single-cell RNA sequencing data indicated that CAF density is associated with increased inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cells. Transfer learning using transcriptional data from patient-derived organoid and CAF cocultures provided in silico validation of CAF induction of inflammatory and EMT epithelial cell states. Further experimental validation in cocultures demonstrated integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) and vascular endothelial factor A (VEGFA) interactions with neuropilin-1 mediating CAF-epithelial cell cross-talk. Together, this study introduces transfer learning from human single-cell data to organoid coculture analyses for experimental validation of discoveries of cell-cell cross-talk and identifies fibroblast-mediated regulation of EMT and inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE Adaptation of transfer learning to relate human single-cell RNA sequencing data to organoid-CAF cocultures facilitates discovery of human pancreatic cancer intercellular interactions and uncovers cross-talk between CAFs and tumor cells through VEGFA and ITGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Guinn
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Benedict Kinny-Köster
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joseph A. Tandurella
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jacob T. Mitchell
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dimitrios N. Sidiropoulos
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melanie Loth
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melissa R. Lyman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexandra B. Pucsek
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel J. Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jae W. Lee
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emma Kartalia
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mili Ramani
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Toni T. Seppälä
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital
| | - Christopher Cherry
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Reecha Suri
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Haley Zlomke
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jignasha Patel
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Jun Yu
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David P. Ryan
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David T. Ting
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alec Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology at New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Anuj Gupta
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer H. Elisseeff
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura D. Wood
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Genevieve Stein-O’Brien
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luciane T. Kagohara
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard A. Burkhart
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elana J. Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jacquelyn W. Zimmerman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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2
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Fuller AM, Pruitt HC, Liu Y, Irizarry-Negron VM, Pan H, Song H, DeVine A, Katti RS, Devalaraja S, Ciotti GE, Gonzalez MV, Williams EF, Murazzi I, Ntekoumes D, Skuli N, Hakonarson H, Zabransky DJ, Trevino JG, Weeraratna A, Weber K, Haldar M, Fraietta JA, Gerecht S, Eisinger-Mathason TSK. Oncogene-induced matrix reorganization controls CD8+ T cell function in the soft-tissue sarcoma microenvironment. J Clin Invest 2024:e167826. [PMID: 38652549 DOI: 10.1172/jci167826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell dysfunction impedes anti-tumor immunity in solid cancers but the underlying mechanisms are diverse and poorly understood. Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition has been linked to impaired T cell migration and enhanced tumor progression; however, impacts of individual ECM molecules on T cell function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are only beginning to be elucidated. Upstream regulators of aberrant ECM deposition and organization in solid tumors are equally ill-defined. Therefore, we investigated how ECM composition modulates CD8+ T cell function in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), an immunologically active desmoplastic tumor. Using an autochthonous murine model of UPS and data from multiple human patient cohorts, we discovered a multifaceted mechanism wherein the transcriptional co-activator YAP1 promotes collagen VI (COLVI) deposition in the UPS TME. In turn, COLVI induces CD8+ T cell dysfunction and immune evasion by remodeling fibrillar collagen and inhibiting T cell autophagic flux. Unexpectedly, collagen I (COLI) opposed COLVI in this setting, promoting CD8+ T cell function and acting as a tumor suppressor. Thus, CD8+ T cell responses in sarcoma depend upon oncogene-mediated ECM composition and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Fuller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Hawley C Pruitt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for Nano, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Valerie M Irizarry-Negron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Hehai Pan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Hoogeun Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ann DeVine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Rohan S Katti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Samir Devalaraja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle E Ciotti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Michael V Gonzalez
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Erik F Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Parker Ins, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ileana Murazzi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Dimitris Ntekoumes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Jose G Trevino
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States of America
| | - Ashani Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Kristy Weber
- Penn Sarcoma Program, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Malay Haldar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Parker Ins, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - T S Karin Eisinger-Mathason
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Sarcoma Program, Abra, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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3
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Zabransky DJ, Chhabra Y, Fane ME, Kartalia E, Leatherman JM, Hüser L, Zimmerman JW, Delitto D, Han S, Armstrong TD, Charmsaz S, Guinn S, Pramod S, Thompson ED, Hughes SJ, O'Connell J, Egan JM, Jaffee EM, Weeraratna AT. Fibroblasts in the Aged Pancreas Drive Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1221-1236. [PMID: 38330147 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is more prevalent in older individuals and often carries a poorer prognosis for them. The relationship between the microenvironment and pancreatic cancer is multifactorial, and age-related changes in nonmalignant cells in the tumor microenvironment may play a key role in promoting cancer aggressiveness. Because fibroblasts have profound impacts on pancreatic cancer progression, we investigated whether age-related changes in pancreatic fibroblasts influence cancer growth and metastasis. Proteomics analysis revealed that aged fibroblasts secrete different factors than young fibroblasts, including increased growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Treating young mice with GDF-15 enhanced tumor growth, whereas aged GDF-15 knockout mice showed reduced tumor growth. GDF-15 activated AKT, rendering tumors sensitive to AKT inhibition in an aged but not young microenvironment. These data provide evidence for how aging alters pancreatic fibroblasts and promotes tumor progression, providing potential therapeutic targets and avenues for studying pancreatic cancer while accounting for the effects of aging. SIGNIFICANCE Aged pancreatic fibroblasts secrete GDF-15 and activate AKT signaling to promote pancreatic cancer growth, highlighting the critical role of aging-mediated changes in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment in driving tumor progression. See related commentary by Isaacson et al., p. 1185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Kartalia
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James M Leatherman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura Hüser
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jacquelyn W Zimmerman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel Delitto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Song Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Soren Charmsaz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samantha Guinn
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sneha Pramod
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven J Hughes
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jennifer O'Connell
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Johns Hopkins Cancer Convergence Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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4
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Zabransky DJ, Yarchoan M, Ho WJ. Reply: The Hepa 1-6 may not be suitable for use in hepatocellular carcinoma models to explore responses to drug therapy. Hepatology 2024; 79:E125-E126. [PMID: 38147327 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Won Jin Ho
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Flow/Mass Cytometry Facility, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Jagirdar K, Portuallo ME, Wei M, Wilhide M, Bravo Narula JA, Robertson BM, Alicea GM, Aguh C, Xiao M, Godok T, Fingerman D, Brown GS, Herlyn M, Elad VM, Guo X, Toska E, Zabransky DJ, Wubbenhorst B, Nathanson KL, Kwatra S, Goyal Y, Ji H, Liu Q, Rebecca VW. ERK hyperactivation serves as a unified mechanism of escape in intrinsic and acquired CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in acral lentiginous melanoma. Oncogene 2024; 43:395-405. [PMID: 38066089 PMCID: PMC10837073 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) suffer worse outcomes relative to patients with other forms of cutaneous melanoma (CM), and do not benefit as well to approved melanoma therapies. Identification of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) pathway gene alterations in >60% of ALMs has led to clinical trials of the CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4i/6i) palbociclib for ALM; however, median progression free survival with CDK4i/6i treatment was only 2.2 months, suggesting existence of resistance mechanisms. Therapy resistance in ALM remains poorly understood; here we report hyperactivation of MAPK signaling and elevated cyclin D1 expression serve as a mechanism of intrinsic early/adaptive CDK4i/6i resistance. ALM cells that have acquired CDK4i/6i resistance following chronic treatment exposure also exhibit hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway. MEK and/or ERK inhibition increases CDK4i/6i efficacy against therapy naïve and CDK4i/6i-resistant AM cells in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and promotes a defective DNA repair, cell cycle arrested and apoptotic program. Notably, gene alterations poorly correlate with protein expression of cell cycle proteins in ALM or efficacy of CDK4i/6i, urging additional strategies when stratifying patients for CDK4i/6i trial inclusion. Concurrent targeting of the MAPK pathway and CDK4/6 represents a new approach for patients with metastatic ALM to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturee Jagirdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie E Portuallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meihan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Wilhide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy A Bravo Narula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bailey M Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Crystal Aguh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min Xiao
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tetiana Godok
