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Tristan Osanlóo D, Mahlin D, Bjerregaard S, Bergenståhl B, Millqvist-Fureby A. Formulation factors affecting foam properties during vacuum foam-drying. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123803. [PMID: 38218506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
This paper explores how vacuum foam-drying of a protein is influenced by formulation parameters by investigating the foam structure, physical properties of the foam, and the stability of the protein. Recombinant human bile salt-stimulated lipase was used as a model of a protein drug. The stability of the lipase was evaluated through activity measurements. Two disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose), strongly tending to an amorphous form, were used as matrix formers, and the physical properties were assessed through residual water content, glass transition temperature, and crystalline state. Moreover, some formulations included surfactants with different sizes and structures of the head group. The alkyl chain length was kept constant to only investigate the impact of the surfactant head group, in the presence of the lipase, on the foamability and surface coverage of the lipase. The study demonstrated that the lipase allowed for a dry, solid foam with a foam overrun of up to 2600 %. The wall thickness of the dry, solid foam was estimated to be 20-50 µm. Clear differences between sucrose and trehalose as matrix former were identified. The lipase showed no tendency to lose activity because of the drying and rehydration, despite a proportion of the lipase covering the surfaces of the dry material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tristan Osanlóo
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 5604, Stockholm SE-114 86, Sweden; University of Lund, Department of Food Technology, Engineering, and Nutrition, Box 117, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden.
| | - Denny Mahlin
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 5604, Stockholm SE-114 86, Sweden.
| | - Simon Bjerregaard
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Amager Strandvej 405, Kastrup 2770, Denmark.
| | - Björn Bergenståhl
- University of Lund, Department of Food Technology, Engineering, and Nutrition, Box 117, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden.
| | - Anna Millqvist-Fureby
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 5604, Stockholm SE-114 86, Sweden; University of Lund, Department of Food Technology, Engineering, and Nutrition, Box 117, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden.
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2
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Edueng K, Kabedev A, Ekdahl A, Mahlin D, Baumann J, Mudie D, Bergström CAS. Pharmaceutical profiling and molecular dynamics simulations reveal crystallization effects in amorphous formulations. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121360. [PMID: 34896563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Robust and reliable in vivo performance of medicines based on amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) depend on maintenance of physical stability and efficient supersaturation. However, molecular drivers of these two kinetic processes are poorly understood. Here we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with experimental assessments to explore supersaturation, nucleation, and crystal growth. The effect of drug loading on physical stability and supersaturation potential was highly drug specific. Storage under humid conditions influenced crystallization, but also resulted in morphological changes and particle fusion. This led to increased particle size, which significantly reduced dissolution rate. MD simulations identified the importance of nano-compartmentalization in the crystallization rate of the ASDs. Nucleation during storage did not inherently compromise the ASD. Rather, the poorer performance resulted from a combination of properties of the compound, nanostructures formed in the formulation, and crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Edueng
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksei Kabedev
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alyssa Ekdahl
- Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; AstraZeneca Operations, Forskargatan 18, 151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - John Baumann
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA
| | - Deanna Mudie
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Edueng K, Bergström CAS, Gråsjö J, Mahlin D. Long-Term Physical (In)Stability of Spray-Dried Amorphous Drugs: Relationship with Glass-Forming Ability and Physicochemical Properties. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090425. [PMID: 31438566 PMCID: PMC6781026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows the importance of the chosen method for assessing the glass-forming ability (GFA) and glass stability (GS) of a drug compound. Traditionally, GFA and GS are established using in situ melt-quenching in a differential scanning calorimeter. In this study, we included 26 structurally diverse glass-forming drugs (i) to compare the GFA class when the model drugs were produced by spray-drying with that when melt-quenching was used, (ii) to investigate the long-term physical stability of the resulting amorphous solids, and (iii) to investigate the relationship between physicochemical properties and the GFA of spray-dried solids and their long-term physical stability. The spray-dried solids were exposed to dry (<5% RH) and humid (75% RH) conditions for six months at 25 °C. The crystallization of the spray-dried solids under these conditions was monitored using a combination of solid-state characterization techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. The GFA/GS class assignment for 85% of the model compounds was method-dependent, with significant differences between spray-drying and melt-quenching methods. The long-term physical stability under dry condition of the compounds was predictable from GFA/GS classification and glass transition and crystallization temperatures. However, the stability upon storage at 75% RH could not be predicted from the same data. There was no strong correlation between the physicochemical properties explored and the GFA class or long-term physical stability. However, there was a slight tendency for compounds with a relatively larger molecular weight, higher glass transition temperature, higher crystallization temperature, higher melting point and higher reduced glass transition temperature to have better GFA and better physical stability. In contrast, a high heat of fusion and entropy of fusion seemed to have a negative impact on the GFA and physical stability of our dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Edueng
