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Brindha S, Shinde SV, Bhure M, Chaudhari SP, Khan WA, Kurkure NV, Rawool DB, Barbuddhe SB. Occurrence of Coxiellosis in ruminants and its associated risk factors. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107235. [PMID: 38688445 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Coxiellosis in animals is caused by the zoonotic pathogen, Coxiella burnetii. Although the disease is of public health importance it remains underdiagnosed and underreported. The cross- sectional study was aimed to estimate the occurrence of the disease in livestock of study area and also to identify the risk factors associated with the disease in animals. Blood, serum, and vaginal swabs samples were collected from 200 ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats), across various farms in Karnataka, India. These samples were then screened using ELISA and PCR (com1 and IS1111). A questionnaire was administered to the farm owners to collect the risk factor-related information. About 5.26 % cattle, 12.3 % sheep, and 12.5 % goats were positive by ELISA. By PCR, 9.47 % cattle, 9.3 % sheep, and 10 % goats were positive. Overall, the occurrence of 14.73 %, 18.46 % and 17.5 % was estimated in cattle, sheep and goat, respectively. PCR targeting the IS1111 gene detected higher number of samples as positive as compared to the com1 gene PCR. Higher number of vaginal swab samples were detected as positive as compared to blood. History of reproductive disorders (OR: 4.30; 95 %CI:1.95- 9.46), abortion (OR: 30.94; 95 %CI:6.30- 151.84) and repeat breeding (OR:11.36; 95 %CI:4.16- 30.99) were significantly associated with coxiellosis (p < 0.005). Multivariable analysis by logistic regression model analysis suggested retained abortion, repeat breeding and rearing of animal in semi-intensive system as factors significantly associated with the infection. Cultural identification of the PCR positive samples were cultured using embryonated egg propagation and cell culture techniques and positivity was confirmed in six samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the com1 and IS1111 gene revealed clustering based on similar geographic locations. The study estimated the occurrence of the disease in the study area and identified the potential risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brindha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006 India
| | - Shilpshri V Shinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006 India.
| | - Mahaling Bhure
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006 India
| | - Sandeep P Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006 India
| | - Wiqar A Khan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006 India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006 India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- ICAR-National Meat Research Institute, Hyderabad 500092 India
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Barbuddhe SS, Thorat YT, Kulkarni P, Shinde SV, Chaudhari SP, Kurkure NV, Sahu R, Rawool DB. Comparative analysis of diagnostic assays for scrub typhus: Unveiling enhanced approaches for accurate detection. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 216:106875. [PMID: 38101580 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The study comparatively evaluated serological assays, namely, Weil Felix assay, and IgM ELISA with the gold-standard immunofluorescence test (IFAT) for the sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of scrub typhus infection in occupationally exposed groups of humans. A total of 78 serum samples collected from persons affected with various ailments and belonging to different risk groups were screened in the study. Out of the 78 serum samples tested, a total of 17, 26, and 47 samples turned out to be positive by IFAT, IgM ELISA, and Weil Felix test, respectively. The Weil Felix assay could not serve as an ideal test for screening scrub typhus infection owing to its poor sensitivity and specificity in comparison with IFAT. IgM-ELISA could be an initial screening test to detect scrub typhus suspected patient in limited resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti S Barbuddhe
- Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Yogesh T Thorat
- Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Piyush Kulkarni
- Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Shilpshri V Shinde
- Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | | | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Radhakrishna Sahu
- Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- ICAR-National Meat Research Institute, Hyderabad 500092, India.
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Vishnuraj MR, Ajay G, Aravind Kumar N, Renuka J, Pollumahanti N, Anusha Chauhan H, Vaithiyanathan S, Rawool DB, Barbuddhe SB. Duplex real-time PCR assay with high-resolution melt analysis for the detection and quantification of Listeria species and Listeria monocytogenes in meat products. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:1541-1550. [PMID: 37033312 PMCID: PMC10076466 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Listeria contamination in foods of animal origin is one of the most concerning food safety issues. A duplex, SYBR green-based, real-time PCR assay was developed with high-resolution melting analysis-based differentiation of the genus Listeria and Listeria monocytogenes. The primers were designed and tested against other related foodborne pathogens. The assay was optimized for standard parameters in a non-orthogonal fashion and validated following international standards. The LODabs and LOQ of the assay were calculated to be 0.78 and 1.56 ng of the target DNA. The LODrel of the assay was found to be 1% Listeria DNA in background DNA. The assay was evaluated for applicability in artificially spiked samples, providing a 120 CFU/ml detection. The assay was validated with proficiency test samples and also with samples collected for surveillance analysis. This well-established and validated assay can be utilized as a qualitative and quantitative tool for addressing the Listeria contamination in the food safety contexts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05695-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Vishnuraj
- ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500092 India
| | - G. Ajay
- ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500092 India
| | - N. Aravind Kumar
- ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500092 India
| | - J. Renuka
- ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500092 India
| | | | - H. Anusha Chauhan
- ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500092 India
| | - S. Vaithiyanathan
- ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500092 India
| | - Deepak B. Rawool
- ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500092 India
| | - S. B. Barbuddhe
- ICAR - National Meat Research Institute, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500092 India
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Yadav JP, Malik SVS, Dhaka P, Kumar A, Kumar M, Bhoomika S, Gourkhede D, Singh RV, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Coxiella burnetii in cattle and their human contacts in a gaushala (cattle shelter) from India and its partial com1 gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1449-1458. [PMID: 33843465 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1906264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii is an important zoonosis and has great public health significance. A total of 905 clinical samples from 387 cattle [serum (n = 387); vaginal swabs (n = 387); milk (n = 131)] and 59 serum samples from humans were collected from gaushala (cattle shelter) and screened for anti-C. burnetii IgG antibodies in the sera using an indirect-ELISA kit. Further, the samples were tested for C. burnetii DNA employing TaqMan real-time and conventional PCR assays targeting the com1 gene. In ELISA, 9.56% and 6.78% of animal and human sera samples were positive for anti-C. burnetii antibodies, respectively. Upon pathogen detection, 3.87% sera, 1.81% vaginal swabs, and 6.87% milk samples from cattle tested positive in TaqMan real-time PCR and 1.55% sera, 0.52% vaginal swabs, and 3.05% milk samples were found positive in conventional PCR. In humans, one serum sample was positive in both the PCR assays. The PCR positive samples (n = 12) were partially sequenced and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using com1 gene sequences (n = 42) from a different host and geographical areas. The study highlights infection of cattle and their human contacts in gaushala and identifies relationships between strains identified in the gaushala and those in other parts of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sirsant Bhoomika
