Characterisation of Nematoda and Digenea in selected Australian freshwater snails

Freshwater snails are integral to local ecosystems as a primary food source for various vertebrate species, thereby contributing significantly to ecological food webs. However, their role as intermediate hosts also makes them pivotal in the transmission of parasites. In Australia, research on freshwater snails has predominantly focused on their role as intermediate hosts for livestock parasites, while there has been limited exploration of the impact of these parasites on snail health and population dynamics. The aim of this study was to determine parasitic infection in freshwater snails. This study was conducted in the south-eastern region of Australia, in 2022. A total of 163 freshwater snails from four different species were collected and examined in the Murrumbidgee catchment area in the southeastern part of Australia during the Southern Hemisphere summer and autumn months (February to May). The species included Isidorella hainesii, Glyptophysa novaehollandica, Bullastra lessoni (endemic species), and Physella acuta (an introduced species). Through the analysis of sequence data from the various regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, we determined that the Digenea species in this study belonged to three distinct species, including Choanocotyle hobbsi, Petasiger sp. and an unidentified species belonging to Plagiorchioidea. Additionally, analysis of the sequences from Nematoda found in this study, revealed they could be categorized into two separate taxa, including Krefftascaris sp. and an unidentified nematode closely associated with plant and soil nematodes. This research holds significant implications for the future understanding and conservation of Australian freshwater ecosystems. Most parasites found in the present study complete their life cycle in snails and turtles. As many of freshwater snail and turtle species in Australia are endemic and face population threats, exploring the potential adverse impacts of parasitic infections on snail and turtle health, is crucial for advancing our understanding of these ecosystems and also paving the way for future research and conservation efforts. While none of the native snail species in the present study have been listed as endangered or threatened, this may simply be attributed to the absence of regular population surveys.

The Presence of a Parasite in the Head Tissues of a Threatened Fish (Bidyanus bidyanus, Terapontidae) from South-Eastern Australia

The silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) (Terapontidae) is a freshwater fish, endemic to the Murray-Darling river system in south-eastern Australia. Population declines have led to the fish being listed as critically endangered by the Australian Government. Knowledge about parasites and diseases of wild populations of freshwater fish are limited in Australia. During an examination of wild-caught silver perch, digenean mesocercaria were observed in the head tissues. A total of five of the 11 silver perch collected from the Wakool River, New South Wales, were infected with mesocercaria. All mesocercaria were found in the head tissues; no mesocercaria were found encysted in the eye lens. The mesocercaria were found to belong to the family Strigeidae based on the sequences of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The lack of comparable sequences of strigeid digeneans from Australian hosts precludes being able to determine if the mesocercaria found in this study are a new species or representatives of an already described species. However, genetic results confirm that this is a different species to other digeneans previously described from silver perch, thus increasing the number of digeneans reported from B. bidyanus to three species. The presence of digenean mesocercaria in the head tissues of a wild population of silver perch, as found in the present study, is of potential conservation significance. Given the critically endangered conservation status of B. bidyanus, and previous evidence of strigeid infection altering fish behaviour, ecology, and predation mortality, further research on the potential impacts of infection on wild populations is warranted.

Infection levels of Gnathostomatidae (Nematoda) larvae in commercial fishes in north-eastern Australian waters and related food safety concerns

The majority of research on the safety of marine edible fish has primarily focused on anisakid nematodes, neglecting the potential risks posed by other parasites, including those belonging to the family Gnathostomatidae. In Australia, there have been few reported cases of human infections with gnathostomatid parasites since 2011. However, due to the absence of a standardized diagnostic test in the country, it is believed that the actual number of infections is higher than reported. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and prevalence of infectious gnathostomatid parasites in selected commercial fish species in Australia. A total of 1947 marine fish from northern Australia, representing 9 families, 16 genera, and 30 species, were examined for gnathostomatid nematode infections. Overall, 12.3 % of the fish were found to be infected with at least one gnathostomatid larva. Among the species examined, the yellow-dabbled flounder (Branchypleura novaezeelandiae) exhibited the highest prevalence (83.3 %; n = 6) and the largest number of gnathostomatid larvae. The identification of the gnathostomatid larvae was confirmed as belonging to the genus Echinocephalus based on both morphological characteristics and sequence data. No significant correlation was observed between the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity of infection with the length or weight of the examined fish species. Notably, several of the infected fish species are considered popular choices in the Australian market. Hence, it is imperative to raise awareness among relevant food safety authorities regarding the occurrence of these parasites. The findings from this study should be taken into consideration for the revision of current seafood safety protocols in the country.