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota 25200, Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
| | | | - Johan Gråsjö
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Edueng K, Mahlin D, Gråsjö J, Nylander O, Thakrani M, Bergström CAS. Supersaturation Potential of Amorphous Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients after Long-Term Storage. Molecules 2019; 24:E2731. [PMID: 31357587 PMCID: PMC6696415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the effect of physical aging and/or crystallization on the supersaturation potential and crystallization kinetics of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Spray-dried, fully amorphous indapamide, metolazone, glibenclamide, hydrocortisone, hydrochlorothiazide, ketoconazole, and sulfathiazole were used as model APIs. The parameters used to assess the supersaturation potential and crystallization kinetics were the maximum supersaturation concentration (Cmax,app), the area under the curve (AUC), and the crystallization rate constant (k). These were compared for freshly spray-dried and aged/crystallized samples. Aged samples were stored at 75% relative humidity for 168 days (6 months) or until they were completely crystallized, whichever came first. The solid-state changes were monitored with differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. Supersaturation potential and crystallization kinetics were investigated using a tenfold supersaturation ratio compared to the thermodynamic solubility using the µDISS Profiler. The physically aged indapamide and metolazone and the minimally crystallized glibenclamide and hydrocortisone did not show significant differences in their Cmax,app and AUC when compared to the freshly spray-dried samples. Ketoconazole, with a crystalline content of 23%, reduced its Cmax,app and AUC by 50%, with Cmax,app being the same as the crystalline solubility. The AUC of aged metolazone, one of the two compounds that remained completely amorphous after storage, significantly improved as the crystallization kinetics significantly decreased. Glibenclamide improved the most in its supersaturation potential from amorphization. The study also revealed that, besides solid-state crystallization during storage, crystallization during dissolution and its corresponding pathway may significantly compromise the supersaturation potential of fully amorphous APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Edueng
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- AstraZeneca Operations, Forskargatan 18, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Johan Gråsjö
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olivia Nylander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manish Thakrani
- Department of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Forum, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables deposition of dense nanometer thick metal oxide nanoshells on powder particles with precise thickness control. This leads to products with low weight fraction coating, also when depositing on nano- or micron sized powder particles. This study aimed at investigating the aluminium oxide nanoshell thickness required to prevent moisture sorption. The nanoshells were produced with ALD on spray-dried lactose, which is amorphous and extremely hygroscopic. The particles were studied with dynamic vapor sorption between 0 and 50% RH, light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized light microscopy. The ALD did not induce any recrystallization of the amorphous lactose. The dynamic vapor sorption indicated that the moisture sorption was almost completely inhibited by the nanoshell. Neat amorphous lactose rapidly recrystallized upon moisture exposure. However, only ca. 15% of the amorphous lactose particles recrystallized of a sample with 9% (by weight) aluminium oxide nanoshell at storage for six months upon 75% RH/40°C, which indicate that the moisture sorption was completely inhibited in the majority of the particles. In conclusion, the aluminium oxide nanoshells prevented moisture sorption and dramatically improved the long term physical stability of amorphous lactose. This shows the potential of the ALD-technique to protect drug microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hellrup
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Rooth
- Nanexa AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-75240, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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6
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Abstract