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Diksha Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ran Vir Singh
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Sahu R, Vishnuraj MR, Srinivas C, Dadimi B, Megha GK, Pollumahanti N, Malik SS, Vaithiyanathan S, Rawool DB, Barbuddhe SB. Development and comparative evaluation of droplet digital PCR and quantitative PCR for the detection and quantification of Chlamydia psittaci. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 190:106318. [PMID: 34592374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic pathogen mainly transmitted by psittacine birds and poultry. The low shedding rate of the pathogen in the apparently healthy birds and human clinical cases may result in false-negative results. In the present study, a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay was developed and compared with optimized quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the detection of C. psittaci from the clinical samples. The ddPCR assay was found to be comparatively more sensitive than the qPCR, wherein the limit of detection (LOD) of ddPCR was upto 2.4 copies of the DNA template, whereas, the qPCR could detect upto 38 copies of the DNA template in the reaction mixture. Overall, the developed ddPCR assay was found to be robust, specific, and could reliably quantify up to 17.8 copies of the DNA template. Finally, the applicability of the developed ddPCR assay was tested by screening the field samples (n = 124), comprising lung tissues from dead poultry and feral birds; pooled faecal samples from the free-living birds, commercial and backyard poultry farms; pharyngeal and cloacal swabs collected from the duck farms. Of these, a total of seven samples were found to be positive by the ddPCR, whereas, three samples could be detected as positive using the qPCR. The developed ddPCR could serve as a reliable screening tool, particularly in those clinical samples wherein the shedding of C. psittaci is substantially very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishna Sahu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad 500092, India; Department of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - M R Vishnuraj
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad 500092, India
| | - Ch Srinivas
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad 500092, India
| | - Bhargavi Dadimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - G K Megha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | | | - Satyaveer S Malik
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - S Vaithiyanathan
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad 500092, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad 500092, India
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Vergis J, Malik SVS, Pathak R, Kumar M, Sunitha R, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Efficacy of Indolicidin, Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin (CAMA) and Their Combination Against Biofilm-Forming Multidrug-Resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:705-715. [PMID: 31485973 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the anti-biofilm efficacy of two short-chain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), namely, indolicidin and cecropin A (1-7)-melittin (CAMA) against biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (MDR-EAEC) isolates. The typical EAEC isolates re-validated by PCR and confirmed using HEp-2 cell adherence assay was subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing to confirm its MDR status. The biofilm-forming ability of MDR-EAEC isolates was assessed by Congo red binding, microtitre plate assays and hydrophobicity index; broth microdilution technique was employed to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs). The obtained MIC and MBEC values for both AMPs were evaluated alone and in combination against MDR-EAEC biofilms using crystal violet (CV) staining and confocal microscopy-based live/dead cell quantification methods. All the three MDR-EAEC strains revealed weak to strong biofilm-forming ability and were found to be electron-donating and weakly electron-accepting (hydrophobicity index). Also, highly significant (P < 0.001) time-dependent hydrodynamic growth of the three MDR-EAEC strains was observed at 48 h of incubation in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 0.45% D-glucose. AMPs and their combination were able to inhibit the initial biofilm formation at 24 h and 48 h as evidenced by CV staining and confocal quantification. Further, the application of AMPs (individually and combination) against the preformed MDR-EAEC biofilms resulted in highly significant eradication (P < 0.001) at 24 h post treatment. However, significant differences were not observed between AMP treatments (individually or in combination). The AMPs seem to be an effective candidates for further investigations such as safety, stability and appropriate biofilm-forming MDR-EAEC animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - R Sunitha
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - S B Barbuddhe
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Telangana, 500092, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
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Abstract
Fisheries comprise the fastest growing sector meeting the global protein requirements. Being an affordable enterprise, it is considered a safe source of food and the muscles of healthy fishes are almost sterile. However, a multitude of hazards (biological, chemical, and environmental) can be introduced into aquaculture throughout the production and supply chain. Also, it can originate from unsuitable farming practices, environmental pollution, and socio-cultural habits prevailing in various regions. Hence, with an increasing global population and demands for aquacultural products, assessment and regulation of food safety concerns are becoming significantly evident. Ensuring safe, secure, affordable, and quality food for all in a global context is pragmatically difficult. In this context, it is quite imperative to understand the ecology and dynamics of these hazards throughout the entire production chain in a One Health approach. Here, we discuss the issues and challenges faced in the fisheries sector as a whole and the need for a One Health approach to overcome such hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak B. Rawool
- Department of Meat Safety, ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe
- Department of Meat Safety, ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Vergis J, Malik SVS, Pathak R, Kumar M, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Exploring Galleria mellonella larval model to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin against multi-drug resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6123720. [PMID: 33512501 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput in vivo laboratory models is need for screening and identification of effective therapeutic agents to overcome microbial drug-resistance. This study was undertaken to evaluate in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of short-chain antimicrobial peptide- Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin (CAMA) against three multi-drug resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (MDR-EAEC) field isolates in a Galleria mellonella larval model. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 2.0 mg/L) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC; 4.0 mg/L) of CAMA were determined by microdilution assay. CAMA was found to be stable at high temperatures, physiological concentration of cationic salts and proteases; safe with sheep erythrocytes, secondary cell lines and commensal lactobacilli at lower MICs; and exhibited membrane permeabilization. In vitro time-kill assay revealed concentration- and time-dependent clearance of MDR-EAEC in CAMA-treated groups at 30 min. CAMA- treated G. mellonella larvae exhibited an increased survival rate, reduced MDR-EAEC counts, immunomodulatory effect and proved non-toxic which concurred with histopathological findings. CAMA exhibited either an equal or better efficacy than the tested antibiotic control, meropenem. This study highlights the possibility of G. mellonella larvae as an excellent in vivo model for investigating the host-pathogen interaction, including the efficacy of antimicrobials against MDR-EAEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur 440001, India
