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Castro‐Calvo J, King DL, Stein DJ, Brand M, Carmi L, Chamberlain SR, Demetrovics Z, Fineberg NA, Rumpf H, Yücel M, Achab S, Ambekar A, Bahar N, Blaszczynski A, Bowden‐Jones H, Carbonell X, Chan EML, Ko C, de Timary P, Dufour M, Grall‐Bronnec M, Lee HK, Higuchi S, Jimenez‐Murcia S, Király O, Kuss DJ, Long J, Müller A, Pallanti S, Potenza MN, Rahimi‐Movaghar A, Saunders JB, Schimmenti A, Lee S, Siste K, Spritzer DT, Starcevic V, Weinstein AM, Wölfling K, Billieux J. Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder: an international Delphi study. Addiction 2021; 116:2463-2475. [PMID: 33449441 PMCID: PMC8451754 DOI: 10.1111/add.15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Following the recognition of 'internet gaming disorder' (IGD) as a condition requiring further study by the DSM-5, 'gaming disorder' (GD) was officially included as a diagnostic entity by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, the proposed diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder remain the subject of debate, and there has been no systematic attempt to integrate the views of different groups of experts. To achieve a more systematic agreement on this new disorder, this study employed the Delphi expert consensus method to obtain expert agreement on the diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value of the DSM-5 criteria and ICD-11 clinical guidelines for GD. METHODS A total of 29 international experts with clinical and/or research experience in GD completed three iterative rounds of a Delphi survey. Experts rated proposed criteria in progressive rounds until a pre-determined level of agreement was achieved. RESULTS For DSM-5 IGD criteria, there was an agreement both that a subset had high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value and that some (e.g. tolerance, deception) had low diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. Crucially, some DSM-5 criteria (e.g. escapism/mood regulation, tolerance) were regarded as incapable of distinguishing between problematic and non-problematic gaming. In contrast, ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for GD (except for the criterion relating to diminished non-gaming interests) were judged as presenting high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS This Delphi survey provides a foundation for identifying the most diagnostically valid and clinically useful criteria for GD. There was expert agreement that some DSM-5 criteria were not clinically relevant and may pathologize non-problematic patterns of gaming, whereas ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines are likely to diagnose GD adequately and avoid pathologizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro‐Calvo
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological TreatmentsUniversity of ValenciaSpain
| | - Daniel L. King
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social WorkFlinders UniversityAustralia
| | - Dan J. Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR)University Duisburg‐EssenGermany
| | - Lior Carmi
- The Data Science InstituteInter‐disciplinary CenterHerzliyaIsrael
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK,Southern Health NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Naomi A. Fineberg
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation TrustWelwyn Garden CityUK,University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Rumpf
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of LuebeckLuebeckGermany
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and Monash Biomedical Imaging FacilityMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sophia Achab
- Specialized Facility In Behavioral Addictions, ReConnecte, Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenervaSwitzerland,Faculty of MedicineGeneva UniversityGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Atul Ambekar
- National Drug Dependence Treatment CentreAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Norharlina Bahar
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Selayang, Ministry of HealthMalaysia
| | - Alexander Blaszczynski
- Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Centre, School of PsychologyUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | | | - Xavier Carbonell
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences BlanquernaRamon Llull UniversityBarcelonaSpain
| | - Elda Mei Lo Chan
- St John's Cathedral Counselling Service, and Division on AddictionHong Kong
| | - Chih‐Hung Ko
- Department of PsychiatryKaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung CityTaiwan
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Department of Adult PsychiatryInstitute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain and Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Marie Grall‐Bronnec
- CHU Nantes, Department of Addictology and PsychiatryNantesFrance,Universités de Nantes et Tours, UMR 1246NantesFrance
| | - Hae Kook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Hospital OrganizationKurihama Medical and Addiction CenterJapan
| | - Susana Jimenez‐Murcia
- Department of PsychiatryBellvitge University Hospital‐IDIBELLBarcelonaSpain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of PsychologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology DepartmentNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - Jiang Long
- Shanghai Mental Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research InstituteUniversité Catholique de LouvainLouvainBelgium
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyHannover Medical SchoolHanoverGermany
| | | | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study CenterYale School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health CenterNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Afarin Rahimi‐Movaghar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction StudiesTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - John B. Saunders
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse ResearchUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Seung‐Yup Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kristiana Siste
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas IndonesiaJakartaIndonesia,Cipto Mangunkusumo HospitalJakartaIndonesia
| | - Daniel T. Spritzer
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesFederal University of Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | | | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzGermany
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of PsychologyUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Health and Behaviour InstituteUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
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Roza TH, Spritzer DT, Gadelha A, Passos IC. Hikikomori and the COVID-19 pandemic: not leaving behind the socially withdrawn. Braz J Psychiatry 2020; 43:114-116. [PMID: 32844886 PMCID: PMC7861179 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago H Roza
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel T Spritzer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Grupo de Estudos sobre Adições Tecnológicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Programa de Esquizofrenia (PROESQ), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ives C Passos
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Roza TH, Spritzer DT, Lovato LM, Passos IC. Multimodal treatment for a Brazilian case of hikikomori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 42:455-456. [PMID: 32401871 PMCID: PMC7430380 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago H Roza
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel T Spritzer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Lovato
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ives C Passos
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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