The alarming numbers of poorly soluble discovery compounds have centered the efforts towards finding strategies to improve the solubility. One of the attractive approaches to enhance solubility is via amorphization despite the stability issue associated with it. Although the number of amorphous-based research reports has increased tremendously after year 2000, little is known on the current research practice in designing amorphous formulation and how it has changed after the concept of solid dispersion was first introduced decades ago. In this review we try to answer the following questions: What model compounds and excipients have been used in amorphous-based research? How were these two components selected and prepared? What methods have been used to assess the performance of amorphous formulation? What methodology have evolved and/or been standardized since amorphous-based formulation was first introduced and to what extent have we embraced on new methods? Is the extent of research mirrored in the number of marketed amorphous drug products? We have summarized the history and evolution of amorphous formulation and discuss the current status of amorphous formulation-related research practice. We also explore the potential uses of old experimental methods and how they can be used in tandem with computational tools in designing amorphous formulation more efficiently than the traditional trial-and-error approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Edueng
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy,, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, 25200, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Edueng K, Mahlin D, Larsson P, Bergström CAS. Mechanism-based selection of stabilization strategy for amorphous formulations: Insights into crystallization pathways. J Control Release 2017; 256:193-202. [PMID: 28412224 PMCID: PMC5488750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We developed a step-by-step experimental protocol using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic vapour sorption (DVS), polarized light microscopy (PLM) and a small-scale dissolution apparatus (μDISS Profiler) to investigate the mechanism (solid-to-solid or solution-mediated) by which crystallization of amorphous drugs occurs upon dissolution. This protocol then guided how to stabilize the amorphous formulation. Indapamide, metolazone, glibenclamide and glipizide were selected as model drugs and HPMC (Pharmacoat 606) and PVP (K30) as stabilizing polymers. Spray-dried amorphous indapamide, metolazone and glibenclamide crystallized via solution-mediated nucleation while glipizide suffered from solid-to-solid crystallization. The addition of 0.001%–0.01% (w/v) HPMC into the dissolution medium successfully prevented the crystallization of supersaturated solutions of indapamide and metolazone whereas it only reduced the crystallization rate for glibenclamide. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation of glipizide and PVP K30, at a ratio of 50:50% (w/w) reduced but did not completely eliminate the solid-to-solid crystallization of glipizide even though the overall dissolution rate was enhanced both in the absence and presence of HPMC. Raman spectroscopy indicated the formation of a glipizide polymorph in the dissolution medium with higher solubility than the stable polymorph. As a complementary technique, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of indapamide and glibenclamide with HPMC was performed. It was revealed that hydrogen bonding patterns of the two drugs with HPMC differed significantly, suggesting that hydrogen bonding may play a role in the greater stabilizing effect on supersaturation of indapamide, compared to glibenclamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Edueng
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O Box 580, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, 25200 Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O Box 580, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O Box 580, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O Box 580, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hellrup J, Nordström J, Mahlin D. Powder compression mechanics of spray-dried lactose nanocomposites. Int J Pharm 2017; 518:1-10. [PMID: 28007544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the structural impact of the nanofiller incorporation on the powder compression mechanics of spray-dried lactose. The lactose was co-spray-dried with three different nanofillers, that is, cellulose nanocrystals, sodium montmorillonite and fumed silica, which led to lower micron-sized nanocomposite particles with varying structure and morphology. The powder compression mechanics of the nanocomposites and physical mixtures of the neat spray-dried components were evaluated by a rational evaluation method with compression analysis as a tool, using the Kawakita equation and the Shapiro-Konopicky-Heckel equation. Particle rearrangement dominated the initial compression profiles due to the small particle size of the materials. The strong contribution of particle rearrangement in the materials with fumed silica continued throughout the whole compression profile, which prohibited an in-depth material characterization. However, the lactose/cellulose nanocrystals and the lactose/sodium montmorillonite nanocomposites demonstrated high yield pressure compared with the physical mixtures indicating increased particle hardness upon composite formation. This increase has likely to do with a reinforcement of the nanocomposite particles by skeleton formation of the nanoparticles. In summary, the rational evaluation of mechanical properties done by applying powder compression analysis proved to be a valuable tool for mechanical evaluation for this type of spray-dried composite materials, unless they demonstrate particle rearrangement throughout the whole compression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hellrup