| | - S B Barbuddhe
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad 500092, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
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Sahu R, Rawool DB, Vinod VK, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB. Current approaches for the detection of Coxiella burnetii infection in humans and animals. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 179:106087. [PMID: 33086105 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Q fever (coxiellosis), caused by Coxiella burnetii, is an emerging or re-emerging zoonotic disease of public health significance and with worldwide distribution. As a causal agent of the one among the 13 global priority zoonoses, having the infectious dose as low as one bacterium, C. burnetii has been regarded as an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. The agent has been classified as a Group B bioterrorism agent by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the disease is included in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) list of notifiable diseases. It is mainly transmitted through airborne route in humans and animals. Isolation of C. burnetii, using standard routine laboratory culture techniques was impossible until formulation of axenic-based medium. However, it is still to be included among routinely isolated laboratory pathogen, accounting prolonged incubation period (~7 days) and requirement of specific oxygen concentration (2.5% O2). Therefore, indirect diagnostic tools have been mainly used for its diagnosis. So far serology has been mostly used for testing for C. burnetii infection. The detection of C. burnetii DNA by PCR in various clinical samples have also been widely used. The disease has remained largely under-reported, underdiagnosed and as a masked zoonosis; and therefore, needs to be explored through well-planned scientific studies for knowing its true status and likely it impact in humans and animals by employing state-of-the-art diagnostics, identifying its diverse and new host range, as well as risk factors involved in different geo-climatic, behavioural and social settings as well as risk groups. Here, we reviewed the current approaches used for the detection of C. burnetii infection in humans and animals at the population and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishna Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad 500 092, India
| | - Valil Kunjukunju Vinod
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
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Dhaka P, Malik SVS, Yadav JP, Kumar M, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Apparent prevalence and risk factors of coxiellosis (Q fever) among dairy herds in India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239260. [PMID: 32931511 PMCID: PMC7491716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a highly infectious zoonotic pathogen infecting wide range of mammals, including humans. In the present study, a total of 711 blood samples from bovines [cattle (n = 543) and buffaloes (n = 168)] from eight farms at different geographical locations in India were screened for C. burnetii targeting the IS1111 and the com1 genes. The anti-C. burnetii antibodies in serum samples were detected using indirect-ELISA kits. Also, a total of 21 parameters pertaining to animal health and farm management were identified to assess their role as possible risk factors for coxiellosis among the targeted farms. The apparent prevalence (positive for PCR and/or ELISA) for coxiellosis was reported to be 24.5% in cattle and 8.9% in buffaloes. In cattle, the detection rate of C. burnetii employing the IS1111 gene (8.5%) was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to the com1 (6.5%) gene. The seropositivity by ELISA was higher among cattle (17.7%) than in buffaloes (8.3%). Further, on univariable analysis of risk factors, species (cattle) (OR:3.31; 95%CI:1.88–5.82), inadequate floor spacing (OR:1.64; 95%CI:1.10–2.43), mastitis (OR:2.35, 95%CI:1.45–3.81) and reproductive disorders (OR:2.54; 95%CI:1.67–3.85) were significantly (p<0.05) having high odds for coxiellosis. The multivariable logistic regression analysis of the animal level risk factors revealed that species and age were found to be significantly associated with coxiellosis. However, since the number of screened farms is limited; further research is needed with a higher number of animals to confirm the farm level odds ratio of risk factors. Quarantine and biosecurity measures including farm hygiene operations were observed to be inadequate and also the lack of awareness about coxiellosis among the farm workers. In absence of vaccination program for coxiellosis in India, robust surveillance, farm biosecurity measures and the awareness for the disease among risk groups can play an important role in the disease prevention and subsequent transmission of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Deepak B. Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
- * E-mail:
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Gourkhede DP, Bhoomika S, Pathak R, Yadav JP, Nishanth D, Vergis J, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Antimicrobial efficacy of Cecropin A (1-7)- Melittin and Lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant Salmonella Enteritidis. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104405. [PMID: 32707313 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated intracellular antibacterial efficacy of two short-chain cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) namely, Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against three field strains of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Enteritidis. Initially, antimicrobial ability of both the AMPs was evaluated for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis strains. Besides, the AMPs were evaluated for its in vitro stability (high-end temperatures, proteases, physiological concentrations of cationic salts and pH) and safety (haemolytic assay in sheep erythrocytes; cytotoxicity assay in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line and human epithelioma HEp-2 cell line and beneficial gut lactobacilli). Later, a time-kill assay was performed to assess the intracellular antibacterial activity of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis in RAW 264.7 and HEp-2 cells. The observed MBC values of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis (128 μM; 256 μM) were generally twice or four-fold greater than the MIC values (64 μM). Further, both the AMPs were found variably stable after exposure at high-end temperatures (70 °C and 90 °C), protease treatment (trypsin, proteinase K, lysozyme), higher concentration of physiological salts (150 mM NaCl and 2 mM MgCl2) and hydrogen ion concentrations (pH 4.0 to 8.0). Both the AMPs were found non-haemolytic on sheep erythrocytes, revealed minimal cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 and HEp-2 cells, and was tested safe against beneficial gut lactobacilli (L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus). Intracellular bacteriostatic effect with both cationic AMPs against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis was evident in RAW 264.7 cells; however, in both the cell lines, the significant bactericidal effect was not observed (P > 0.05) with both cationic AMPs understudy against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis. Based on the results of the present study, both the cationic AMPs understudy may not be useful for the intracellular elimination of multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis; hence, further studies such as conjugation of these AMPs with either cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) and/or nanoparticles (NPs) are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha P Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sirsant Bhoomika