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan Fingerman
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory Schuyler Brown
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vissy M Elad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eneda Toska
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shawn Kwatra
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vito W Rebecca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Shu DH, Ho WJ, Kagohara LT, Girgis A, Shin SM, Danilova L, Lee JW, Sidiropoulos DN, Mitchell S, Munjal K, Howe K, Bendinelli KJ, Qi H, Mo G, Montagne J, Leatherman JM, Lopez-Vidal TY, Zhu Q, Huff AL, Yuan X, Hernandez A, Coyne EM, Zaidi N, Zabransky DJ, Engle LL, Ogurtsova A, Baretti M, Laheru D, Durham JN, Wang H, Anders R, Jaffee EM, Fertig EJ, Yarchoan M. Immune landscape of tertiary lymphoid structures in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.16.562104. [PMID: 37904980 PMCID: PMC10614819 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy is thought to produce long-term remissions through induction of antitumor immune responses before removal of the primary tumor. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), germinal center-like structures that can arise within tumors, may contribute to the establishment of immunological memory in this setting, but understanding of their role remains limited. Here, we investigated the contribution of TLS to antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy. We found that neoadjuvant immunotherapy induced the formation of TLS, which were associated with superior pathologic response, improved relapse free survival, and expansion of the intratumoral T and B cell repertoire. While TLS in viable tumor displayed a highly active mature morphology, in areas of tumor regression we identified an involuted TLS morphology, which was characterized by dispersion of the B cell follicle and persistence of a T cell zone enriched for ongoing antigen presentation and T cell-mature dendritic cell interactions. Involuted TLS showed increased expression of T cell memory markers and expansion of CD8+ cytotoxic and tissue resident memory clonotypes. Collectively, these data reveal the circumstances of TLS dissolution and suggest a functional role for late-stage TLS as sites of T cell memory formation after elimination of viable tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Shu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Won Jin Ho
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luciane T. Kagohara
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander Girgis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah M. Shin
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jae W. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitrios N. Sidiropoulos
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah Mitchell
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kabeer Munjal
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn Howe
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kayla J. Bendinelli
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hanfei Qi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guanglan Mo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janelle Montagne
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James M. Leatherman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara Y. Lopez-Vidal
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda L. Huff
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexei Hernandez
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin M. Coyne
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J. Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Logan L. Engle
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Mark Foundation Center for Advanced Genomics and Imaging, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aleksandra Ogurtsova
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Mark Foundation Center for Advanced Genomics and Imaging, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marina Baretti
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel Laheru
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer N. Durham
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Anders
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elana J. Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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7
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Zabransky DJ, Danilova L, Leatherman JM, Lopez-Vidal TY, Sanchez J, Charmsaz S, Gross NE, Shin S, Yuan X, Hernandez A, Yang H, Xavier S, Shu D, Saeed A, Munjal K, Kamdar Z, Kagohara LT, Jaffee EM, Yarchoan M, Ho WJ. Profiling of syngeneic mouse HCC tumor models as a framework to understand anti-PD-1 sensitive tumor microenvironments. Hepatology 2023; 77:1566-1579. [PMID: 35941803 PMCID: PMC9905363 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been transformed by the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, most patients with HCC do not benefit from treatment with immunotherapy. There is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms that underlie response or resistance to immunotherapy for patients with HCC. The use of syngeneic mouse models that closely recapitulate the heterogeneity of human HCC will provide opportunities to examine the complex interactions between cancer cells and nonmalignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. APPROACH AND RESULTS We leverage a multifaceted approach that includes imaging mass cytometry and suspension cytometry by time of flight to profile the tumor microenvironments of the Hep53.4, Hepa 1-6, RIL-175, and TIBx (derivative of TIB-75) syngeneic mouse HCC models. The immune tumor microenvironments vary across these four models, and various immunosuppressive pathways exist at baseline in orthotopic liver tumors derived from these models. For instance, TIBx, which is resistant to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy, contains a high proportion of "M2-like" tumor-associated macrophages with the potential to diminish antitumor immunity. Investigation of The Cancer Genome Atlas reveals that the baseline immunologic profiles of Hep53.4, RIL-175, and TIBx are broadly representative of human HCCs; however, Hepa 1-6 does not recapitulate the immune tumor microenvironment of the vast majority of human HCCs. CONCLUSIONS There is a wide diversity in the immune tumor microenvironments in preclinical models and in human HCC, highlighting the need to use multiple syngeneic HCC models to improve the understanding of how to treat HCC through immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James M. Leatherman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamara Y. Lopez-Vidal
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Sanchez
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Soren Charmsaz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole E. Gross
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Shin
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Flow/Mass Cytometry Facility, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexei Hernandez
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongqui Yang
- Flow/Mass Cytometry Facility, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Xavier
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Shu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ali Saeed
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kabeer Munjal
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zeal Kamdar
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luciane T. Kagohara
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Cancer Convergence Institute at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Won Jin Ho
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Flow/Mass Cytometry Facility, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Zabransky DJ, Yarchoan M, Jaffee EM. Strategies for Heating Up Cold Tumors to Boost Immunotherapies. Annu Rev Cancer Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-061421-040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors induce significant and durable treatment responses in about 20% of all cancers, but many patients have natural resistance to current immunotherapies. The past decade of technological advances has resulted in large-scale profiling of many cancers and their tumor microenvironments, rapidly expanding our understanding of the mechanisms utilized by tumors to create immune-resistant microenvironments. In this review, we discuss key factors that create immune resistance and emerging concepts that are redefining how we view immune resistance, as well as highlight novel strategies that aim to convert immune-resistant into immune-sensitive tumors. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cancer Biology, Volume 7 is April 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Zabransky
- The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, The Bloomberg–Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Cancer Convergence Institute, and The Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, The Bloomberg–Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Cancer Convergence Institute, and The Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, The Bloomberg–Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Cancer Convergence Institute, and The Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Zabransky DJ, Chhabra Y, Fane ME, Delitto D, Zimmermann JW, Jaffee EM, Weeraratna AT. Abstract 3638: Age-related changes in pancreatic fibroblasts promote growth and progression of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aging is an important independent risk factor for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the ways in which aging alters cell populations that comprise the PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME) and impacts tumor growth are incompletely understood. PDAC tumors are highly desmoplastic, and fibroblasts are a key component of the TME that are known to alter the behavior of cancer cells and impact treatment responses. Here, we report that normal pancreatic fibroblasts acquire tumor-promoting properties during aging and alter the properties of PDAC cells both in vitro and in vivo.
To determine if PDAC tumors may be influenced by an aged microenvironment, we performed orthotopic KPC cell injections into the pancreata of aged (>64-week-old) and young (6-8-week-old) syngeneic C57Bl/6J mice. Aged mice have significantly larger tumors, increased incidence of metastases, and decreased survival compared to young mice. Tumors from aged mice also have increased neovascularization as evidenced by increased CD31 and CD105 expression. We next queried whether aged pancreatic fibroblasts may contribute to this increase in tumor growth. We have generated a panel of aged (donors >55 years old) and young (donors <35 years old) normal human pancreatic fibroblasts to determine the effects of healthy aging fibroblasts on PDAC cell behavior. Conditioned media from aged human pancreatic fibroblasts significantly increases the proliferation of PDAC cells suggesting that secreted factors produced by aged fibroblasts enhance cancer cell growth. We confirmed this finding using the KPC mouse cell line and conditioned media from aged (>68-week-old) or young (6-8-week-old) normal mouse pancreatic fibroblasts, providing evidence that aged fibroblasts may contribute to the increased tumor growth observed in our in vivo experiments. In addition, aged fibroblast conditioned media increases the migratory potential of PDAC cells in vitro.
Next, we evaluated changes in the invasiveness of PDAC cells in a 3D co-culture system with either aged or young pancreatic fibroblasts. PDAC spheroids containing cancer cells and aged fibroblasts exhibit a significant increase in invasiveness compared to those containing young fibroblasts.
In conclusion, we show that aged, non-cancer-associated pancreatic fibroblasts have the potential to promote growth, migration, and invasiveness in multiple models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
We hypothesize that factors secreted by pancreatic fibroblast change during aging and that this aged secretome is tumor-promoting. We will present these and ongoing studies examining age-related changes in pancreatic fibroblasts in the context of PDAC tumorigenesis.