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hellrup J, Holmboe M, Nartowski KP, Khimyak YZ, Mahlin D. Structure and Mobility of Lactose in Lactose/Sodium Montmorillonite Nanocomposites. Langmuir 2016; 32:13214-13225. [PMID: 27951698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the molecular level organization and molecular mobility in montmorillonite nanocomposites with the uncharged organic low-molecular-weight compound lactose commonly used in pharmaceutical drug delivery, food technology, and flavoring. Nanocomposites were prepared under slow and fast drying conditions, attained by drying at ambient conditions and by spray-drying, respectively. A detailed structural investigation was performed with modulated differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microcalorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. The lactose was intercalated in the sodium montmorillonite interlayer space regardless of the clay content, drying rate, or humidity exposure. Although, the spray-drying resulted in higher proportion of intercalated lactose compared with the drying under ambient conditions, nonintercalated lactose was present at 20 wt % lactose content and above. This indicates limitations in maximum loading capacity of nonionic organic substances into the montmorillonite interlayer space. Furthermore, a fraction of the intercalated lactose in the co-spray-dried nanocomposites diffused out from the clay interlayer space upon humidity exposure. Also, the lactose in the nanocomposites demonstrated higher molecular mobility than that of neat amorphous lactose. This study provides a foundation for understanding functional properties of lactose/Na-MMT nanocomposites, such as loading capacity and physical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hellrup
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Holmboe
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , 907 36 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karol P Nartowski
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yaroslav Z Khimyak
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hellrup J, Mahlin D. Confinement of Amorphous Lactose in Pores Formed Upon Co-Spray Drying With Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:322-330. [PMID: 27836110 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at investigating factors influencing humidity-induced recrystallization of amorphous lactose, produced by co-spray drying with particles of cellulose nanocrystals or sodium montmorillonite. In particular, the focus is on how the nanoparticle shape and surface properties influence the nanometer to micrometer length scale nanofiller arrangement in the nanocomposites and how the arrangements influence the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of the amorphous to crystalline transition. The nanocomposites were produced by co-spray drying. Solid-state transformations were analyzed at 60%-94% relative humidity using X-ray powder diffraction, microcalorimetry, and light microscopy. The recrystallization rate constant for the lactose/cellulose nanocrystals and lactose/sodium montmorillonite nanocomposites was lowered at nanofiller contents higher than 60% and was stable for months at 80% nanofiller. The most likely explanation to these results is spontaneous formations of mesoporous particle networks that the lactose is confined upon co-spray drying at high filler content. Compartmentalization and rigidification of the amorphous lactose proved to be less important mechanisms involved in the stabilization of lactose in the nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hellrup
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hellrup J, Alderborn G, Mahlin D. Inhibition of Recrystallization of Amorphous Lactose in Nanocomposites Formed by Spray-Drying. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3760-3769. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alhalaweh A, Alzghoul A, Mahlin D, Bergström CAS. Physical stability of drugs after storage above and below the glass transition temperature: Relationship to glass-forming ability. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:312-317. [PMID: 26341321 PMCID: PMC4622963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous materials are inherently unstable and tend to crystallize upon storage. In this study, we investigated the extent to which the physical stability and inherent crystallization tendency of drugs are related to their glass-forming ability (GFA), the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermodynamic factors. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to produce the amorphous state of 52 drugs [18 compounds crystallized upon heating (Class II) and 34 remained in the amorphous state (Class III)] and to perform in situ storage for the amorphous material for 12 h at temperatures 20 °C above or below the Tg. A computational model based on the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was developed to predict the structure-property relationships. All drugs maintained their Class when stored at 20 °C below the Tg. Fourteen of the Class II compounds crystallized when stored above the Tg whereas all except one of the Class III compounds remained amorphous. These results were only related to the glass-forming ability and no relationship to e.g. thermodynamic factors was found. The experimental data were used for computational modeling and a classification model was developed that correctly predicted the physical stability above the Tg. The use of a large dataset revealed that molecular features related to aromaticity and π–π interactions reduce the inherent physical stability of amorphous drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ahmad Alzghoul
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsv. 2, hus 1, Box 337, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Alzghoul A, Alhalaweh A, Mahlin D, Bergström CAS. Experimental and Computational Prediction of Glass Transition Temperature of Drugs. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:3396-403. [DOI: 10.1021/ci5004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alzghoul
- Department
of Information Technology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 337, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Abstract