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dani Nishanth
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, KVASU, 673 576, Kerala, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S B Barbuddhe
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telangana, India
| | - D B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Girish P, Barbuddhe S, Kumari A, Rawool DB, Karabasanavar NS, Muthukumar M, Vaithiyanathan S. Rapid detection of pork using alkaline lysis- Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (AL-LAMP) technique. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yadav JP, Malik SVS, Dhaka P, Kumar M, Sirsant B, Gourkhede D, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Comparison of two new in-house Latex Agglutination Tests (LATs), based on the DnaK and Com1 synthetic peptides of Coxiella burnetii, with a commercial indirect-ELISA, for sero-screening of coxiellosis in bovines. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 170:105859. [PMID: 32027926 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The in-house developed DnaK and Com1 synthetic peptide-based Latex Agglutination Tests (LATs) were comparatively evaluated with commercial indirect-ELISA kit, to provide a rapid, economical and onsite field applicable test for seroscreening of coxiellosis in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Bhoomika Sirsant
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Diksha Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | | | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
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Yadav JP, Malik SVS, Dhaka P, Kumar M, Bhoomika S, Gourkhede D, Kumar B, Ram Verma M, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Seasonal variation in occurrence of Coxiella burnetii infection in buffaloes slaughtered in India. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1627643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sirsant Bhoomika
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Diksha Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Med Ram Verma
- Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Deepak B. Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Kumar M, Malik SS, Vergis J, Ramanjeneya S, Sahu R, Pathak R, Yadav JP, Dhaka P, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Development of the Com1 synthetic peptide-based Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) and its comparative evaluation with commercial indirect-ELISA for sero-screening of coxiellosis in cattle. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 162:83-85. [PMID: 31145941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel Com1 synthetic peptide-based latex agglutination test (LAT) was developed and evaluated against commercial ELISA kit for sero-screening of coxiellosis in cattle. The developed test is economical, has field applicability and can serve as an important rapid tool for sero-screening of coxiellosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Sunitha Ramanjeneya
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Radhakrishna Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | | | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India.
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Ramanjeneya S, Sahoo SC, Pathak R, Kumar M, Vergis J, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Virulence Potential, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Susceptibility ofListeria monocytogenesIsolated from Cattle Housed in a Particular Gaushala (Cattle Shelter) and Organized Farm. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:214-220. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Ramanjeneya
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sudam Chandra Sahoo
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Deepak B. Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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18
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Das DP, Malik SVS, Sahu R, Yadav JP, Rawool DB, Barbuddhe SB. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Coxiella burnetii targeting the com1 gene. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 155:55-58. [PMID: 30445112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed the com1 gene based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Coxiella burnetii and validated it by screening DNA isolated from serum samples collected from animals and humans. The detection of Coxiella by LAMP assay was comparable with the com1 based-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Das
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Radhakrishna Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
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Doijad SP, Poharkar KV, Kale SB, Kerkar S, Kalorey DR, Kurkure NV, Rawool DB, Malik SVS, Ahmad RY, Hudel M, Chaudhari SP, Abt B, Overmann J, Weigel M, Hain T, Barbuddhe SB, Chakraborty T. Listeria goaensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:3285-3291. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil P. Doijad
- 1Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Gießen, Germany
| | - Krupali V. Poharkar
- 2Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Satyajit B. Kale
- 2Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Savita Kerkar
- 3Department of Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403 206, India
| | - Dewanand R. Kalorey
- 2Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Nitin V. Kurkure
- 2Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Deepak B. Rawool
- 4Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- 4Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Rafed Yassin Ahmad
- 1Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Gießen, Germany
| | - Martina Hudel
- 1Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Gießen, Germany
| | - Sandeep P. Chaudhari
- 2Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Birte Abt
- 5Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- 5Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Weigel
- 1Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Gießen, Germany
| | - Torsten Hain
- 1Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Trinad Chakraborty
- 1Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Gießen, Germany
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20
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Sahu R, Kale SB, Vergis J, Dhaka P, Kumar M, Choudhary M, Jain L, Choudhary BK, Rawool DB, Chaudhari SP, Kurkure NV, Malik S, Barbuddhe SB. Apparent prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of Coxiella burnetii infection in goats and humans in Chhattisgarh and Odisha, India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 60:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Vergis J, Pathak R, Kumar M, Sunitha R, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. A comparative study for detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains using double disc, nitrocefin and PCR assays. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 151:57-61. [PMID: 29913188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We explored and evaluated for the first time colorimetric nitrocefin assay in conjunction with the double disc test and PCR assay. We suggested the use of nitrocefin assay for rapid screening of ESBL-production by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - R Sunitha
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - S B Barbuddhe
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad 500 092, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India.