Citation Format: Daniel J. Zabransky, Yash Chhabra, Mitchell E. Fane, Daniel Delitto, Jacquelyn W. Zimmermann, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Ashani T. Weeraratna. Age-related changes in pancreatic fibroblasts promote growth and progression of pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3638.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yash Chhabra
- 2Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mitchell E. Fane
- 2Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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10
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Fane ME, Chhabra Y, Alicea GM, Maranto DA, Douglass SM, Webster MR, Rebecca VW, Marino GE, Almeida F, Ecker BL, Zabransky DJ, Hüser L, Beer T, Tang HY, Kossenkov A, Herlyn M, Speicher DW, Xu W, Xu X, Jaffee EM, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Weeraratna AT. Stromal changes in the aged lung induce an emergence from melanoma dormancy. Nature 2022; 606:396-405. [PMID: 35650435 PMCID: PMC9554951 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated cancer cells from primary tumours can seed in distal tissues, but may take several years to form overt metastases, a phenomenon that is termed tumour dormancy. Despite its importance in metastasis and residual disease, few studies have been able to successfully characterize dormancy within melanoma. Here we show that the aged lung microenvironment facilitates a permissive niche for efficient outgrowth of dormant disseminated cancer cells-in contrast to the aged skin, in which age-related changes suppress melanoma growth but drive dissemination. These microenvironmental complexities can be explained by the phenotype switching model, which argues that melanoma cells switch between a proliferative cell state and a slower-cycling, invasive state1-3. It was previously shown that dermal fibroblasts promote phenotype switching in melanoma during ageing4-8. We now identify WNT5A as an activator of dormancy in melanoma disseminated cancer cells within the lung, which initially enables the efficient dissemination and seeding of melanoma cells in metastatic niches. Age-induced reprogramming of lung fibroblasts increases their secretion of the soluble WNT antagonist sFRP1, which inhibits WNT5A in melanoma cells and thereby enables efficient metastatic outgrowth. We also identify the tyrosine kinase receptors AXL and MER as promoting a dormancy-to-reactivation axis within melanoma cells. Overall, we find that age-induced changes in distal metastatic microenvironments promote the efficient reactivation of dormant melanoma cells in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Fane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Devon A Maranto
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Douglass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Vito W Rebecca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gloria E Marino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Brett L Ecker
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Hüser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julio A Aguirre-Ghiso
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Mody K, Jain P, El-Refai SM, Azad NS, Zabransky DJ, Baretti M, Shroff RT, Kelley RK, El-Khouiery AB, Hockenberry AJ, Lau D, Lesinski GB, Yarchoan M. Clinical, Genomic, and Transcriptomic Data Profiling of Biliary Tract Cancer Reveals Subtype-Specific Immune Signatures. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100510. [PMID: 35675577 PMCID: PMC9200391 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are aggressive cancers that carry a poor prognosis. An enhanced understanding of the immune landscape of anatomically and molecularly defined subsets of BTC may improve patient selection for immunotherapy and inform immune-based combination treatment strategies. METHODS We analyzed deidentified clinical, genomic, and transcriptomic data from the Tempus database to determine the mutational frequency and mutational clustering across the three major BTC subtypes (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [IHC], extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer). We subsequently determined the relationship between specific molecular alterations and anatomical subsets and features of the BTC immune microenvironment. RESULTS We analyzed 454 samples of BTC, of which the most commonly detected alterations were TP53 (42.5%), CDKN2A (23.4%), ARID1A (19.6%), BAP1 (15.5%), KRAS (15%), CDKN2B (14.2%), PBRM1 (11.7%), IDH1 (11.7%), TERT (8.4%), KMT2C (10.4%) and LRP1B (8.4%), and FGFR2 fusions (8.7%). Potentially actionable molecular alterations were identified in 30.5% of BTCs including 39.1% of IHC. Integrative cluster analysis revealed four distinct molecular clusters, with cluster 4 predominately associated with FGFR2 rearrangements and BAP1 mutations in IHC. Immune-related biomarkers indicative of an inflamed tumor-immune microenvironment were elevated in gallbladder cancers and in cluster 1, which was enriched for TP53, KRAS, and ATM mutations. Multiple common driver genes, including TP53, FGFR2, IDH1, TERT, BRAF, and BAP1, were individually associated with unique BTC immune microenvironments. CONCLUSION BTC subtypes exhibit diverse DNA alterations, RNA inflammatory signatures, and immune biomarkers. The association between specific BTC anatomical subsets, molecular alterations, and immunophenotypes highlights new opportunities for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachna T. Shroff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - R. Katie Kelley
- The University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
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12
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Cravero K, Pantone MV, Shin DH, Bergman R, Cochran R, Chu D, Zabransky DJ, Karthikeyan S, Waters IG, Hunter N, Rosen DM, Kyker-Snowman K, Dalton WB, Button B, Shinn D, Wong HY, Donaldson J, Hurley PJ, Croessmann S, Park BH. NOTCH1 PEST domain variants are responsive to standard of care treatments despite distinct transformative properties in a breast cancer model. Oncotarget 2022; 13:373-386. [PMID: 35186194 PMCID: PMC8849273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating variants in the PEST region of NOTCH1 have been associated with aggressive phenotypes in human cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Previous studies suggested that PEST domain variants in TNBC patients resulted in increased cell proliferation, invasiveness, and decreased overall survival. In this study, we assess the phenotypic transformation of activating NOTCH1 variants and their response to standard of care therapies. AAV-mediated gene targeting was used to isogenically incorporate 3 NOTCH1 variants, including a novel TNBC frameshift variant, in two non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell lines, MCF10A and hTERT-IMEC. Two different variants at the NOTCH1 A2241 site (A2441fs and A2441T) both demonstrated increased transformative properties when compared to a non-transformative PEST domain variant (S2523L). These phenotypic changes include proliferation, migration, anchorage-independent growth, and MAPK pathway activation. In contrast to previous studies, activating NOTCH1 variants did not display sensitivity to a gamma secretase inhibitor (GSI) or resistance to chemotherapies. This study demonstrates distinct transformative phenotypes are specific to a given variant within NOTCH1 and these phenotypes do not correlate with sensitivities or resistance to chemotherapies or GSIs. Although previous studies have suggested NOTCH1 variants may be prognostic for TNBC, our study does not demonstrate prognostic ability of these variants and suggests further characterization would be required for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cravero
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Morgan V. Pantone
- 2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- 2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Riley Bergman
- 2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rory Cochran
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Chu
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J. Zabransky
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Swathi Karthikeyan
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian G. Waters
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natasha Hunter
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D. Marc Rosen
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Kyker-Snowman
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W. Brian Dalton
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Berry Button
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan Shinn
- 1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- 2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Donaldson
- 2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paula J. Hurley
- 2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- 2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ben Ho Park
- 2Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Correspondence to:Ben Ho Park, email:
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13
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Delitto D, Zabransky DJ, Chen F, Thompson ED, Zimmerman JW, Armstrong TD, Leatherman JM, Suri R, Lopez-Vidal TY, Huff AL, Lyman MR, Guinn SR, Baretti M, Kagohara LT, Ho WJ, Azad NS, Burns WR, He J, Wolfgang CL, Burkhart RA, Zheng L, Yarchoan M, Zaidi N, Jaffee EM. Implantation of a neoantigen-targeted hydrogel vaccine prevents recurrence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma after incomplete resection. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:2001159. [PMID: 34777919 PMCID: PMC8583296 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor involvement of major vascular structures limits surgical options in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which in turn limits opportunities for cure. Despite advances in locoregional approaches, there is currently no role for incomplete resection. This study evaluated a gelatinized neoantigen-targeted vaccine applied to a grossly positive resection margin in preventing local recurrence. Incomplete surgical resection was performed in mice bearing syngeneic flank Panc02 tumors, leaving a 1 mm rim adherent to the muscle bed. A previously validated vaccine consisting of neoantigen peptides, a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist and AddaVaxTM (termed PancVax) was embedded in a hyaluronic acid hydrogel and applied to the tumor bed. Tumor remnants, regional lymph nodes, and spleens were analyzed using histology, flow cytometry, gene expression profiling, and ELISPOT assays. The immune microenvironment at the tumor margin after surgery alone was characterized by a transient influx of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), prolonged neutrophil influx, and near complete loss of cytotoxic T cells. Application of PancVax gel was associated with enhanced T cell activation in the draining lymph node and expansion of neoantigen-specific T cells in the spleen. Mice implanted with PancVax gel demonstrated no evidence of residual tumor at two weeks postoperatively and healed incisions at two months postoperatively without local recurrence. In summary, application of PancVax gel at a grossly positive tumor margin led to systemic expansion of neoantigen-specific T cells and effectively prevented local recurrence. These findings support further work into locoregional adjuncts to immune modulation in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Delitto