Amorphization is an attractive formulation technique for drugs suffering from poor aqueous solubility as a result of their high lattice energy. Computational models that can predict the material properties associated with amorphization, such as glass-forming ability (GFA) and crystallization behavior in the dry state, would be a time-saving, cost-effective, and material-sparing approach compared to traditional experimental procedures. This article presents predictive models of these properties developed using support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The GFA and crystallization tendency were investigated by melt-quenching 131 drug molecules in situ using differential scanning calorimetry. The SVM algorithm was used to develop computational models based on calculated molecular descriptors. The analyses confirmed the previously suggested cutoff molecular weight (MW) of 300 for glass-formers, and also clarified the extent to which MW can be used to predict the GFA of compounds with MW < 300. The topological equivalent of Grav3_3D, which is related to molecular size and shape, was a better descriptor than MW for GFA; it was able to accurately predict 86% of the data set regardless of MW. The potential for crystallization was predicted using molecular descriptors reflecting Hückel pi atomic charges and the number of hydrogen bond acceptors. The models developed could be used in the early drug development stage to indicate whether amorphization would be a suitable formulation strategy for improving the dissolution and/or apparent solubility of poorly soluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre , P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Alhalaweh A, Alzghoul A, Kaialy W, Mahlin D, Bergström CAS. Computational predictions of glass-forming ability and crystallization tendency of drug molecules. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3123-32. [PMID: 25014125 DOI: 10.1021/mp500303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amorphization is an attractive formulation technique for drugs suffering from poor aqueous solubility as a result of their high lattice energy. Computational models that can predict the material properties associated with amorphization, such as glass-forming ability (GFA) and crystallization behavior in the dry state, would be a time-saving, cost-effective, and material-sparing approach compared to traditional experimental procedures. This article presents predictive models of these properties developed using support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The GFA and crystallization tendency were investigated by melt-quenching 131 drug molecules in situ using differential scanning calorimetry. The SVM algorithm was used to develop computational models based on calculated molecular descriptors. The analyses confirmed the previously suggested cutoff molecular weight (MW) of 300 for glass-formers, and also clarified the extent to which MW can be used to predict the GFA of compounds with MW < 300. The topological equivalent of Grav3_3D, which is related to molecular size and shape, was a better descriptor than MW for GFA; it was able to accurately predict 86% of the data set regardless of MW. The potential for crystallization was predicted using molecular descriptors reflecting Hückel pi atomic charges and the number of hydrogen bond acceptors. The models developed could be used in the early drug development stage to indicate whether amorphization would be a suitable formulation strategy for improving the dissolution and/or apparent solubility of poorly soluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Centre , P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Mahlin D, Bergström CA. Early drug development predictions of glass-forming ability and physical stability of drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:323-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Önneby K, Pizzul L, Bjerketorp J, Mahlin D, Håkansson S, Wessman P. Effects of di- and polysaccharide formulations and storage conditions on survival of freeze-dried Sphingobium sp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1399-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Wessman P, Mahlin D, Akhtar S, Rubino S, Leifer K, Kessler V, Håkansson S. Impact of matrix properties on the survival of freeze-dried bacteria. J Sci Food Agric 2011; 91:2518-2528. [PMID: 21445855 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disaccharides are, in general, the first choice as formulation compounds when freeze-drying microorganisms. Although polysaccharides and other biopolymers are considered too large to stabilise and interact with cell components in the same beneficial way as disaccharides, polymers have been reported to support cell survival. In the present study we compare the efficiency of sucrose and the polymers Ficoll, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and polyvinylalcohol to support the survival of three bacterial strains during freeze drying. The initial osmotic conditions were adjusted to be similar for all formulations. Formulation characterisation was used to interpret the impact that different compound properties had on cell survival. RESULTS Despite differences in molecular size, both sucrose and the sucrose-based polymer Ficoll supported cell survival after freeze drying equally well. All formulations became amorphous upon dehydration. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction data showed that the discerned differences in structure of the dry formulations had little impact on the survival rates. The capability of the polymers to support cell survival correlated with the surface activity of the polymers in a similar way for all investigated bacterial strains. CONCLUSION Polymer-based formulations can support cell survival as effectively as disaccharides if formulation properties of importance for maintaining cell viability are identified and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Wessman
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hellrup J, Mahlin D. Pharmaceutical micro-particles give amorphous sucrose higher physical stability. Int J Pharm 2011; 409:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Mahlin D, Ponnambalam S, Heidarian Höckerfelt M, Bergström CAS. Toward In Silico Prediction of Glass-Forming Ability from Molecular Structure Alone: A Screening Tool in Early Drug Development. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:498-506. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100339c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sopana Ponnambalam