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22
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Suryawanshi RD, Malik SVS, Jayarao B, Chaudhari SP, Savage E, Vergis J, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Comparative diagnostic efficacy of recombinant LLO and PI-PLC-based ELISAs for detection of listeriosis in animals. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 137:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rawool DB, Doijad SP, Poharkar KV, Negi M, Kale SB, Malik SVS, Kurkure NV, Chakraborty T, Barbuddhe SB. A multiplex PCR for detection of Listeria monocytogenes and its lineages. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 130:144-147. [PMID: 27671346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel multiplex PCR assay was developed to identify genus Listeria, and discriminate Listeria monocytogenes and its major lineages (LI, LII, LIII). This assay is a rapid and inexpensive subtyping method for screening and characterization of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Swapnil P Doijad
- Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Seminary Hills, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Krupali V Poharkar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Mamta Negi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Satyajit B Kale
- Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Seminary Hills, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Seminary Hills, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Kumar M, Dhaka P, Vijay D, Vergis J, Mohan V, Kumar A, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Malik SVS, Rawool DB. Antimicrobial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus against multidrug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:265-70. [PMID: 27451088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus were evaluated individually and synergistically against multidrug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (MDR-EAEC). In vitro evaluation of each probiotic strain when co-cultured with MDR-EAEC isolates revealed a reduction in MDR-EAEC counts (eosin-methylene blue agar) in a dose- and time-dependent manner: probiotics at a dose rate of 10(10) CFU inhibited MDR-EAEC isolates at 72 h post-inoculation (PI), whereas at lower concentrations (10(8) and 10(9) CFU) MDR-EAEC isolates were inhibited at 96 h PI. The synergistic antimicrobial effect of both probiotic strains (each at 10(10) CFU) was highly significant (P < 0.01) and inhibited the growth of MDR-EAEC isolates at 24 h PI. For in vivo evaluation, weaned mice were fed orally with 10(7) CFU of MDR-EAEC. At Day 3 post-infection, treated mice were fed orally with the probiotic strains (each at 10(10) CFU). Compared with the control, post-treatment a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in MDR-EAEC counts was observed in faeces by Day 2 and in intestinal tissues of treated mice by Days 3 and 4 as evidenced by plate count (mean 2.71 log and 2.27 log, respectively) and real-time PCR (mean 1.62 log and 1.57 log, respectively) methods. Histopathologically, comparatively mild changes were observed in the ileum and colon from Days 3 to 5 post-treatment with probiotics; however, from Day 6 the changes were regenerative or normal. These observations suggest that these probiotic strains can serve as alternative therapeutics against MDR-EAEC-associated infections in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Vysakh Mohan
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal Science and Fishery University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | | | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
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25
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Dhaka P, Vijay D, Vergis J, Negi M, Kumar M, Mohan V, Doijad S, Poharkar KV, Malik SS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Genetic diversity and antibiogram profile of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from human, animal, foods and associated environmental sources. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31055. [PMID: 27197617 PMCID: PMC4873563 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infectious diarrhoea particularly due to pathogenic bacteria is a major health problem in developing countries, including India. Despite significant reports of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes around the globe, studies which address genetic relatedness, antibiogram profile and their correlation with respect to their isolation from different sources are sparse. The present study determines isolation and identification of DEC pathotypes from different sources, their genetic characterisation, antibiogram profile and their correlation if any. Materials and methods A total of 336 samples comprising diarrhoeic stool samples from infants (n=103), young animal (n=106), foods (n=68) and associated environmental sources (n=59) were collected from Bareilly region of India. All the samples were screened by using standard microbiological methods for the detection of E. coli. The identified E. coli were then confirmed as DEC pathotypes using polymerase chain reaction–based assays. Those DEC pathotypes identified as Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) were further confirmed using HEp-2 adherence assay. All the isolated DEC pathotypes were studied for their genetic diversity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using disc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results and discussion Of the four DEC pathotypes investigated, EAEC was found to be the predominant pathogen with an isolation rate of 16.5% from infants, 17.9% from young animals, 16.2% from foods and 3.4% from the associated environmental sources. These EAEC isolates, on further characterisation, revealed predominance of ‘atypical’ EAEC, with an isolation rate of 10.7% from infants, 15.1% from young animals, 16.2% from foods, and 3.4% from the associated environmental sources. On PFGE analysis, discrimination was evident within DEC pathotypes as 52 unique pulsotypes were observed for 59 recovered DEC pathotypes. However, a few EAEC isolates were found to be clonal (clusters A, B, C, D, F, G, and H) irrespective of their source of isolation, suggests sharing and/or circulation among different sources. Further, a high antibiotic resistance pattern was observed among isolated DEC pathotypes as almost 86.4% of isolates were found to be resistant against ≥3 tested drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Negi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vysakh Mohan
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India;