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Fangluo Chen
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jacquelyn W Zimmerman
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - James M Leatherman
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Reecha Suri
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tamara Y Lopez-Vidal
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amanda L Huff
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Melissa R Lyman
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Samantha R Guinn
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Marina Baretti
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Luciane T Kagohara
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Won Jin Ho
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nilofer S Azad
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - William R Burns
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Richard A Burkhart
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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14
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Karthikeyan S, Waters IG, Dennison L, Chu D, Donaldson J, Shin DH, Rosen DM, Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Sanchez V, Sanders ME, Pantone MV, Bergman RE, Davidson BA, Reed SC, Zabransky DJ, Cravero K, Kyker-Snowman K, Button B, Wong HY, Hurley PJ, Croessmann S, Park BH. Hierarchical tumor heterogeneity mediated by cell contact between distinct genetic subclones. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143557. [PMID: 33529175 PMCID: PMC7954606 DOI: 10.1172/jci143557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity is an important mediator of poor outcomes in many cancers, including breast cancer. Genetic subclones frequently contribute to this heterogeneity; however, their growth dynamics and interactions remain poorly understood. PIK3CA and HER2 alterations are known to coexist in breast and other cancers. Herein, we present data that describe the ability of oncogenic PIK3CA mutant cells to induce the proliferation of quiescent HER2 mutant cells through a cell contact-mediated mechanism. Interestingly, the HER2 cells proliferated to become the major subclone over PIK3CA counterparts both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, this phenotype was observed in both hormone receptor-positive and -negative cell lines, and was dependent on the expression of fibronectin from mutant PIK3CA cells. Analysis of human tumors demonstrated similar HER2:PIK3CA clonal dynamics and fibronectin expression. Our study provides insight into nonrandom subclonal architecture of heterogenous tumors, which may aid the understanding of tumor evolution and inform future strategies for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Karthikeyan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian G. Waters
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Dennison
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Donaldson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - D. Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula I. Gonzalez-Ericsson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and,Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Violeta Sanchez
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center,,Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Melinda E. Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and,Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Morgan V. Pantone
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Riley E. Bergman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Brad A. Davidson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Sarah C. Reed
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Daniel J. Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Cravero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Kyker-Snowman
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Berry Button
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Paula J. Hurley
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
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15
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Dalton WB, Helmenstine E, Walsh N, Gondek LP, Kelkar DS, Read A, Natrajan R, Christenson ES, Roman B, Das S, Zhao L, Leone RD, Shinn D, Groginski T, Madugundu AK, Patil A, Zabransky DJ, Medford A, Lee J, Cole AJ, Rosen M, Thakar M, Ambinder A, Donaldson J, DeZern AE, Cravero K, Chu D, Madero-Marroquin R, Pandey A, Hurley PJ, Lauring J, Park BH. Hotspot SF3B1 mutations induce metabolic reprogramming and vulnerability to serine deprivation. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4708-4723. [PMID: 31393856 DOI: 10.1172/jci125022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated mutations in the spliceosome gene SF3B1 create a neomorphic protein that produces aberrant mRNA splicing in hundreds of genes, but the ensuing biologic and therapeutic consequences of this missplicing are not well understood. Here we have provided evidence that aberrant splicing by mutant SF3B1 altered the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of human cells, leading to missplicing-associated downregulation of metabolic genes, decreased mitochondrial respiration, and suppression of the serine synthesis pathway. We also found that mutant SF3B1 induces vulnerability to deprivation of the nonessential amino acid serine, which was mediated by missplicing-associated downregulation of the serine synthesis pathway enzyme PHGDH. This vulnerability was manifest both in vitro and in vivo, as dietary restriction of serine and glycine in mice was able to inhibit the growth of SF3B1MUT xenografts. These findings describe a role for SF3B1 mutations in altered energy metabolism, and they offer a new therapeutic strategy against SF3B1MUT cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brian Dalton
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Eric Helmenstine
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Noel Walsh
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Lukasz P Gondek
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Dhanashree S Kelkar
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Read
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric S Christenson
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | | | - Samarjit Das
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Division.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Liang Zhao
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert D Leone
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Shinn
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Taylor Groginski
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Patil
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Arielle Medford
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Alex J Cole
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Marc Rosen
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Maya Thakar
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Alexander Ambinder
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Joshua Donaldson
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Amy E DeZern
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Karen Cravero
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - David Chu
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Rafael Madero-Marroquin
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Department of Pathology and
| | - Paula J Hurley
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Josh Lauring
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ben Ho Park
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Hanker AB, Koch JP, Ye D, Sliwoski G, Sheehan J, Kinch LN, Red Brewer M, He J, Miller VA, Lalani AS, Cutler RE, Croessmann S, Zabransky DJ, Meiler J, Arteaga CL. Abstract PD3-05: Co-occurring gain-of-function mutations in HER2 and HER3 cooperate to enhance HER2/HER3 binding, HER-dependent signaling, and breast cancer growth. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-pd3-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ERBB2, the gene encoding HER2, is mutated in 2-4% of breast cancers. The HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor neratinib has shown clinical activity against breast cancers harboring HER2 activating mutations, suggesting these tumors depend on HER2 signaling. Co-occurring HER2 and HER3 (ERBB3) mutations have been reported in patients who respond to neratinib (Hanker et al., Cancer Discov. 2017) suggesting the possibility of cooperativity of both oncogenes. Co-expression of the mutant intracellular domains of HER2 and HER3 in HEK293 cells enhanced phosphorylation of HER3 and ERK compared to expression of either mutant alone, which was blocked by 100 nM neratinib. Interrogation of TCGA, METABRIC, Project GENIE, and Foundation Medicine datasets revealed that gain-of-function mutations in ERBB2 and ERBB3 co-occur with a statistically significant frequency. For example, in GENIE, ERBB2 mutations co-occur with mutations in ERBB3 (8.3% of ERBB2-mutant vs 2.3% of ERBB2 WT; q=1.37x10-10).
We hypothesized that co-occurring mutations in HER2 and HER3 cooperate to enhance HER2 signaling and dependence and breast cancer progression.
Thirty-four unique breast cancers were found to harbor co-occurring mutations in HER2 and HER3, the most common of which were ERBB2L755S/ERBB3E928G (n=10), ERBB2V777L/ERBB3E928G(n=6), and ERBB2L869R/Q/ERBB3E928G (n=4). Using co-immunoprecipitation assays with HER2 and HER3 antibodies in transfected HEK293 cells, we found that co-expression of HER3E928G with wild type (WT) HER2, or co-expression of HER2L755S or HER2L869R with HER3WT, slightly increased HER2-HER3 dimerization. However, binding was strongest between double mutants. This was accompanied by the highest levels of Y1289 p-HER3 in cells expressing both HER3E928G and each HER2L755S, HER2V777L, or HER2L869R compared to cells expressing each HER2 or HER3 mutant with a respective WT heterodimer partner. Structural modeling of the HER2L869R/HER3E928G double-mutant predicted that the HER3 mutation, located at the dimer interface, may enhance heterodimerization of the kinase domains through decreased bulk and electrostatic repulsion. We also noted that the HER2L755S mutation is predicted to be in close proximity to HER3E928G (<4 Å) and may impact binding affinity. Investigation of the structural basis for the enhanced binding of other double mutants is in progress.
MCF7 “knock-in” cells incorporating HER2L755S, HER2V777L, or HER2L869R (or HER2WT) were stably transduced with HER3E928G or HER3WT. Co-expression of double mutants strongly enhanced estrogen-independent growth in 3D Matrigel over cells expressing either mutant alone. We are currently testing inhibitors of HER2/HER3 signaling, including neratinib ± trastuzumab, trastuzumab + pertuzumab, and the ERBB1-3 antibody mixture Sym013, to determine therapeutic strategies to block the cooperative growth induced by co-occurring HER2 and HER2 mutations.
Conclusions: Co-expression of mutant HER2 and mutant HER3 promotes HER2/HER binding, HER3 phosphorylation, and breast tumor cell proliferation. We aim to identify therapeutic vulnerabilities for patients with co-occurring HER2 and HER3 mutations.
Citation Format: Hanker AB, Koch JP, Ye D, Sliwoski G, Sheehan J, Kinch LN, Red Brewer M, He J, Miller VA, Lalani AS, Cutler, Jr. RE, Croessmann S, Zabransky DJ, Meiler J, Arteaga CL. Co-occurring gain-of-function mutations in HER2 and HER3 cooperate to enhance HER2/HER3 binding, HER-dependent signaling, and breast cancer growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD3-05.