Caligid sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) from golden snapper Lutjanus johnii (Bloch) in Australian waters, with the recognition of Sinocaligus Shen, 1957 as a junior synonym of Caligus Müller, 1785

Two species of sea lice are reported from the golden snapper Lutjanus johnii (Bloch) in Australian waters. One was represented by chalimus larvae, adult males and extremely slender females in which the genital complex is scarcely wider than the fourth pedigerous somite. These females are adult as they carry paired spermatophores and are identified as Caligus dussumieri Rangnekar, 1957 on the details of their appendages. Caligus dussumieri was formerly placed in the genus Sinocaligus Shen, 1957 but the characters supporting the validity of this genus are not robust, so it is here proposed to treat it as a junior subjective synonym of Caligus and transfer its species as: Caligus formicoides Redkar, Rangnekar & Murti, 1949, Caligus dussumieri Shen, 1957, Caligus caudatus (Gnanamuthu, 1950) new combination and Caligus timorensis (Izawa, 1995) new combination. All these species can be placed in the C. bonito-species group within Caligus. Caligus rivulatus Pilla, Vankara & Chikkam, 2012 is recognized as a junior subjective synonym of C. dussumieri. A new species, C. auriolus n. sp. is also described and this is placed in the C. diaphanus species-group. A key to species of this species-group is provided which indicates that C. auriolus n. sp. is most closely related to C. stromatei Krøyer, 1863 but the latter can be distinguished by the slender abdomen of the female and by the more complex myxal process on the maxilliped in the male.

Occurrence of digenean parasites in freshwater snails in the Murrumbidgee catchment area, Australia

Freshwater snails are important hosts in the life cycles of many medically important parasites, particularly for digenetic trematodes such as liver flukes and schistosomes. The current study was conducted to determine the infection of freshwater snails with parasites that can potentially be transmitted to humans within the Murrumbidgee catchment area which is an area of widespread intensive aquaculture in Australia. A total of 116 freshwater snails, belonging to three species (Isidorella hainesii, Glyptophysa novaehollandica and Bullastra lessoni), were examined for the presence of parasites in both man-made and natural environments. The analysis of sequence data, including the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, small subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA, and large subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA, indicated that the collected parasites belonged to two distinct genera, namely Clinostomum and Echinostoma. It is noteworthy that species of both of these digenean parasites have the potential to be zoonotic. Cercariae of both Clinostomum and Echinostoma were observed in snails collected from aquaculture settings. It is important to highlight that infectious stages of Clinostomum  has been previously detected in edible fish within Australia. This information raises concerns regarding the potential transmission of these parasites to humans through the consumption of contaminated fish. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and controlling the presence of Clinostomum and Echinostoma in aquaculture environments to minimise the risk of zoonotic infections and ensure food safety. Further research and surveillance are needed to better understand the prevalence, transmission dynamics, and potential public health implications associated with these parasites in the context of aquaculture in Australia.

Description of two new species of Diplectanum Diesing, 1858 (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) collected from Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) from waters off northern Australia

Two new species of the family Diplectanidae Monticelli, 1903 from the gills of Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) off the northern Australian coast are described. Previous studies have either morphological or genetic results, whereas this study combines morphological and advanced molecular methods to provide the first detailed descriptions for species of Diplectanum Diesing, 1858 from Australia utilising both methodologies. Two new species, Diplectanum timorcanthus n. sp. and Diplectanum diacanthi n. sp., are morphologically described and genetically characterised using the partial nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) partial sequence.

ADULT TAPEWORM (PLATYHELMINTHES: CESTODA) PARASITES OF NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOFAUNA: CHECKLIST OF SPECIES AND IDENTIFICATION KEY TO FAMILIES AND GENERA

An updated checklist of adult tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) that parasitize wild North American amphibians and reptiles is presented: A total of 58 species grouped in 15 genera, 5 families, and 3 orders, are registered; these infect a total of 90 species of reptiles and 88 species of amphibians in the region. An illustrated identification key for the families and genera listed is proposed.

Relationships between local variability in parasite communities of the black-spotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) and host population structure and seasonality

We evaluated spatial and temporal variability in parasite communities from the commercially important tropical marine fish the black-spotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) to examine its population structure off the coast of the Northern Territory, Australia. Differences in parasite assemblage between four locations, across three seasons of the year, were used to evaluate the degree of connectivity of the sciaenid across coastal study areas. Analysis of parasite prevalence and mean intensity in these fish suggested the four sampling sites are distinct host populations. Across time, parasite assemblages at the four sites were distinct during the mid-dry (April-August) and build-up (September-November) seasons. During the wet season (December-March) there was substantial overlap in the parasite assemblages at three of the four sites indicating that fish population mixing may be occurring. Parasite assemblages at one nearshore site remained distinct across spatial and temporal scales. Our findings support the utility of parasitic organisms for elucidating the population structure of host species and reiterate the need to account for both spatial and temporal variability when performing stock discrimination analyses.