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Vijay D, Dhaka P, Vergis J, Negi M, Mohan V, Kumar M, Doijad S, Poharkar K, Kumar A, Malik SS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Corrigendum to “Characterization and biofilm forming ability of diarrhoeagenic enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates recovered from human infants and young animals” [Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 38 (2015) 21–31]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Negi M, Vergis J, Vijay D, Dhaka P, Malik S, Kumar A, Poharkar KV, Doijad SP, Barbuddhe SB, Ramteke PW, Rawool DB. Genetic diversity, virulence potential and antimicrobial susceptibility ofListeria monocytogenesrecovered from different sources in India. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv093. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Doijad SP, Barbuddhe SB, Garg S, Poharkar KV, Kalorey DR, Kurkure NV, Rawool DB, Chakraborty T. Biofilm-Forming Abilities of Listeria monocytogenes Serotypes Isolated from Different Sources. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137046. [PMID: 26360831 PMCID: PMC4567129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 98 previously characterized and serotyped L. monocytogenes strains, comprising 32 of 1/2a; 20 of 1/2b and 46 of 4b serotype, from clinical and food sources were studied for their capability to form a biofilm. The microtiter plate assay revealed 62 (63.26%) strains as weak, 27 (27.55%) strains as moderate, and 9 (9.18%) strains as strong biofilm formers. Among the strong biofilm formers, 6 strains were of serotype 1/2a and 3 strains were of serotype 1/2b. None of the strain from 4b serotype exhibited strong biofilm formation. No firm correlation (p = 0.015) was noticed between any serotype and respective biofilm formation ability. Electron microscopic studies showed that strong biofilm forming isolates could synthesize a biofilm within 24 h on surfaces important in food industries such as stainless steel, ceramic tiles, high-density polyethylene plastics, polyvinyl chloride pipes, and glass. Cell enumeration of strong, moderate, and weak biofilm was performed to determine if the number of cells correlated with the biofilm-forming capabilities of the isolates. Strong, moderate, and weak biofilm showed 570±127× 103 cells/cm2, 33±26× 103 cells/cm2, 5±3× 103 cells/cm2, respectively, indicating that the number of cells was directly proportional to the strength of the biofilm. The hydrophobicity index (HI) analysis revealed higher hydrophobicity with an increased biofilm formation. Fatty acid methyl esterase analysis revealed the amount of certain fatty acids such as iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, and anteiso-C17:0 fatty acids correlated with the biofilm-forming capability of L. monocytogenes. This study showed that different strains of L. monocytogenes form biofilm of different intensities which did not completely correlate with their serotype; however, it correlated with the number of cells, hydrophobicity, and amount of certain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe
- ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 402, India
- National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, IGKV Campus, Krishak Nagar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492012, India
- * E-mail: (SBB); (TC)
| | - Sandeep Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigaon Plateau, Goa 403 206, India
| | | | - Dewanand R. Kalorey
- Department of Microbiology and Animal Biotechnology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Nitin V. Kurkure
- Department of Microbiology and Animal Biotechnology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Deepak B. Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SBB); (TC)
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Nair A, Balasaravanan T, Malik SVS, Mohan V, Kumar M, Vergis J, Rawool DB. Isolation and identification of Salmonella from diarrheagenic infants and young animals, sewage waste and fresh vegetables. Vet World 2015; 8:669-73. [PMID: 27047154 PMCID: PMC4774732 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.669-673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, distribution, and identification of Salmonella serotypes in diarrheagenic infants and young animals, including sewage waste and fresh vegetables. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 550 samples were processed for the isolation of Salmonella spp., using standard microbiological and biochemical tests. Further polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Salmonella genus was carried out using self-designed primers targeting invA gene and thereafter identification of important serotypes namely Salmonella Enterica serovar Typhimurium, Salmonella Enterica serovar Enteritidis, Salmonella Enterica serovar Typhi was performed using published standardized multiplex PCR. RESULTS An overall low prevalence of 2.5% (14/550) was observed. The observed prevalence of Salmonella spp. in diarrheagenic infants was 1.2% (05/400), diarrheagenic young animals 4% (02/50), sewage waste 10% (05/50), and fresh vegetables 4% (02/50), respectively. In diarrheagenic infants, of the five Salmonella isolates identified, two were Salmonella Typhimurium, two Salmonella Enteritidis, and one was unidentified and hence designated as other Salmonella serovar. All the Salmonella isolates identified from diarrheagenic young animals and sewage waste belonged to other Salmonella serovar, whereas, of the two isolates recovered from fresh vegetables, one was identified as other Salmonella serovar, and one as Salmonella Typhimurium, respectively. CONCLUSION Isolation of Salmonella spp. especially from sewage waste and fresh vegetable is a matter of great concern from public health point of view because these sources can accidentally serve as a potential vehicle for transmission of Salmonella spp. to animals and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Nair
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T. Balasaravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Arts & Science College, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. V. S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vysakh Mohan
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak B. Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rawool DB, Vergis J, Vijay D, Dhaka P, Negi M, Kumar M, Nair A, Poharkar KV, Kurkure NV, Kumar A, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB. Evaluation of a PCR targeting fimbrial subunit gene (fimA) for rapid and reliable detection of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli recovered from human and animal diarrhoeal cases. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 110:45-8. [PMID: 25598135 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the utility of a chromosomal associated fimbrial subunit gene (fimA) for screening 'typical' as well as 'atypical' Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) by PCR and its possible role as a promising molecular marker for rapid detection of 'typical' and 'atypical' EAEC pathotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India.