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Affiliation(s)
- AB Hanker
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - JP Koch
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - D Ye
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - G Sliwoski
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - J Sheehan
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - LN Kinch
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - M Red Brewer
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - J He
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - VA Miller
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - AS Lalani
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - RE Cutler
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - S Croessmann
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - DJ Zabransky
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - J Meiler
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - CL Arteaga
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA; Puma Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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17
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Xu X, De Angelis C, Burke KA, Nardone A, Hu H, Qin L, Veeraraghavan J, Sethunath V, Heiser LM, Wang N, Ng CKY, Chen ES, Renwick A, Wang T, Nanda S, Shea M, Mitchell T, Rajendran M, Waters I, Zabransky DJ, Scott KL, Gutierrez C, Nagi C, Geyer FC, Chamness GC, Park BH, Shaw CA, Hilsenbeck SG, Rimawi MF, Gray JW, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS, Osborne CK, Schiff R. HER2 Reactivation through Acquisition of the HER2 L755S Mutation as a Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to HER2-targeted Therapy in HER2 + Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5123-5134. [PMID: 28487443 PMCID: PMC5762201 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Resistance to anti-HER2 therapies in HER2+ breast cancer can occur through activation of alternative survival pathways or reactivation of the HER signaling network. Here we employed BT474 parental and treatment-resistant cell line models to investigate a mechanism by which HER2+ breast cancer can reactivate the HER network under potent HER2-targeted therapies.Experimental Design: Resistant derivatives to lapatinib (L), trastuzumab (T), or the combination (LR/TR/LTR) were developed independently from two independent estrogen receptor ER+/HER2+ BT474 cell lines (AZ/ATCC). Two derivatives resistant to the lapatinib-containing regimens (BT474/AZ-LR and BT474/ATCC-LTR lines) that showed HER2 reactivation at the time of resistance were subjected to massive parallel sequencing and compared with parental lines. Ectopic expression and mutant-specific siRNA interference were applied to analyze the mutation functionally. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to test alternative therapies for mutant HER2 inhibition.Results: Genomic analyses revealed that the HER2L755S mutation was the only common somatic mutation gained in the BT474/AZ-LR and BT474/ATCC-LTR lines. Ectopic expression of HER2L755S induced acquired lapatinib resistance in the BT474/AZ, SK-BR-3, and AU565 parental cell lines. HER2L755S-specific siRNA knockdown reversed the resistance in BT474/AZ-LR and BT474/ATCC-LTR lines. The HER1/2-irreversible inhibitors afatinib and neratinib substantially inhibited both resistant cell growth and the HER2 and downstream AKT/MAPK signaling driven by HER2L755S in vitro and in vivoConclusions: HER2 reactivation through acquisition of the HER2L755S mutation was identified as a mechanism of acquired resistance to lapatinib-containing HER2-targeted therapy in preclinical HER2-amplified breast cancer models, which can be overcome by irreversible HER1/2 inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 5123-34. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kathleen A Burke
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Agostina Nardone
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Huizhong Hu
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lanfang Qin
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jamunarani Veeraraghavan
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vidyalakshmi Sethunath
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura M Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Oregon Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Nicholas Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Oregon Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edward S Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexander Renwick
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tao Wang
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarmistha Nanda
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Martin Shea
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tamika Mitchell
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mahitha Rajendran
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ian Waters
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth L Scott
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carolina Gutierrez
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandandeep Nagi
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Felipe C Geyer
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gary C Chamness
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ben H Park
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mothaffar F Rimawi
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Oregon Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - C Kent Osborne
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Avigdor BE, Beierl K, Gocke CD, Zabransky DJ, Cravero K, Kyker-Snowman K, Button B, Chu D, Croessmann S, Cochran RL, Connolly RM, Park BH, Wheelan SJ, Cimino-Mathews A. Whole-Exome Sequencing of Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma Indicates Monoclonality with Associated Ductal Carcinoma Component. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4875-4884. [PMID: 28424200 PMCID: PMC5559334 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Although most human cancers display a single histology, there are unusual cases where two or more distinct tissue types present within a primary tumor. One such example is metaplastic breast carcinoma, a rare but aggressive cancer with a heterogeneous histology, including squamous, chondroid, and spindle cells. Metaplastic carcinomas often contain an admixed conventional ductal invasive or in situ mammary carcinoma component, and are typically triple-negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2 amplification/overexpression. An unanswered question is the origin of metaplastic breast cancers. While they may arise independently from their ductal components, their close juxtaposition favors a model that postulates a shared origin, either as two derivatives from the same primary cancer or one histology as an outgrowth of the other. Understanding the mechanism of development of these tumors may inform clinical decisions.Experimental Design: We performed exome sequencing for paired metaplastic and adjacent conventional invasive ductal carcinomas in 8 patients and created a pipeline to identify somatic variants and predict their functional impact, without having normal tissue. We then determined the genetic relationships between the histologically distinct compartments.Results: In each case, the tumor components have nearly identical landscapes of somatic mutation, implying that the differing histologies do not derive from genetic clonal divergence.Conclusions: A shared origin for tumors with differing histologies suggests that epigenetic or noncoding changes may mediate the metaplastic phenotype and that alternative therapeutic approaches, including epigenetic therapies, may be required for metaplastic breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4875-84. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bracha Erlanger Avigdor
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katie Beierl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher D Gocke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Cravero
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly Kyker-Snowman
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Berry Button
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Chu
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rory L Cochran
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roisin M Connolly
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ben H Park
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah J Wheelan
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley Cimino-Mathews
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Avigdor BE, Beierl K, Gocke CD, Zabransky DJ, Cravero K, Kyker-Snowmana K, Button B, Chu D, Croessmann S, Cochran RL, Connolly RM, Park BH, Cimino-Mathews A, Wheelan SJ. Abstract LB-278: Whole exome sequencing of metaplastic breast carcinoma indicates monoclonality with associated ductal carcinoma component. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-lb-278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although most human cancers display a single histology, there are unusual cases where two or more distinct tissue types present within a primary tumor. One such example is metaplastic breast carcinoma. Metaplastic breast carcinoma is a rare but aggressive cancer with a heterogenous histology, including squamous, chondroid, and spindle cells. Metaplastic carcinomas often contain an admixed conventional ductal invasive or in situ mammary carcinoma component, and are typically triple-negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) amplification/overexpression. An unanswered question is the origin of metaplastic breast cancers. While they may arise independently from their ductal components, their close juxtaposition favors a model that postulates a shared origin, either as two derivatives from the same primary cancer, or one histology as a clonal outgrowth of the other. Understanding the mechanism of development of these tumors may inform clinical decisions. We performed exome sequencing for paired metaplastic and adjacent conventional invasive ductal carcinomas in eight patients and created a pipeline to identify somatic variants and predict their functional impact in these samples, without having matched normal tissue. We then determined the genetic relationships between the histologically distinct compartments. In each case, the tumor components have nearly identical landscapes of somatic variation, implying that the differing histologies do not derive from genetic clonal divergence, suggesting that epigenetic or noncoding changes mediate the metaplastic phenotype. This indicates that alternative therapeutic approaches, including epigenetic therapies, may render metaplastic breast cancers susceptible to current and future therapies.
Citation Format: Bracha E. Avigdor, Katie Beierl, Christopher D. Gocke, Daniel J. Zabransky, Karen Cravero, Kelly Kyker-Snowmana, Berry Button, David Chu, Sarah Croessmann, Rory L. Cochran, Roisin M. Connolly, Ben H. Park, Ashley Cimino-Mathews, Sarah J. Wheelan. Whole exome sequencing of metaplastic breast carcinoma indicates monoclonality with associated ductal carcinoma component [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-278. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-278
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Christenson ES, Dalton WB, Chu D, Waters I, Cravero K, Zabransky DJ, DeZern AE, Park BH. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Leading to False Allelic Fraction by Droplet Digital PCR. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1370-1376. [PMID: 28615231 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.273177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular-based diagnostics have great utility for cancer detection. We have used droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) as a platform for identifying mutations in circulating plasma tumor DNA (ptDNA). We present the unexpected finding of a spurious mutant allele fraction that was discovered to be artifactual because of the presence of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a patient sample. DESIGN AND METHODS Probe and primer combinations for the K700 and V701 loci of the SF3B1 spliceosome gene were designed for ddPCR to identify the percentage of mutant and wild-type alleles. Clinical samples from patients with cancer with known SF3B1 mutations were collected and tested to evaluate the assays' ability to detect SF3B1 mutations in ptDNA. RESULTS Patient samples showed SF3B1 K700E mutations within the ptDNA of 4 patients with acute leukemia and 3 with myelodysplastic syndrome who were known to harbor this mutation. A blood sample from a patient with lung cancer with a known SF3B1 V701F mutation was also analyzed and this mutation was successfully identified in ptDNA. However, 1 of the patients with a K700E mutation was found to have a mutational burden of 98%. After careful analysis of this locus by Sanger sequencing and ddPCR, this patient was found to have an SNP (R702R), which prevented binding of the ddPCR wild-type probe to its cognate allele. CONCLUSIONS These results further support that ddPCR-based assays may be valuable companion diagnostics for the identification and monitoring of patients with cancer, but the results also emphasize the need to identify SNPs at loci that are being analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Christenson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - W Brian Dalton
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ian Waters
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karen Cravero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy E DeZern
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; .,The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Croessmann S, Zabransky DJ, Cutler RE, Lalani AS, Park BH, Arteaga CL. Abstract PD2-05: Inhibition of mutant HER2 results in synthetic lethality when combined with ER antagonists in ER+/HER2 mutant human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-pd2-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2 or commonly known as HER2) missense mutations have been reported in 2-4% of breast cancers and occur primarily in the absence of HER2 gene amplification. Based on TCGA, approximately 60% of these tumors are hormone-dependent and express estrogen receptor (ER) a. Among ER+ breast cancers with HER2 missense mutations, more than 80% are in the HER2 kinase domain. We examined herein whether ER+/HER2 mutant breast cancer cells are resistant to anti-estrogen therapies and, thus, whether they should be treated with combined ER and HER2 inhibitors.
Methods: Three common HER2 activating mutations (G309A, L755S, V777L) and wild type (WT) HER2 were incorporated into ER+ MCF7 cells using AAV-mediated homologous recombination. The isogenic incorporation of a heterozygous mutation more accurately represents primary human tumors as compared to transfection and overexpression of exogenous vectors. We examined cell viability and ER transcriptional activity, using an ERE-luciferase reporter, in response to estrogen deprivation and treatment with fulvestrant (a selective ER downregulator) and neratinib (an irreversible, pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor), either alone or in combination. Signaling downstream mutant HER2 was examined by immunoblot analysis. In vivo anti-tumor efficacy of fulvestrant ± neratinib is currently being assessed in ovariectomized athymic mice bearing MCF7/HER2V777L xenografts.