A critical review of anisakidosis cases occurring globally

A review was conducted to identify the most common causative agents of anisakidosis, the methods used for identification of the causative agents, and to summarize the sources of infection, and patients' demographics. A total of 762 cases (409 articles, inclusive of all languages) were found between 1965 and 2022. The age range was 7 months to 85 years old. Out of the 34 countries, Japan, Spain, and South Korea stood out with the highest number of published human cases of anisakidosis, respectively. This raises the question: Why are there few to no reports of anisakidosis cases in other countries, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where seafood consumption is notably high? Other than the gastrointestinal tract, parasites were frequently found in internal organs such as liver, spleen, pancreas, lung, hiatal and epigastric hernia, and tonsils. There are also reports of the worm being excreted through the nose, rectum, and mouth. Symptoms included sore throat, tumor, bleeding, gastric/epigastric/abdominal/substernal/lower back/testicular pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, blood in feces, hematochezia, anemia, and respiratory arrest. These appeared either immediately or up to 2 months after consuming raw/undercooked seafood and lasting up to 10 years. Anisakidosis commonly mimicked symptoms of cancer, pancreatitis, type I/II Kounis syndrome, intussusception, Crohn's disease, ovarian cysts, intestinal endometriosis, epigastralgia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, and appendicitis. In these cases, it was only after surgery that it was found these symptoms/conditions were caused by anisakids. A range of not only mainly marine but also freshwater fish/shellfish were reported as source of infection. There were several reports of infection with >1 nematode (up to >200), more than one species of anisakids in the same patient, and the presence of L4/adult nematodes. The severity of symptoms did not relate to the number of parasites. The number of anisakidosis cases is grossly underestimated globally. Using erroneous taxonomic terms, assumptions, and identifying the parasite as Anisakis (based solely on the Y-shaped lateral cord in crossed section of the parasite) are still common. The Y-shaped lateral cord is not unique to Anisakis spp. Acquiring a history of ingesting raw/undercooked fish/seafood can be a clue to the diagnosis of the condition. This review emphasizes the following key points: insufficient awareness of fish parasites among medical professionals, seafood handlers, and policy makers; limited availability of effective diagnostic methodologies; and inadequate clinical information for optimizing the management of anisakidosis in numerous regions worldwide.

Occurrence and characterisation of Eustrongylides species in Australian native birds and fish

In Australia, nematodes belonging to the genus Eustrongylides were believed to be endemic species until the late 20th century when they were all considered to be E. excisus, invalid or inquirendae. Although these nematodes have frequently been reported in Australian fish, reptiles, and birds and cause disease or mortality among them, there has been no attempt to date to characterise them genetically. Globally, also, no one has validated or defined suitable genetic markers to distinguish between species of Eustrongylides. In this study, adult Eustrongylides from little black cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris; n = 3) and larvae from mountain galaxias (Galaxias olidus, n = 2) and a Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii, n = 1), and a Murray cod-trout cod hybrids (Maccullochella peelii x Maccullochella macquariensis, n = 1) were available for morphological examination and molecular characterisation. The adult nematodes from cormorants were identified as E. excisus. Sequences of the 18S and ITS regions were then obtained for all nematodes, which were identical among all specimens (larvae and adults) and also identical to those of E. excisus available in the GenBank. However, only one base pair difference exists between the 18S sequences of E. excisus and E. ignotus, with limited sequences available in GenBank accompanied with proper morphological data for the nematodes. With that limitation in mind, identifying our specimens as E. excisus suggests spill-over - that it is an introduced parasite species that has successfully established its life cycle among Australian native species - may have occurred. Our study is the first report of E. excisus in the little black cormorant, P. sulcirostris. Our results do not exclude the possibility of the occurrence of other species of Eustrongylides, either native or exotic, in Australia. This parasite is zoonotic and with increasing demand for fish and changing dietary preferences, such as the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, its occurrence in the flesh of the fish is concerning. This parasite is also associated with anthropogenic habitat alteration affecting the reproductive success of the infected hosts. Therefore, awareness among the relevant authorities of the presence of the parasite in Australia and its adverse impact on native animals is crucial for the success of conservation plans such as fish recovery and relocation efforts.

