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Castillo S, Gence R, Pagan D, Koraïchi F, Bouchenot C, Pons BJ, Boëlle B, Olichon A, Lajoie-Mazenc I, Favre G, Pédelacq JD, Cabantous S. Visualizing the subcellular localization of RHOB-GTP and GTPase-Effector complexes using a split-GFP/nanobody labelling assay. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151355. [PMID: 37639782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are highly regulated proteins that control essential signaling pathways through the activity of their effector proteins. Among the RHOA subfamily, RHOB regulates peculiar functions that could be associated with the control of the endocytic trafficking of signaling proteins. Here, we used an optimized assay based on tripartite split-GFP complementation to localize GTPase-effector complexes with high-resolution. The detection of RHOB interaction with the Rhotekin Rho binding domain (RBD) that specifically recognizes the active GTP-bound GTPase, is performed in vitro by the concomitant addition of recombinant GFP1-9 and a GFP nanobody. Analysis of RHOB-RBD complexes localization profiles combined with immunostaining and live cell imaging indicated a serum-dependent reorganization of the endosomal and membrane pool of active RHOB. We further applied this technology to the detection of RHO-effector complexes that highlighted their subcellular localization with high resolution among the different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Castillo
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Gence
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Pagan
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Faten Koraïchi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Benoit J Pons
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Betty Boëlle
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélien Olichon
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Isabelle Lajoie-Mazenc
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Favre
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Denis Pédelacq
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Cabantous
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
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2
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Rouanet M, Hanoun N, Hubert Lulka, Ferreira C, Garcin P, Sramek M, Jacquemin G, Coste A, Pagan D, Valle C, Sarot E, Pancaldi V, Lopez F, Buscail L, Cordelier P. The antitumoral activity of TLR7 ligands is corrupted by the microenvironment of pancreatic tumors. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1553-1563. [PMID: 35038581 PMCID: PMC9077317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the innate immune system. Recent studies have suggested that they may affect the growth of pancreatic cancer, a disease with no cure. Among them, TLR7 shows promise for therapy but may also promotes tumor growth. Thus, we aimed to clarify the therapeutic potential of TLR7 ligands in experimental pancreatic cancer models, to open the door for clinical applications. In vitro, we found that TLR7 ligands strongly inhibit the proliferation of both human and murine pancreatic cancer cells, compared with TLR2 agonists. Hence, TLR7 treatment alters cancer cells' cell cycle and induces cell death by apoptosis. In vivo, TLR7 agonist therapy significantly delays the growth of murine pancreatic tumors engrafted in immunodeficient mice. Remarkably, TLR7 ligands administration instead increases tumor growth and accelerates animal death when tumors are engrafted in immunocompetent models. Further investigations revealed that TLR7 agonists modulate the intratumoral content and phenotype of macrophages and that depleting such tumor-associated macrophages strongly hampers TLR7 agonist-induced tumor growth. Collectively, our findings shine a light on the duality of action of TLR7 agonists in experimental cancer models and call into question their use for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rouanet
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Gastroenterology and University of Toulouse III, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Naima Hanoun
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Lulka
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cindy Ferreira
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Garcin
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Martin Sramek
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Godefroy Jacquemin
- Institut RESTORE, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Coste
- Institut RESTORE, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Pagan
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Valle
- Technological cluster, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Sarot
- Technological cluster, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vera Pancaldi
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lopez
- Technological cluster, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Buscail
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Gastroenterology and University of Toulouse III, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Thibault B, Ramos‐Delgado F, Pons‐Tostivint E, Therville N, Cintas C, Arcucci S, Cassant‐Sourdy S, Reyes‐Castellanos G, Tosolini M, Villard AV, Cayron C, Baer R, Bertrand‐Michel J, Pagan D, Ferreira Da Mota D, Yan H, Falcomatà C, Muscari F, Bournet B, Delord J, Aksoy E, Carrier A, Cordelier P, Saur D, Basset C, Guillermet‐Guibert J. Pancreatic cancer intrinsic PI3Kα activity accelerates metastasis and rewires macrophage component. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13502. [PMID: 34033220 PMCID: PMC8261517 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients frequently suffer from undetected micro-metastatic disease. This clinical situation would greatly benefit from additional investigation. Therefore, we set out to identify key signalling events that drive metastatic evolution from the pancreas. We searched for a gene signature that discriminate localised PDAC from confirmed metastatic PDAC and devised a preclinical protocol using circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as an early biomarker of micro-metastatic disease to validate the identification of key signalling events. An unbiased approach identified, amongst actionable markers of disease progression, the PI3K pathway and a distinctive PI3Kα activation signature as predictive of PDAC aggressiveness and prognosis. Pharmacological or tumour-restricted genetic PI3Kα-selective inhibition prevented macro-metastatic evolution by hindering tumoural cell migratory behaviour independently of genetic alterations. We found that PI3Kα inhibition altered the quantity and the species composition of the produced lipid second messenger PIP3 , with a selective decrease of C36:2 PI-3,4,5-P3 . Tumoural PI3Kα inactivation prevented the accumulation of pro-tumoural CD206-positive macrophages in the tumour-adjacent tissue. Tumour cell-intrinsic PI3Kα promotes pro-metastatic features that could be pharmacologically targeted to delay macro-metastatic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Thibault
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | - Fernanda Ramos‐Delgado
