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Hamid MHBA, Cespedes PF, Jin C, Chen JL, Gileadi U, Antoun E, Liang Z, Gao F, Teague R, Manoharan N, Maldonado-Perez D, Khalid-Alham N, Cerundolo L, Ciaoca R, Hester SS, Pinto-Fernández A, Draganov SD, Vendrell I, Liu G, Yao X, Kvalvaag A, Dominey-Foy DCC, Nanayakkara C, Kanellakis N, Chen YL, Waugh C, Clark SA, Clark K, Sopp P, Rahman NM, Verrill C, Kessler BM, Ogg G, Fernandes RA, Fisher R, Peng Y, Dustin ML, Dong T. Unconventional human CD61 pairing with CD103 promotes TCR signaling and antigen-specific T cell cytotoxicity. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:834-846. [PMID: 38561495 PMCID: PMC11065694 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, leading to increased interest in utilizing immunotherapy strategies for better cancer treatments. In the past decade, CD103+ T cells have been associated with better clinical prognosis in patients with cancer. However, the specific immune mechanisms contributing toward CD103-mediated protective immunity remain unclear. Here, we show an unexpected and transient CD61 expression, which is paired with CD103 at the synaptic microclusters of T cells. CD61 colocalization with the T cell antigen receptor further modulates downstream T cell antigen receptor signaling, improving antitumor cytotoxicity and promoting physiological control of tumor growth. Clinically, the presence of CD61+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes is associated with improved clinical outcomes, mediated through enhanced effector functions and phenotype with limited evidence of cellular exhaustion. In conclusion, this study identified an unconventional and transient CD61 expression and pairing with CD103 on human immune cells, which potentiates a new target for immune-based cellular therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Animals
- Mice
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Apyrase
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat H B A Hamid
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pablo F Cespedes
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chen Jin
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elie Antoun
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhu Liang
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fei Gao
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Renuka Teague
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikita Manoharan
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Maldonado-Perez
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nasullah Khalid-Alham
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucia Cerundolo
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raul Ciaoca
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Svenja S Hester
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adán Pinto-Fernández
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simeon D Draganov
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guihai Liu
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xuan Yao
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Charunya Nanayakkara
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Kanellakis
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Pleural and Lung Cancer Translational Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Waugh
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Sopp
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Najib M Rahman
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Pleural and Lung Cancer Translational Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fisher
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Peng Y, Felce SL, Dong D, Penkava F, Mentzer AJ, Yao X, Liu G, Yin Z, Chen JL, Lu Y, Wellington D, Wing PAC, Dominey-Foy DCC, Jin C, Wang W, Hamid MA, Fernandes RA, Wang B, Fries A, Zhuang X, Ashley N, Rostron T, Waugh C, Sopp P, Hublitz P, Beveridge R, Tan TK, Dold C, Kwok AJ, Rich-Griffin C, Dejnirattisa W, Liu C, Kurupati P, Nassiri I, Watson RA, Tong O, Taylor CA, Kumar Sharma P, Sun B, Curion F, Revale S, Garner LC, Jansen K, Ferreira RC, Attar M, Fry JW, Russell RA, Stauss HJ, James W, Townsend A, Ho LP, Klenerman P, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, Dendrou C, Sansom SN, Bashford-Rogers R, Chain B, Smith GL, McKeating JA, Fairfax BP, Bowness P, McMichael AJ, Ogg G, Knight JC, Dong T. An immunodominant NP 105-113-B*07:02 cytotoxic T cell response controls viral replication and is associated with less severe COVID-19 disease. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:50-61. [PMID: 34853448 PMCID: PMC8709787 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NP105-113-B*07:02-specific CD8+ T cell responses are considered among the most dominant in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. We found strong association of this response with mild disease. Analysis of NP105-113-B*07:02-specific T cell clones and single-cell sequencing were performed concurrently, with functional avidity and antiviral efficacy assessed using an in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection system, and were correlated with T cell receptor usage, transcriptome signature and disease severity (acute n = 77, convalescent n = 52). We demonstrated a beneficial association of NP105-113-B*07:02-specific T cells in COVID-19 disease progression, linked with expansion of T cell precursors, high functional avidity and antiviral effector function. Broad immune memory pools were narrowed postinfection but NP105-113-B*07:02-specific T cells were maintained 6 months after infection with preserved antiviral efficacy to the SARS-CoV-2 Victoria strain, as well as Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta variants. Our data show that NP105-113-B*07:02-specific T cell responses associate with mild disease and high antiviral efficacy, pointing to inclusion for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suet Ling Felce
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Danning Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Radiation Therapy, Xinjiang Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Frank Penkava
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xuan Yao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guihai Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixi Yin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dannielle Wellington
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Delaney C C Dominey-Foy
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chen Jin
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Megat Abd Hamid
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anastasia Fries
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Ashley
- Single Cell Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy Rostron
- Sequencing Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Waugh
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Sopp
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Hublitz
- Genome Engineering Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan Beveridge
- Virus Screening Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Kwok
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prathiba Kurupati
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isar Nassiri
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert A Watson
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Orion Tong
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chelsea A Taylor
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Piyush Kumar Sharma
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bo Sun
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fabiola Curion
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Santiago Revale
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy C Garner
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathrin Jansen
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Moustafa Attar
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rebecca A Russell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hans J Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - William James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriaj Hospital, Mahidol Unviversity, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Calliope Dendrou
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jane A McKeating
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin P Fairfax
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Bowness
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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