Deciphering the complex trophic relationship of the black-spotted croaker (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) and its parasites using stable isotope analysis

The stable isotope values of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) have been widely used in ecological studies to decipher the trophic relationships and interactions that occur between living organisms. The aim of this study is to determine the trophic relationship between a commercially important tropical Australian marine fish (Protonibea diacanthus) (Lacepède, 1802) (Sciaenidae) and its associated parasites, through stable isotope analysis of nitrogen and carbon (δ15N and δ13C). We examined the stable isotope ecology of four parasitic organisms: adult ectoparasitic copepods and endoparasitic adult digeneans and nematodes and plerocercoids. Nitrogen in endoparasites was consistently depleted when compared with the host, however digeneans expressed nitrogen signatures almost equivalent to those of the host. Ectoparasitic copepods were the only parasite that was substantially enriched in nitrogen compared to the host. All adult parasitic organisms were carbon depleted when compared with the host tissue associated with the site of infection, however plerocercoids were enriched. Our findings emphasize the complexity of parasite-host interactions and the varying values of isotopic discrimination between parasite type, life cycle stage, and location in host.

Molecular (cox1), geographical, and host record investigation of monogeneans Mazocraes australis (Mazocraeidae), Polylabris sillaginae, and P. australiensis (Microcotylidae)

This study determines the occurrence and molecular characterisation of Monogenea from three commercially important Australian fish: Australian sardine Sardinops sagax (Jenyns), Australian anchovy Engraulis australis (White), and eastern school whiting Sillago flindersi McKay. Earlier studies have provided only morphological species identification, whereas this study combines both morphological and molecular methods. A total of 247 fish across 3 species, sourced from the New South Wales and Victorian coasts, were examined for Monogenea. A total of 187 monogenean parasites were recovered from the gills. The overall prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance were 34%, 2.23, and 0.78, respectively. The parasites were initially classified morphologically as three species across two families. Family Mazocraeidae was represented by Mazocraes australis Timi et al. J Parasitol 85:28-32, 1999, and family Microcotylidae by Polylabris sillaginae (Woolcock, Parasitology 28:79-91, 1936) Dillon, Hargis, and Harrises, 1983 and P. australiensis Hayward, 1996. Molecular identification of parasites was conducted through sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. The fish hosts in the present study were also barcoded (mitochondrial cox1 gene) to confirm specific identities. There was no comparable cox1 sequence available in GenBank for the parasites found in the present study. However, the phylogenetic tree clustered the monogenean species identified in this study according to their familial groups of Mazocraeidae and Microcotylidae. The presence of M. australis on E. australis and S. sagax was confirmed in this study. Polylabris australiensis was only found on S. sagax but Si. flindersi was found to be a host for both Polylabris species. This study is the first to explore the mitochondrial cox1 genes of these three-monogenean species. These findings will serve as a foundation for future monogenean research in Australian waters and elsewhere.

Are feral goats intermediate hosts for Linguatula (Pentastomida) in Australia?

Feral goats, Capra hircus (Bovidae), currently occur across 28% of Australia, and are found in all states and territories as well as some offshore islands. Feral goats are harvested for live export or processed as game meat, with feral goats making up approximately 90% of goats sent to slaughter in Australia. Nymphs of the pentastomid parasite, Linguatula serrata, are common parasites of goats elsewhere in the world, where they cause Halzoun or Marrara disease in humans through the consumption of nymphs in raw or semi-cooked edible offal. Despite being commonly encountered in cattle at slaughter in Australia, L. serrata nymphs have never been reported from feral goats in Australia. Goats at slaughter, however, commonly show infections of lymph nodes, the majority of which are diagnosed as caseous lymphadenitis caused by bacteria, although a small number have no known aetiology. Examination of 33 feral goats from locations in New South Wales and South Australia found a Linguatula sp. nymph encased in the mesenteric lymph node of one goat from the Cooma region of New South Wales. The potential risk of transmission of Linguatula sp. to humans and other domestic animals is discussed. This study has highlighted the importance of continued surveys of feral animals for infection with parasites, especially as their distribution changes.

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An infective nymphal Linguatula sp. was collected from the lymph nodes of a feral goat in Australia.

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This is the first report of the feral goat as an intermediate host for Linguatula in Australia.

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Linguatula poses a zoonotic risk.

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The importance of continued surveys of parasites of feral animals is highlighted.