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | - Elvire Pons‐Tostivint
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | - Nicole Therville
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | - Celia Cintas
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | - Silvia Arcucci
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | - Stephanie Cassant‐Sourdy
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | | | - Marie Tosolini
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Amelie V Villard
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | - Coralie Cayron
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | - Romain Baer
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
| | | | - Delphine Pagan
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Dina Ferreira Da Mota
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole (IUCT‐O)Hopitaux de ToulouseInstitut Claudius Regaud ToulouseFrance
| | - Hongkai Yan
- Division of Translational Cancer ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer TherapyKlinikum rechts der IsarSchool of MedicineTechnische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Chiara Falcomatà
- Division of Translational Cancer ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer TherapyKlinikum rechts der IsarSchool of MedicineTechnische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Fabrice Muscari
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole (IUCT‐O)Hopitaux de ToulouseInstitut Claudius Regaud ToulouseFrance
| | - Barbara Bournet
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole (IUCT‐O)Hopitaux de ToulouseInstitut Claudius Regaud ToulouseFrance
| | - Jean‐Pierre Delord
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole (IUCT‐O)Hopitaux de ToulouseInstitut Claudius Regaud ToulouseFrance
| | - Ezra Aksoy
- Centre for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Alice Carrier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli‐Calmettes, CRCMMarseilleFrance
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Dieter Saur
- Division of Translational Cancer ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer TherapyKlinikum rechts der IsarSchool of MedicineTechnische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Celine Basset
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole (IUCT‐O)Hopitaux de ToulouseInstitut Claudius Regaud ToulouseFrance
| | - Julie Guillermet‐Guibert
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de ToulouseInserm, CNRSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
- LABEX TouCANToulouseFrance
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Marie M, Gondouin P, Pagan D, Barrau C, Villette T, Sahel J, Picaud S. Blue-violet light decreases VEGFa production in an in vitro model of AMD. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223839. [PMID: 31644596 PMCID: PMC6808507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light is an identified risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leading to neovascularization, is a major complication of the wet form of this disease. We investigated how blue light affects VEGF expression and secretion using A2E-loaded retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, a cell model of AMD. Incubation of RPE cells with A2E resulted in a significant increase in VEGF mRNA and, intracellular and secreted VEGF protein levels, but not mRNA levels of VEGFR1 or VEGFR2. Blue light exposure of A2E-loaded RPE cells resulted in a decrease in VEGF mRNA and protein levels, but an increase in VEGFR1 levels. The toxicity of 440 nm light on A2E-loaded RPE cells was enhanced by VEGF supplementation. Our results suggest that age-related A2E accumulation may result in VEGF synthesis and release. This synthesis of VEGF, which enhances blue light toxicity for the RPE cells, is itself suppressed by blue light. Anti-VEGF therapy may therefore improve RPE survival in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Marie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Gondouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Pagan
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | | | - José Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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5
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Kole C, Klipfel L, Yang Y, Ferracane V, Blond F, Reichman S, Millet-Puel G, Clérin E, Aït-Ali N, Pagan D, Camara H, Delyfer MN, Nandrot EF, Sahel JA, Goureau O, Léveillard T. Otx2-Genetically Modified Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Rescue Photoreceptors after Transplantation. Mol Ther 2017; 26:219-237. [PMID: 28988713 PMCID: PMC5762984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations are blinding diseases characterized by the loss of photoreceptors. Their extreme genetic heterogeneity complicates treatment by gene therapy. This has motivated broader strategies for transplantation of healthy retinal pigmented epithelium to protect photoreceptors independently of the gene causing the disease. The limited clinical benefit for visual function reported up to now is mainly due to dedifferentiation of the transplanted cells that undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We have studied this mechanism in vitro and revealed the role of the homeogene OTX2 in preventing dedifferentiation through the regulation of target genes. We have overexpressed OTX2 in retinal pigmented epithelial cells before their transplantation in the eye of a model of retinitis pigmentosa carrying a mutation in Mertk, a gene specifically expressed by retinal pigmented epithelial cells. OTX2 increases significantly the protection of photoreceptors as seen by histological and functional analyses. We observed that the beneficial effect of OTX2 is non-cell autonomous, and it is at least partly mediated by unidentified trophic factors. Transplantation of OTX2-genetically modified cells may be medically effective for other retinal diseases involving the retinal pigmented epithelium as age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Kole
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Laurence Klipfel
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Ying Yang
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Vanessa Ferracane
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Frederic Blond
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Sacha Reichman
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Géraldine Millet-Puel
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Emmanuelle Clérin
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Najate Aït-Ali
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Delphine Pagan
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Hawa Camara
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France; Unité Rétine, Uvéite et Neuro-Ophtalmologie, Département d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emeline F Nandrot
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jose-Alain Sahel
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- INSERM, U968, Paris 75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France.
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