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mina Heidarian Höckerfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Wessman P, Edwards K, Mahlin D. Structural effects caused by spray‐ and freeze‐drying of liposomes and bilayer disks. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2032-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Unga J, Matsson P, Mahlin D. Understanding polymer–lipid solid dispersions—The properties of incorporated lipids govern the crystallisation behaviour of PEG. Int J Pharm 2010; 386:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schoug Å, Mahlin D, Jonson M, Håkansson S. Differential effects of polymers PVP90 and Ficoll400 on storage stability and viability of
Lactobacillus coryniformis
Si3 freeze‐dried in sucrose. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1032-1040. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Å. Schoug
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D. Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Jonson
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S. Håkansson
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mahlin D, Wood J, Hawkins N, Mahey J, Royall PG. A novel powder sample holder for the determination of glass transition temperatures by DMA. Int J Pharm 2009; 371:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mahlin D, Berggren J, Gelius U, Engström S, Alderborn G. The influence of PVP incorporation on moisture-induced surface crystallization of amorphous spray-dried lactose particles. Int J Pharm 2006; 321:78-85. [PMID: 16822629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that atomic force microscopy (AFM) may be an appropriate method for characterisation of the re-crystallization of amorphous particles. In this study, spray-dried composite particles consisting of lactose and polyvinyl pyrrolidon (PVP) were characterised by AFM and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and their response on increasing the relative humidity (RH) was investigated. The PVP content in the particles used was 0, 5 or 25 wt.% of either PVP K17 or PVP K90. All composite particles were found to be enriched with PVP at the surface. The incorporation of PVP in the particles influenced the way the particles responded to an increase in RH. The specific RH interval in which the surface of the particles smoothened and the RH where crystallization could be detected, increased with an increase in the amount and molecular weight of the PVP in the particles. The crystallization kinetics of single particles was analysed with AFM and by utilising the JMAK equation. The rate constant for this transformation increased in an exponential manner with increasing RH. Furthermore, above the RH needed for the crystallization to occur, the exponential increase in the crystallization rate was larger for particles with higher polymer content which indicates that the stabilising effect decreases as the water content in the particles becomes higher. In this study we report a method for determination of crystallization kinetics on single composite particles, which is valuable when evaluating the effect of stabilisers in amorphous powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Mahlin D, Unga J, Ridell A, Frenning G, Engström S. Influence of polymer molecular weight on the solid-state structure of PEG/monoolein mixtures. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mahlin D, Ridell A, Frenning G, Engström S. Solid-State Characterization of PEG 4000/Monoolein Mixtures Volume 37, Number 7, April 6, 2004, pp 2665−2667. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049414t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials and Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Annika Ridell
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials and Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Frenning
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials and Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sven Engström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Materials and Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Mahlin D, Berggren J, Alderborn G, Engström S. Moisture-Induced Surface Crystallization of Spray-Dried Amorphous Lactose Particles Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:29-37. [PMID: 14648633 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to show that atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to obtain mechanistic and kinetic information about the process of moisture-induced surface crystallization of single particles of amorphous lactose. Completely amorphous lactose particles were prepared by spray-drying a solution of alpha-lactose monohydrate, and moisture-induced crystallization was monitored for a bed of particles by microcalorimetry and for single particles by AFM. From the AFM images it was found that crystallization of the surface of single particles can be described in terms of a sequence of three events: an initial smoothening of the surface, formation of crystalline nanostructures dispersed in amorphous material, and growth of these structures to a complete crystalline surface. The surface roughness parameter rugosity was used to estimate the fraction crystalline surface, and the growth kinetics were found to obey the JMAK equation. The fraction crystalline surface at different times could also be estimated by determining the growth rate of individual crystals. It was concluded that AFM offers a unique means of visualizing the process of moisture-induced surface crystallization of amorphous particles and enables mechanistic and kinetic information about the process to be extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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