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Mamta Negi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Amruta Nair
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Krupali V Poharkar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur 440 006, India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur 440 006, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - S B Barbuddhe
- National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492 012, India
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Vijay D, Dhaka P, Vergis J, Negi M, Mohan V, Kumar M, Doijad S, Poharkar K, Kumar A, Malik SS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Characterization and biofilm forming ability of diarrhoeagenic enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates recovered from human infants and young animals. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 38:21-31. [PMID: 25529123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an important pathotype that causes infection in humans and animals. EAEC isolates (n=86) recovered from diarrhoeal cases in human infants (37) and young animals (49) were characterized as 'typical' and/or 'atypical' EAEC strains employing PCR for virulence associated genes (cvd432, aaiA, astA, pilS, irp2, ecp, pic, aggR, aafA, aggA, and agg3A). Besides, biofilm formation ability of human and animal EAEC isolates was assessed using microtiter plate assay. In addition, the transcriptional profile of biofilm associated genes (fis and ecp) was also evaluated and correlated with biofilm formation assay for few selected EAEC isolates of human and animal origins. Overall, a diverse virulence gene profile was observed for the EAEC isolates of human and animal origins as none of the EAEC isolates revealed the presence of all the genes that were targeted. Nine 'typical' EAEC isolates were identified (6 from humans and 3 from animals) while, the majority of the isolates were 'atypical' EAEC strains. Isolation and identification of three 'typical' EAEC isolates from animals (canines) appears to be the first report globally. Further, based on the observations of the biofilm formation assay, the study suggested that human EAEC isolates in particular were comparatively more biofilm producers than that of the animal EAEC isolates. The fis gene was highly expressed in majority of 'typical' EAEC isolates and the ecp gene in 'atypical' EAEC isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Vijay
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Mamta Negi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Vysakh Mohan
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | | | | | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | | | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India.
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Kalekar S, Rodrigues J, D'Costa D, Doijad S, Ashok Kumar J, Malik SVS, Kalorey DR, Rawool DB, Hain T, Chakraborty T, Barbuddhe SB. Genotypic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from humans in India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2011; 105:351-8. [PMID: 21929876 DOI: 10.1179/1364859411y.0000000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen associated with severe diseases in humans and animals. The genotypic analysis of 17 L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from humans in India during 2006-2009 using multiplex serotyping PCR allowing serovar predictions, conventional serology and by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is presented. The isolates were recovered from patients exhibiting various clinical conditions. A multiplex-PCR based serotyping assay revealed 88·24% (15/17) of the strains belonging to the serovar group 4b, 4d, 4e and 11·76% (2/17) to the serovar group 1/2b, 3b. Conventional serology indicated that 13 (76·47%) L. monocytogenes isolates to be of serotype 4b, 2 (11·76%) serotype 4d, and 2 (11·76%) serotype 1/2b. Ten ApaI and nine AscI pulsotypes were recognized among the 17 human isolates. PFGE analysis allowed discrimination among isolates of the same serotype and among isolates from the same sampling areas or those isolated from different areas. Thus, PFGE together with multiplex-PCR serotyping allows rapid discrimination of L. monocytogenes strains. In addition, the predominance of L. monocytogenes serotype 4b is of concern, as this serotype has been most frequently associated with human listeriosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalekar
- ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa, India
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Bitsaktsis C, Rawool DB, Li Y, Kurkure NV, Iglesias B, Gosselin EJ. Differential requirements for protection against mucosal challenge with Francisella tularensis in the presence versus absence of cholera toxin B and inactivated F. tularensis. J Immunol 2009; 182:4899-909. [PMID: 19342669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a category A biothreat agent for which there is no approved vaccine and the correlates of protection are not well understood. In particular, the relationship between the humoral and cellular immune response to F. tularensis and the relative importance of each in protection is controversial. Yet, understanding this relationship will be crucial to the development of an effective vaccine against this organism. We demonstrate, for the first time, a differential requirement for humoral vs cellular immunity in vaccine-induced protection against F. tularensis infection, and that the requirement for Ab observed in some protection studies, may be overcome through the induction of enhanced cellular immunity. Specifically, following intranasal/mucosal immunization of mice with inactivated F. tularensis organisms plus the cholera toxin B subunit, we observe increased production of IgG2a/2c vs IgG1 Ab, as well as IFN-gamma, indicating induction of a Th1 response. In addition, the requirement for F. tularensis-specific IgA Ab production, observed in studies following immunization with inactivated F. tularensis alone, is eliminated. Thus, these data indicate that enhanced Th1 responses can supersede the requirement for anti-F. tularensis-specific IgA. This observation also has important ramifications for vaccine development against this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Bitsaktsis
