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De Martin S, Gabbia D, Bogialli S, Biasioli F, Boschetti A, Gstir R, Rainer D, Cappellin L. Refill liquids for electronic cigarettes display peculiar toxicity on human endothelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:456-462. [PMID: 33717998 PMCID: PMC7933715 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The electronic cigarettes mimic combustible cigarettes through a heating technology that vaporizes a refill liquid consisting of solvents, flavors, and nicotine. E-cigarettes are sometimes still used as a support for smoking cessation, even if in 2019 an acute lung injury outbreak occurred in the USA, affecting mainly adolescents and young adults, and was correlated to eCigs. Therefore, due to the lack of a definite knowledge about the mechanism(s) of refill liquid toxicity and considering that previous investigations gave controversial results, the aim of the present study was the cytotoxicity assessment of different refill liquids on human endothelial cells, evaluated by means of two different in vitro approaches, i.e. the resazurin and the LDH release assays. Our results clearly demonstrated that different refill liquids (6 samples) display different levels of cytotoxicity in our cellular model, although their cytotoxicity was always lower than that observed for the condensate obtained from traditional cigarettes (3 samples). These results suggest that accurate evaluations should be provided for refill liquids, in particular to correlate their toxicity to their chemical composition, with the final aim of obtaining useful information for the agencies involved in the regulation of their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele a/A, Italy
| | | | - Ronald Gstir
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Rainer
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy.,Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele a/A, Italy
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Jakschitz T, Fischnaller M, Noel JC, Gstir R, Rainer D, Rutzinger P, Bonn G, Rode BM. Electronic cigarettes – an important progress or just another risk for health? PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Liquids for electronic cigarettes and the vapor generated from them were examined by chemical and biological methods in order to reveal potential risk factors and their acceptability for consumers. Although the majority of the liquids on the market appear to be safe, some aroma compositions have been identified as possibly toxic for human vein epithelial cells, similar to tobacco smoke, thus indicating potential health risks and suggesting suitable test procedures before marketing the liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jakschitz
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI) and Institute for Analytical and Radiochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Martin Fischnaller
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI) and Institute for Analytical and Radiochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Jean-Christophe Noel
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI) and Institute for Analytical and Radiochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Ronald Gstir
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI) and Institute for Analytical and Radiochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Daniela Rainer
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI) and Institute for Analytical and Radiochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Peter Rutzinger
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI) and Institute for Analytical and Radiochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Günther Bonn
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI) and Institute for Analytical and Radiochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Bernd Michael Rode
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI) and Institute for Analytical and Radiochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
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Noël J, Rainer D, Gstir R, Rainer M, Bonn G. Cover Image. Biomed Chromatogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Noël JC, Rainer D, Gstir R, Rainer M, Bonn G. Quantification of selected aroma compounds in e-cigarette products and toxicity evaluation in HUVEC/Tert2 cells. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4761. [PMID: 31758585 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, the number of consumers using so-called e-cigarettes, which are electrical devices to aerosolize a liquid consisting of propylene glycol, glycerol, optional nicotine and flavoring chemicals, has been increasing. Aromas vary from common flavors such as mint to more unusual flavors such as buttermilk or pepperoni pizza. Consumers today can buy e-concentrates that consist of propylene glycol and aroma to blend their own desired flavor at home. Little is known about the composition and concentration of various aroma molecules in the different e-liquids and e-concentrates. In addition, the process of EU-wide regulation is still ongoing. The aim of this research study was to identify and quantify possible undesirable aroma compounds in e-liquids and e-concentrates. Flavoring chemicals such as estragole, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde were quantified. The measurements were carried out on a GC-MS system. The results show the presence of highly concentrated flavoring compounds and limonene oxide in lemon-flavored e-concentrates. In the final step, samples and single-aroma standards were tested for their toxicity to HUVEC/Tert2 cells, where some single-flavoring chemicals such as cinnamic aldehyde revealed significant toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Noël
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, CCB-Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Ronald Gstir
- Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, CCB-Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Bonn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, CCB-Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
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Stoisser T, Rainer D, Leitgeb S, Wilson DK, Nidetzky B. The Ala95-to-Gly substitution in Aerococcus viridans l-lactate oxidase revisited - structural consequences at the catalytic site and effect on reactivity with O2 and other electron acceptors. FEBS J 2014; 282:562-78. [PMID: 25423902 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerococcus viridansl-lactate oxidase (avLOX) is a biotechnologically important flavoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate and O₂ into pyruvate and H₂O₂. The enzymatic reaction underlies different biosensor applications of avLOX for blood L-lactate determination. The ability of avLOX to replace O₂ with other electron acceptors such as 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCIP) allows the possiblity of analytical and practical applications. The A95G variant of avLOX was previously shown to exhibit lowered reactivity with O₂ compared to wild-type enzyme and therefore was employed in a detailed investigation with respect to the specificity for different electron acceptor substrates. From stopped-flow experiments performed at 20 °C (pH 6.5), we determined that the A95G variant (fully reduced by L-lactate) was approximately three-fold more reactive towards DCIP (1.0 ± 0.1 × 10(6) M(-1) ·s(-1) ) than O₂, whereas avLOX wild-type under the same conditions was 14-fold more reactive towards O₂(1.8 ± 0.1 × 10(6) m(-1) ·s(-1)) than DCIP. Substituted 1,4-benzoquinones were up to five-fold better electron acceptors for reaction with L-lactate-reduced A95G variant than wild-type. A 1.65-Å crystal structure of oxidized A95G variant bound with pyruvate was determined and revealed that the steric volume created by removal of the methyl side chain of Ala95 and a slight additional shift in the main chain at position Gly95 together enable the accomodation of a new active-site water molecule within hydrogen-bond distance to the N5 of the FMN cofactor. The increased steric volume available in the active site allows the A95G variant to exhibit a similar trend with the related glycolate oxidase in electron acceptor substrate specificities, despite the latter containing an alanine at the analogous position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stoisser