Results: MCF7 cells containing HER2 kinase missense mutations (L755S and V777L), but not cells with HER2WT or an extracellular domain mutation (G309A), were able to proliferate exponentially in estrogen-free medium. MCF7/HER2L755S and MCF7/HER2V777L were also resistant to 1 mM fulvestrant, despite fulvestrant's ability to downregulate ER in these cells. Additionally, MCF7/HER2L755S and MCF7/HER2V777L showed increased levels of pERK and p70S6K. Treatment with 200 nM neratinib potently inhibited growth of MCF7/HER2L755S and MCF7/HER2V777L in estrogen-free conditions and resensitized them to fulvestrant while partially downregulating HER2 levels. Addition of 1 nM estradiol markedly rescued all three HER2 mutant cells from neratinib-induced cell death suggesting that the inhibition of both ER and mutant HER2 is required for tumor cell apoptosis. Using ERE-luc reporter assays, neratinib did not inhibit basal or estrogen-induced ER transcriptional activity or ERα Ser118 phosphorylation, thus not supporting HER2 mutation-to-ER crosstalk in these genetically engineered cells. This result also suggests that the ER and HER2 mutant pathways can operate independently and it is the dual pathway inhibition that results in synthetic lethality.
Conclusions: These data suggest that, in ER+ breast cancers and similar to HER2 gene amplification, HER2 kinase domain mutations induce resistance to antiestrogen therapies. Therefore, we propose simultaneous therapeutic targeting of both ER and HER2 signaling pathways is required for maximal inhibition of ER+ breast cancers also harboring HER2 activating mutations, as is currently being investigated in the phase II SUMMIT trial (NCT01953926).
Citation Format: Croessmann S, Zabransky DJ, Cutler, Jr. RE, Lalani AS, Park BH, Arteaga CL. Inhibition of mutant HER2 results in synthetic lethality when combined with ER antagonists in ER+/HER2 mutant human breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD2-05.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Croessmann
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - DJ Zabransky
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - RE Cutler
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - AS Lalani
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - BH Park
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - CL Arteaga
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Los Angeles, CA
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Croessmann S, Wong HY, Zabransky DJ, Chu D, Rosen DM, Cidado J, Cochran RL, Dalton WB, Erlanger B, Cravero K, Button B, Kyker-Snowman K, Hurley PJ, Lauring J, Park BH. PIK3CA mutations and TP53 alterations cooperate to increase cancerous phenotypes and tumor heterogeneity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 162:451-464. [PMID: 28190247 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The combined contributions of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes toward carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. Elucidation of cancer gene cooperativity can provide new insights leading to more effective use of therapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN/METHODS We used somatic cell genome editing to introduce singly and in combination PIK3CA mutations (E545K or H1047R) with TP53 alterations (R248W or knockout), to assess any enhanced cancerous phenotypes. The non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line, MCF10A, was used as the parental cell line, and resultant cells were assessed via various in vitro assays, growth as xenografts, and drug sensitivity assays using targeted agents and chemotherapies. RESULTS Compared to single-gene-targeted cells and parental controls, cells with both a PIK3CA mutation and TP53 alteration had increased cancerous phenotypes including cell proliferation, soft agar colony formation, aberrant morphology in acinar formation assays, and genomic heterogeneity. Cells also displayed varying sensitivities to anti-neoplastic drugs, although all cells with PIK3CA mutations showed a relative increased sensitivity to paclitaxel. All cell lines remained non-tumorigenic. CONCLUSIONS This cell line panel provides a resource for further elucidating cooperative genetic mediators of carcinogenesis and response to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - D Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Justin Cidado
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Rory L Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - W Brian Dalton
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Bracha Erlanger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Karen Cravero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Berry Button
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kelly Kyker-Snowman
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Paula J Hurley
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 151, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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Cidado J, Wong HY, Rosen DM, Cimino-Mathews A, Garay JP, Fessler AG, Rasheed ZA, Hicks J, Cochran RL, Croessmann S, Zabransky DJ, Mohseni M, Beaver JA, Chu D, Cravero K, Christenson ES, Medford A, Mattox A, De Marzo AM, Argani P, Chawla A, Hurley PJ, Lauring J, Park BH. Ki-67 is required for maintenance of cancer stem cells but not cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2017; 7:6281-93. [PMID: 26823390 PMCID: PMC4868756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ki-67 expression is correlated with cell proliferation and is a prognostic marker for various cancers; however, its function is unknown. Here we demonstrate that genetic disruption of Ki-67 in human epithelial breast and colon cancer cells depletes the cancer stem cell niche. Ki-67 null cells had a proliferative disadvantage compared to wildtype controls in colony formation assays and displayed increased sensitivity to various chemotherapies. Ki-67 null cancer cells showed decreased and delayed tumor formation in xenograft assays, which was associated with a reduction in cancer stem cell markers. Immunohistochemical analyses of human breast cancers revealed that Ki-67 expression is maintained at equivalent or greater levels in metastatic sites of disease compared to matched primary tumors, suggesting that maintenance of Ki-67 expression is associated with metastatic/clonogenic potential. These results elucidate Ki-67's role in maintaining the cancer stem cell niche, which has potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications for human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Cidado
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Present address: Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley Cimino-Mathews
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph P Garay
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abigail G Fessler
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zeshaan A Rasheed
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Hicks
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rory L Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Morassa Mohseni
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Present address: Roche Sequencing, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Julia A Beaver
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Cravero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric S Christenson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arielle Medford
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Austin Mattox
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pedram Argani
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paula J Hurley
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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Parsons HA, Beaver JA, Cimino-Mathews A, Ali SM, Axilbund J, Chu D, Connolly RM, Cochran RL, Croessmann S, Clark TA, Gocke CD, Jeter SC, Kennedy MR, Lauring J, Lee J, Lipson D, Miller VA, Otto GA, Rosner GL, Ross JS, Slater S, Stephens PJ, VanDenBerg DA, Wolff AC, Young LE, Zabransky DJ, Zhang Z, Zorzi J, Stearns V, Park BH. Individualized Molecular Analyses Guide Efforts (IMAGE): A Prospective Study of Molecular Profiling of Tissue and Blood in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:379-386. [PMID: 27489289 PMCID: PMC5241251 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in breast cancer has not been demonstrated. We hypothesized that we could perform NGS of a new biopsy from patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in a clinically actionable timeframe. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We planned to enroll 40 patients onto a prospective study, Individualized Molecular Analyses Guide Efforts (IMAGE), to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining a new biopsy of a metastatic site, perform NGS (FoundationOne), and convene a molecular tumor board to formulate treatment recommendations within 28 days. We collected blood at baseline and at time of restaging to assess cell-free circulating plasma tumor DNA (ptDNA). RESULTS We enrolled 26 women with metastatic TNBC who had received ≥1 line of prior chemotherapy, and 20 (77%) underwent NGS of a metastatic site biopsy. Twelve (60%) evaluable patients received treatment recommendations within 28 days of consent. The study closed after 20 patients underwent NGS, based on protocol-specified interim futility analysis. Three patients went on to receive genomically directed therapies. Twenty-four of 26 patients had genetic alterations successfully detected in ptDNA. Among 5 patients, 4 mutations found in tumor tissues were not identified in blood, and 4 mutations found in blood were not found in corresponding tumors. In 9 patients, NGS of follow-up blood samples showed 100% concordance with baseline blood samples. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates challenges of performing NGS on prospective tissue biopsies in patients with metastatic TNBC within 28 days, while also highlighting the potential use of blood as a more time-efficient and less invasive method of mutational assessment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 379-86. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Parsons
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julia A Beaver
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley Cimino-Mathews
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Axilbund
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roisin M Connolly
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rory L Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Christopher D Gocke
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stacie C Jeter
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin Lee
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Doron Lipson
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Geoff A Otto
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gary L Rosner
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Shannon Slater
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Dustin A VanDenBerg
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antonio C Wolff
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhe Zhang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jane Zorzi
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vered Stearns
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ben H Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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25
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Wong HY, Wang GM, Croessmann S, Zabransky DJ, Chu D, Garay JP, Cidado J, Cochran RL, Beaver JA, Aggarwal A, Liu ML, Argani P, Meeker A, Hurley PJ, Lauring J, Park BH. TMSB4Y is a candidate tumor suppressor on the Y chromosome and is deleted in male breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44927-40. [PMID: 26702755 PMCID: PMC4792601 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer comprises less than 1% of breast cancer diagnoses. Although estrogen exposure has been causally linked to the development of female breast cancers, the etiology of male breast cancer is unclear. Here, we show via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) that the Y chromosome was clonally lost at a frequency of ~16% (5/31) in two independent cohorts of male breast cancer patients. We also show somatic loss of the Y chromosome gene TMSB4Y in a male breast tumor, confirming prior reports of loss at this locus in male breast cancers. To further understand the function of TMSB4Y, we created inducible cell lines of TMSB4Y in the female human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A. Expression of TMSB4Y resulted in aberrant cellular morphology and reduced cell proliferation, with a corresponding reduction in the fraction of metaphase cells. We further show that TMSB4Y interacts directly with β-actin, the main component of the actin cytoskeleton and a cell cycle modulator. Taken together, our results suggest that clonal loss of the Y chromosome may contribute to male breast carcinogenesis, and that the TMSB4Y gene has tumor suppressor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuen Wong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grace M Wang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph P Garay