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Rawool DB, Bitsaktsis C, Li Y, Gosselin DR, Lin Y, Kurkure NV, Metzger DW, Gosselin EJ. Utilization of Fc receptors as a mucosal vaccine strategy against an intracellular bacterium, Francisella tularensis. J Immunol 2008; 180:5548-57. [PMID: 18390739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that targeting Ag to Fc receptors (FcR) on APCs can enhance humoral and cellular immunity. However, studies are lacking that examine both the use of FcR-targeting in generating immune protection against infectious agents and the use of FcRs in the induction of mucosal immunity. Francisella tularensis is a category A intracellular mucosal pathogen. Thus, intense efforts are underway to develop a vaccine against this organism. We hypothesized that protection against mucosal infection with F. tularensis would be significantly enhanced by targeting inactivated F. tularensis live vaccine strain (iFt) to FcRs at mucosal sites, via intranasal immunization with mAb-iFt complexes. These studies demonstrate for the first time that: 1) FcR-targeted immunogen enhances immunogen-specific IgA production and protection against subsequent infection in an IgA-dependent manner, 2) FcgammaR and neonatal FcR are crucial to this protection, and 3) inactivated F. tularensis, when targeted to FcRs, enhances protection against the highly virulent SchuS4 strain of F. tularensis, a category A biothreat agent. In summary, these studies show for the first time the use of FcRs as a highly effective vaccination strategy against a highly virulent mucosal intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak B Rawool
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Rawool DB, Malik SVS, Shakuntala I, Sahare AM, Barbuddhe SB. Detection of multiple virulence-associated genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from bovine mastitis cases. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 113:201-7. [PMID: 16979771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical samples (n=725) were collected from bovines (n=243) which were positive for mastitis using the California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). The clinical samples comprising blood (n=239), milk (n=243), and faecal swabs (n=243) were examined for the presence of pathogenic Listeria spp. Isolation of the pathogen was done using selective enrichment in University of Vermont Medium and plating onto Dominguez-Rodriguez isolation agar. Confirmation of the isolates was based on biochemical tests and Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen (CAMP) test followed by pathogenicity testing. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) assay as well as in vivo tests namely, chick embryo and mice inoculation tests. The isolates were subjected to PCR assay for five virulence-associated genes, plcA, prfA, hlyA, actA and iap. Listeria spp. were isolated from 12 (1.66%) samples. Of these 4 (0.55%) and 1 (0.14%) were confirmed as Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii, respectively. L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii were recovered from milk samples (2) and faecal (3) of mastitic cattle (3) and buffaloes (2). L. monocytogenes recovered from the milk of mastitic cattle and L. ivanovii from the faecal swab of buffalo turned out to be pathogenic. However, the remaining three hemolytic isolates exhibiting positive CAMP test turned out to be negative in PI-PLC assay, chick embryo and mice inoculation. L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii isolates characterized as pathogenic by PI-PLC assay and in vivo pathogenicity tests were found to possess all the five virulence-associated genes and three genes, plcA, prfA and actA respectively. The remaining three hemolytic but non-pathogenic L. monocytogenes isolates were negative for plcA by PCR. It seems that the plcA gene and its expression (in the PI-PLC assay) have an important role as virulence determinants in pathogenic Listeria spp. In conclusion, the PI-PLC assay and virulence genes targeted PCR (plcA, prfA and hlyA genes for L. monocytogenes and plcA, prfA and actA genes for L. ivanovii) hold a good promise as rapid and reliable in vitro alternatives to in vivo pathogenicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
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Kalorey DR, Kurkure NV, Warke SR, Rawool DB, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB. Isolation of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes in faeces of wild animals in captivity. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 29:295-300. [PMID: 17034860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of pathogenic Listeria spp. in faecal samples of captive wild animals was studied. Isolation of the pathogen was attempted from the samples by selective enrichment in University of Vermont Medium and plating onto Dominguez-Rodriguez isolation agar, PALCAM agar and modified McBride Listeria agar. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by Christie, Atkins, Munch Petersen test, phosphotidylinositol-specific phospholipase C assay, mice inoculation test and chick embryo bioassay. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from eight (16%) of 50 faecal samples from six different mammals and one bird. Out of eight isolates, one isolate from jackal proved to be pathogenic by all the pathogenicity testing assays. PCR amplification of virulence genes suggested that the isolate was potentially pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Kalorey
- Department of Microbiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur 440006, India
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Shakuntala I, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from buffaloes with reproductive disorders and its confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. Vet Microbiol 2006; 117:229-34. [PMID: 16860946 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen was isolated from buffaloes with a history of reproductive disorders and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses for the presence of virulence-associated genes were conducted. A total of 530 samples of faecal, nasal, vaginal swabs and blood samples from 135 buffaloes were screened. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. was found to be 4.4 and 7.4%, respectively. All isolates were subjected to PCR for virulence-associated genes (prfA, plcA, hlyA, actA and iap) and to pathogenicity testing by the phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI-PLC) assay and mice and chick-embryo inoculation. All L. monocytogenes isolates were hemolytic and positive for the hlyA gene. One L. monocytogenes isolate possessed all five virulence-associated genes and was also positive in the PI-PLC assay as well as in the in vivo pathogenicity tests. The remaining hemolytic L. monocytogenes isolates lacking the plcA gene and PI-PLC assay activity were, however, non-pathogenic via mice and chick-embryo inoculation tests, in spite of having the hlyA gene. The detection of multiple virulence-associated genes, in combination with in vitro pathogenicity tests, must be performed to identify pathogenic L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Shakuntala
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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