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
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Barash YS, Burkhardt H, Rainer D. Low-Temperature Anomaly in the Josephson Critical Current of Junctions in d-Wave Superconductors. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:4070-4073. [PMID: 10062380 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Rainer D, Sauls JA, Waxman D. Current carried by bound states of a superconducting vortex. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 54:10094-10106. [PMID: 9984748 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Graf MJ, Yip SK, Sauls JA, Rainer D. Electronic thermal conductivity and the Wiedemann-Franz law for unconventional superconductors. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 53:15147-15161. [PMID: 9983313 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Combescot R, Dolgov OV, Rainer D, Shulga SV. Optical absorption in the strong-coupling limit of Eliashberg theory. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 53:2739-2745. [PMID: 9983784 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Graf MJ, Palumbo M, Rainer D, Sauls JA. Infrared conductivity in layered d-wave superconductors. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:10588-10600. [PMID: 9980112 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.10588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Graf MJ, Rainer D, Sauls JA. Coupled two-dimensional Fermi liquids as a model for layered superconductors: Basic equations and elementary results. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:12089-12098. [PMID: 10005379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Weschler CJ, Shields HC, Rainer D. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds at a building with health and comfort complaints. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1990; 51:261-8. [PMID: 2346114 DOI: 10.1080/15298669091369628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For four separate periods over a 1-yr span, the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been measured at a facility with a history of occupant complaints. The reported symptoms were characteristic of "sick building syndrome." This study was initiated to determine if VOC levels were higher than those measured in "complaint-free" buildings and, if so, to identify sources and other factors that might contribute to the elevated concentrations. VOCs were collected with passive samplers, using a sampling interval that lasted from 3 to 4 weeks. Following collection, the samplers were extracted, and the compounds in the extract were separated and identified using standard gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedures. Over 40 different organic compounds with concentrations in excess of 1 microgram/m3 were identified; several species had values greater than 100 micrograms/m3. For each of the first three sampling periods, the total concentration of VOCs detected using this methodology was in excess of 3 mg/m3. Sources of the identified compounds included cleaning products, floor wax, latex paints, and reentrained motor vehicle exhaust. However, the dominant source was the hydraulic system for the buildings' elevators. Compounds were volatilizing from the hydraulic fluid used in this system. Neither the elevator shafts nor the mechanical room housing the fluid reservoirs were vented to the outside. The problem was compounded by the relatively small amount of outside air used for ventilation at this facility (less than 6 L/sec [12 cfm]/occupant or about 1/4 air change/hr). At such low ventilation rates, compounds with strong sources can achieve high steady-state concentrations within the facility. Recommendations have been made to reduce the VOC levels at this site. Although implementing the recommendations will be costly, even a slight improvement in employee productivity will offset these costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Weschler
- Bell Communications Research, Red Bank, NJ 07701
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Doria MM, Gubernatis JE, Rainer D. Solving the Ginzburg-Landau equations by simulated annealing. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 41:6335-6340. [PMID: 9992880 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.6335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Doria MM, Gubernatis JE, Rainer D. Virial theorem for Ginzburg-Landau theories with potential applications to numerical studies of type-II superconductors. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1989; 39:9573-9575. [PMID: 9947694 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.9573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Tokuyasu T, Sauls JA, Rainer D. Proximity effect of a ferromagnetic insulator in contact with a superconductor. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1988; 38:8823-8833. [PMID: 9945659 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.8823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Millis A, Rainer D, Sauls JA. Quasiclassical theory of superconductivity near magnetically active interfaces. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1988; 38:4504-4515. [PMID: 9946837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang W, Kurkijarvi J, Rainer D, Thuneberg EV. Andreev scattering at a rough surface of 3He-B. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1988; 37:3336-3343. [PMID: 9944922 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.37.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rainer D, Lee PA. 3He-4He mixture as a weak link for Josephson effects in superfluid 3He. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1987; 35:3181-3187. [PMID: 9941817 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.35.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Alexander JA, Orlando TP, Rainer D, Tedrow PM. Theory of Fermi-liquid effects in high-field tunneling. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1985; 31:5811-5825. [PMID: 9936575 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.31.5811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rainer D, Leumann EP, Stauffer U. Childhood urolithiasis. Helv Paediatr Acta 1980; 35:301-11. [PMID: 7451234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
59 children with urolithiasis were seen between 1969 and 1977 (8 1/2 years). Calculi from 50 patients were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Half of the patients were 0-4 years old, and in this age group males greatly predominated (76%). Calculi in 26 patients were of infectious, and in 15 patients of metabolic origin (cystinuria 7, idiopathic hypercalciuria 5, primary hyperoxaluria 3), whereas 18 were idiopathic. Most infectious stones contained struvite, and most idiopathic stones contained calcium oxalate. An infectious etiology was observed in 55% of the 0-5-year-old children (n = 33), but in only 20% of the 10-16-year-old ones. In contrast, the percentage of idiopathic stones rose from 18% in the youngest to 70% in the oldest age group, although the absolute numbers were similar in all age groups, Childhood urolithiasis in Switzerland is thus primarily observed in young male patients and is usually secondary to a definable cause.
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