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Cidado
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Present address: Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Rory L Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia A Beaver
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anita Aggarwal
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,The Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Min-Ling Liu
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pedram Argani
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Meeker
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paula J Hurley
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Cochran RL, Cidado J, Kim M, Zabransky DJ, Croessmann S, Chu D, Wong HY, Beaver JA, Cravero K, Erlanger B, Parsons H, Heaphy CM, Meeker AK, Lauring J, Park BH. Functional isogenic modeling of BRCA1 alleles reveals distinct carrier phenotypes. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25240-51. [PMID: 26246475 PMCID: PMC4694828 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical genetic testing of BRCA1 and BRCA2 is commonly performed to identify specific individuals at risk for breast and ovarian cancers who may benefit from prophylactic therapeutic interventions. Unfortunately, it is evident that deleterious BRCA1 alleles demonstrate variable penetrance and that many BRCA1 variants of unknown significance (VUS) exist. In order to further refine hereditary risks that may be associated with specific BRCA1 alleles, we performed gene targeting to establish an isogenic panel of immortalized human breast epithelial cells harboring eight clinically relevant BRCA1 alleles. Interestingly, BRCA1 mutations and VUS had distinct, quantifiable phenotypes relative to isogenic parental BRCA1 wild type cells and controls. Heterozygous cells with known deleterious BRCA1 mutations (185delAG, C61G and R71G) demonstrated consistent phenotypes in radiation sensitivity and genomic instability assays, but showed variability in other assays. Heterozygous BRCA1 VUS cells also demonstrated assay variability, with some VUS demonstrating phenotypes more consistent with deleterious alleles. Taken together, our data suggest that BRCA1 deleterious mutations and VUS can differ in their range of tested phenotypes, suggesting they might impart varying degrees of risk. These results demonstrate that functional isogenic modeling of BRCA1 alleles could aid in classifying BRCA1 mutations and VUS, and determining BRCA allele cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Minsoo Kim
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia A Beaver
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Cravero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bracha Erlanger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Parsons
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Chu D, Paoletti C, Gersch C, VanDenBerg DA, Zabransky DJ, Cochran RL, Wong HY, Toro PV, Cidado J, Croessmann S, Erlanger B, Cravero K, Kyker-Snowman K, Button B, Parsons HA, Dalton WB, Gillani R, Medford A, Aung K, Tokudome N, Chinnaiyan AM, Schott A, Robinson D, Jacks KS, Lauring J, Hurley PJ, Hayes DF, Rae JM, Park BH. ESR1 Mutations in Circulating Plasma Tumor DNA from Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:993-9. [PMID: 26261103 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the estrogen receptor (ER)α gene, ESR1, have been identified in breast cancer metastases after progression on endocrine therapies. Because of limitations of metastatic biopsies, the reported frequency of ESR1 mutations may be underestimated. Here, we show a high frequency of ESR1 mutations using circulating plasma tumor DNA (ptDNA) from patients with metastatic breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We retrospectively obtained plasma samples from eight patients with known ESR1 mutations and three patients with wild-type ESR1 identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of biopsied metastatic tissues. Three common ESR1 mutations were queried for using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). In a prospective cohort, metastatic tissue and plasma were collected contemporaneously from eight ER-positive and four ER-negative patients. Tissue biopsies were sequenced by NGS, and ptDNA ESR1 mutations were analyzed by ddPCR. RESULTS In the retrospective cohort, all corresponding mutations were detected in ptDNA, with two patients harboring additional ESR1 mutations not present in their metastatic tissues. In the prospective cohort, three ER-positive patients did not have adequate tissue for NGS, and no ESR1 mutations were identified in tissue biopsies from the other nine patients. In contrast, ddPCR detected seven ptDNA ESR1 mutations in 6 of 12 patients (50%). CONCLUSIONS We show that ESR1 mutations can occur at a high frequency and suggest that blood can be used to identify additional mutations not found by sequencing of a single metastatic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Costanza Paoletti
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christina Gersch
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dustin A VanDenBerg
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rory L Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patricia Valda Toro
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin Cidado
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bracha Erlanger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Cravero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly Kyker-Snowman
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Berry Button
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Heather A Parsons
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W Brian Dalton
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Riaz Gillani
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Arielle Medford
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly Aung
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nahomi Tokudome
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anne Schott
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dan Robinson
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karen S Jacks
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paula J Hurley
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James M Rae
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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28
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Toro PV, Erlanger B, Beaver JA, Cochran RL, VanDenBerg DA, Yakim E, Cravero K, Chu D, Zabransky DJ, Wong HY, Croessmann S, Parsons H, Hurley PJ, Lauring J, Park BH. Comparison of cell stabilizing blood collection tubes for circulating plasma tumor DNA. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:993-8. [PMID: 26234639 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circulating plasma DNA is being increasingly used for biomedical and clinical research as a substrate for genetic testing. However, cell lysis can occur hours after venipuncture when using standard tubes for blood collection, leading to an increase in contaminating cellular DNA that may hinder analysis of circulating plasma DNA. Cell stabilization agents can prevent cellular lysis for several days, reducing the need for immediate plasma preparation after venipuncture, thereby facilitating the ease of blood collection and sample preparation for clinical research. However, the majority of cell stabilizing reagents have not been formally tested for their ability to preserve circulating plasma tumor DNA. DESIGN & METHODS In this study, we compared the properties of two cell stabilizing reagents, the cell-free DNA BCT tube and the PAXgene tube, by collecting blood samples from metastatic breast cancer patients and measuring genome equivalents of plasma DNA by droplet digital PCR. We compared wild type PIK3CA genome equivalents and also assayed for two PIK3CA hotspot mutations, E545K and H1047R. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that blood stored for 7 days in BCT tubes did not show evidence of cell lysis, whereas PAXgene tubes showed an order of magnitude increase in genome equivalents, indicative of considerable cellular lysis. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that BCT tubes can prevent lysis and cellular release of genomic DNA of blood samples from cancer patients when stored at room temperature, and could therefore be of benefit for blood specimen collections in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Valda Toro
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bracha Erlanger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia A Beaver
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rory L Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dustin A VanDenBerg
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yakim
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Cravero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Parsons
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paula J Hurley
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Brady Urologic Institute, Department of Urology, USA
| | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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29
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Blair BG, Wu X, Zahari MS, Mohseni M, Cidado J, Wong HY, Beaver JA, Cochran RL, Zabransky DJ, Croessmann S, Chu D, Toro PV, Cravero K, Pandey A, Park BH. A phosphoproteomic screen demonstrates differential dependence on HER3 for MAP kinase pathway activation by distinct PIK3CA mutations. Proteomics 2014; 15:318-26. [PMID: 25367220 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The PIK3CA gene encodes for the p110 alpha isoform of PI3 kinase and is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers. However, the mechanisms by which PIK3CA mutations activate cell signaling are not fully understood. Here we used a phosphoproteomic approach to compare differential phosphorylation patterns between human breast epithelial cells and two isogenic somatic cell knock in derivatives, each harboring a distinct PIK3CA mutation. We demonstrated differential phosphorylation patterns between isogenic cell lines containing a PIK3CA helical domain mutation (E545K) compared to cells with a PIK3CA kinase domain mutation (H1047R). In particular, the receptor tyrosine kinase, HER3, showed increased phosphorylation at tyrosine 1328 in H1047R cells versus E545K cells. Genetic studies using shRNA demonstrated that H1047R cells have a profound decrease in growth factor independent proliferation upon HER3 knock down, but this effect was attenuated in E545K cells. In addition, HER3 knock down led to reductions in both PI3 kinase and MAP kinase pathway activation in H1047R cells, but in E545K cells only PI3 kinase pathway diminution was observed. These studies demonstrate the power of using paired isogenic cell lines for proteomic analysis to gain new insights into oncogenic signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Blair
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Forde PM, Cochran RL, Boikos SA, Zabransky DJ, Beaver JA, Meyer CF, Thornton KA, Montgomery EA, Lidor AO, Donehower RC, Park BH. Familial GI Stromal Tumor With Loss of Heterozygosity and Amplification of Mutant KIT. J Clin Oncol 2014; 34:e13-6. [PMID: 24868028 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.51.6633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Forde
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rory L Cochran
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sosipatros A Boikos
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Julia A Beaver
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christian F Meyer
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katherine A Thornton
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Ross C Donehower
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ben Ho Park
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Cochran RL, Cravero K, Chu D, Erlanger B, Toro PV, Beaver JA, Zabransky DJ, Wong HY, Cidado J, Croessmann S, Parsons H, Kim M, Wheelan SJ, Argani P, Ho Park B. Analysis of BRCA2 loss of heterozygosity in tumor tissue using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1546-1550. [PMID: 24824029 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of archival tumor tissue can aid in determining the clinical significance of BRCA variants. Here we describe an approach for assessing LOH in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues using variant-specific probes and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). We evaluated LOH in 2 related breast cancer patients harboring a rare missense BRCA2 variant of unknown clinical significance (c.6966G>T; M2322I). Conventional PCR followed by Sanger sequencing suggested a change in allelic abundance in the FFPE specimens. However, we found no evidence of LOH as determined by the allelic ratio (wild type-variant) for BRCA2 in both patients' archival tumor specimens and adjacent normal control tissues using ddPCR. In summary, these experiments demonstrate the utility of ddPCR to quickly and accurately assess LOH in archival FFPE tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Karen Cravero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Bracha Erlanger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Patricia Valda Toro
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Julia A Beaver
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Justin Cidado
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Heather Parsons
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Minsoo Kim
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Sarah J Wheelan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Pedram Argani
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
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Zabransky DJ, Park BH. Estrogen receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: use of combinatorial hormone and epidermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-targeted therapies for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:1084-6. [PMID: 24590645 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.53.5070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Zabransky
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Beaver JA, Jelovac D, Balukrishna S, Cochran R, Croessmann S, Zabransky DJ, Wong HY, Toro PV, Cidado J, Blair BG, Chu D, Burns T, Higgins MJ, Stearns V, Jacobs L, Habibi M, Lange J, Hurley PJ, Lauring J, VanDenBerg D, Kessler J, Jeter S, Samuels ML, Maar D, Cope L, Cimino-Mathews A, Argani P, Wolff AC, Park BH. Detection of cancer DNA in plasma of patients with early-stage breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2643-2650. [PMID: 24504125 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detecting circulating plasma tumor DNA (ptDNA) in patients with early-stage cancer has the potential to change how oncologists recommend systemic therapies for solid tumors after surgery. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is a novel sensitive and specific platform for mutation detection. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this prospective study, primary breast tumors and matched pre- and postsurgery blood samples were collected from patients with early-stage breast cancer (n = 29). Tumors (n = 30) were analyzed by Sanger sequencing for common PIK3CA mutations, and DNA from these tumors and matched plasma were then analyzed for PIK3CA mutations using ddPCR. RESULTS Sequencing of tumors identified seven PIK3CA exon 20 mutations (H1047R) and three exon 9 mutations (E545K). Analysis of tumors by ddPCR confirmed these mutations and identified five additional mutations. Presurgery plasma samples (n = 29) were then analyzed for PIK3CA mutations using ddPCR. Of the 15 PIK3CA mutations detected in tumors by ddPCR, 14 of the corresponding mutations were detected in presurgical ptDNA, whereas no mutations were found in plasma from patients with PIK3CA wild-type tumors (sensitivity 93.3%, specificity 100%). Ten patients with mutation-positive ptDNA presurgery had ddPCR analysis of postsurgery plasma, with five patients having detectable ptDNA postsurgery. CONCLUSIONS This prospective study demonstrates accurate mutation detection in tumor tissues using ddPCR, and that ptDNA can be detected in blood before and after surgery in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Future studies can now address whether ptDNA detected after surgery identifies patients at risk for recurrence, which could guide chemotherapy decisions for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Beaver
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Danijela Jelovac
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | | | - Rory Cochran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Patricia Valda Toro
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Justin Cidado
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Brian G Blair
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Timothy Burns
- University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863
| | | | - Vered Stearns
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Lisa Jacobs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Mehran Habibi
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Julie Lange
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Paula J Hurley
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Dustin VanDenBerg
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jill Kessler
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Stacie Jeter
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | | | - Dianna Maar
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Digital Biology Center, Pleasanton, CA 94566
| | - Leslie Cope
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | | | - Pedram Argani
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Antonio C Wolff
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Ben H Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287
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Zabransky DJ, Smith HA, Thoburn CJ, Zahurak M, Keizman D, Carducci M, Eisenberger MA, McNeel DG, Drake CG, Antonarakis ES. Lenalidomide modulates IL-8 and anti-prostate antibody levels in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Prostate 2012; 72:487-98. [PMID: 21748755 PMCID: PMC3248613 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We retrospectively explored changes in immunological parameters in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer treated with either 5 or 25 mg of lenalidomide in a randomized phase 2 trial, and determined whether those changes correlated with disease progression. METHODS Cytokine levels were compared for each patient at baseline and after 6 months of treatment with lenalidomide. Regression models for correlated data were used to assess associations of cytokine levels with lenalidomide treatment effect. Estimates were obtained using generalized estimating equations. Changes in circulating anti-prostate antibodies were evaluated using a high-throughput immunoblot technique. RESULTS Treatment with lenalidomide was associated with global changes in immunoreactivity to a number of prostate-associated antigens, as well as with changes in circulating levels of the T(H) 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. Disease progression in treated patients was associated with an increase in circulating IL-8 levels, while IL-8 levels decreased significantly in non-progressors. CONCLUSIONS Lenalidomide demonstrates immunomodulatory properties in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. The induction of novel anti-prostate antibodies is a potential mechanism for lenalidomide response. Changes in serum IL-8 levels may serve as a potential biomarker in treated patients. These hypotheses require formal testing in future prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Zabransky
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Heath A. Smith
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | | | - Marianna Zahurak
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Daniel Keizman
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Michael Carducci
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Mario A. Eisenberger
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Charles G. Drake
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
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Zabransky DJ, Nirschl CJ, Durham NM, Park BV, Ceccato CM, Bruno TC, Tam AJ, Getnet D, Drake CG. Phenotypic and functional properties of Helios+ regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34547. [PMID: 22479644 PMCID: PMC3316700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Helios, an Ikaros family transcription factor, is preferentially expressed at the mRNA and protein level in regulatory T cells. Helios expression previously appeared to be restricted to thymic-derived Treg. Consistent with recent data, we show here that Helios expression is inducible in vitro under certain conditions. To understand phenotypic and functional differences between Helios+ and Helios− Treg, we profiled cell-surface markers of FoxP3+ Treg using unmanipulated splenocytes. We found that CD103 and GITR are expressed at high levels on a subset of Helios+ Treg and that a Helios+ Treg population could be significantly enriched by FACS sorting using these two markers. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed increased TGF-β message in Helios+ Treg, consistent with the possibility that this population possesses enhanced regulatory potential. In tumor-bearing mice, we found that Helios+ Treg were relatively over-represented in the tumor-mass, and BrdU studies showed that, in vivo, Helios+ Treg proliferated more than Helios− Treg. We hypothesized that Helios-enriched Treg might exert increased suppressive effects. Using in vitro suppression assays, we show that Treg function correlates with the absolute number of Helios+ cells in culture. Taken together, these data show that Helios+ Treg represent a functional subset with associated CD103 and GITR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Nirschl
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas M. Durham
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ben V. Park
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Ceccato
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tullia C. Bruno
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ada J. Tam
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Derese Getnet
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Drake
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sougrat R, Bartesaghi A, Lifson JD, Bennett AE, Bess JW, Zabransky DJ, Subramaniam S. Electron tomography of the contact between T cells and SIV/HIV-1: implications for viral entry. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e63. [PMID: 17480119 PMCID: PMC1864992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoproteins of primate lentiviruses, including human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV), are heterodimers of a transmembrane glycoprotein (usually gp41), and a surface glycoprotein (gp120), which binds CD4 on target cells to initiate viral entry. We have used electron tomography to determine the three-dimensional architectures of purified SIV virions in isolation and in contact with CD4+ target cells. The trimeric viral envelope glycoprotein surface spikes are heterogeneous in appearance and typically ∼120 Å long and ∼120 Å wide at the distal end. Docking of SIV or HIV-1 on the T cell surface occurs via a neck-shaped contact region that is ∼400 Å wide and consistently consists of a closely spaced cluster of five to seven rod-shaped features, each ∼100 Å long and ∼100 Å wide. This distinctive structure is not observed when viruses are incubated with T lymphocytes in the presence of anti-CD4 antibodies, the CCR5 antagonist TAK779, or the peptide entry inhibitor SIVmac251 C34. For virions bound to cells, few trimers were observed away from this cluster at the virion–cell interface, even in cases where virus preparations showing as many as 70 envelope glycoprotein trimers per virus particle were used. This contact zone, which we term the “entry claw”, provides a spatial context to understand the molecular mechanisms of viral entry. Determination of the molecular composition and structure of the entry claw may facilitate the identification of improved drugs for the inhibition of HIV-1 entry. Retroviruses such as simian immunodeficiency virus and HIV-1 enter target cells by exploiting the interaction between their surface glycoproteins and cell surface receptors. Knowledge of the structures of these glycoproteins and of the molecular details of their interaction with cell surface receptors is of fundamental interest in understanding viral entry mechanisms. Electron tomo-graphy is a powerful approach to determining the three-dimensional structures of large and heterogeneous sub-cellular assemblies such as virus–cell contact regions that cannot easily be analyzed by high-resolution structural methods such as X-ray crystallography. Here, we have used electron tomographic approaches to show that SIV and HIV-1 viruses make contact with T cells via a unique structure that we term the viral “entry claw”, which is typically composed of about six clustered rods of density that span the contact region. Investigation of the structure of the entry claw and the factors that promote its formation could lead to new insights into the design of more effective drugs to inhibit HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Sougrat
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institue, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adam E Bennett
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julian W Bess
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institue, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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