Characterization of tongue worms, Linguatula spp. (Pentastomida) in Romania, with the first record of an unknown adult Linguatula from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus)

Specimens of the pentastomid parasite, Linguatula serrata, have been reported from several animals in Romania, including some domestic dogs translocated to other parts of Europe. In this study, gray wolves (Canis lupus, n = 80), golden jackals (C. aureus, n = 115), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n = 236), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, n = 1) were examined for pentastomes. Overall, 17.5% of wolves were found to be infected with specimens of Linguatula, with a range of infections of one to five individuals per animal. Golden jackals and foxes had much lower infection levels, with 1.73% of golden jackals and 1.69% of foxes infected; both host species were found to be infected with one or two individual pentastomes per animal. The single deer specimen was infected with three individual pentastomes. The pentastomes collected from the wolves and golden jackals were determined to be immature and mature adult specimens of L. serrata based on morphological examination and molecular analysis using the 18S rRNA gene. No pentastomes collected from the red foxes were available for identification. The pentastomes collected from the roe deer were expected to be L. arctica but determined to be mature adult male specimens of an unknown Linguatula, herein, referred to as Linguatula sp. based on its morphology; the results of molecular sequencing for the Linguatula specimen collected from the deer were inconclusive, preventing a final species identification. This study presents the first report of L. serrata in any hosts from Romania through both morphological and molecular characterization, and also presents the first report of a Linguatula sp. in Ca. capreolus, utilizing morphological characterization. Issues of morphological variability are discussed, including the presence of spines in the hook pit of specimens of Linguatula. This study highlights the need to examine all specimens of Linguatula to confirm the stage of development. Despite the inconclusive molecular result for some specimens, the authors still urge future researchers to incorporate a combined molecular and morphological approach in identifying specimens of Linguatula.

28S rRNA sequences for Linguatula spp

Identification of specimens belonging to the genus Linguatula (Pentastomida) is relatively easy due to their unique morphology. However, differentiation between species of Linguatula can be challenging for several reasons, including considerable differences between different developmental stages of the parasite within and between species. Currently, 18S rRNA and Cox1 sequences are the only available comparable sequences in GenBank, but recent research has discussed the utility of 28S rRNA for pentastomid phylogenetics. This study presents 28S rRNA gene sequences for two members of the genus Linguatula. Sequences of 28S rRNA were successfully obtained from well-identified samples of L.serrata (collected in Australia) and L.nuttalli (collected in South Africa), with voucher specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rRNA region showed 6% difference between L.serrata and L.nuttalli, with low levels of intraspecific variation. In comparison, 18S rRNA and Cox1 sequences from the same specimens showed 0.23% and 13% interspecific differences, respectively. The results of this study show that 28S rRNA has greater genetic diversity to allow for improved differentiation between species of Linguatula than 18S rRNA but is on par with Cox1. Records that do not provide adequate morphological or molecular data to justify independent specific diagnoses must be regarded cautiously, and the need for continued research on species of Linguatula, using a combined morphological and molecular analysis, across a number of different hosts, development stages, geographical regions and molecular markers is highlighted.

Dolichoperoides macalpini (Nicoll, 1914) (Digenea: Dolichoperoididae) infecting venomous snakes (Elapidae) across Australia: molecular characterisation and infection parameters

Specimens of Dolichoperoides macalpini (Nicoll, 1914) (Digenea: Dolichoperoididae) were collected from Australian venomous snakes (Elapidae): Notechis scutatus Peters, 1861 and Austrelaps superbus (Günther, 1858) from Tasmania and surrounding islands and N. s. occidentalis Glauert, 1948 from wetlands near Perth, Western Australia. Despite variation in morphological measurements, genetic analysis showed that the one species of digeneans infected the snakes from all locations. This study presents the first DNA sequences for D. macalpini (internal transcribed spacer, 18S, 28S), confirming its placement in a family separate from the Reniferidae and Telorchiidae. Analysis of the infection dynamics of infection in Western Australian snakes showed significant differences in levels of infection between wetland locations, season and year of collection. Infection of D. macalpini was reported in the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, in freshly euthanised snakes in Western Australia, and in the lung in Tasmanian snakes, consistent with earlier reports. Differences in morphology and site of infection are suggested to be due to a combination of season and maturity of the digenean, with infection potentially occurring early in the season, as the snakes emerge from torpor. The need for research on the seasonal dynamics of infection with this parasite is discussed.

Parasites in feral

Feral populations of Chelodina longicollis (Shaw, 1794) have established in Tasmania but many aspects of their biology in the wild remain unknown. A number of C. longicollis specimens were available for examination for parasites. Two species of digenean parasites were found in three of the 11 turtles examined: a Choanocotyle sp. and Thrinascotrema brisbanica Jue Sue & Platt, 1999. This is the first report of parasites from feral turtles in Tasmania. Due to the lack of native populations of freshwater turtles in Tasmania, these parasites must also have been introduced to Tasmania and have established life cycles in the new environments. The implications of such introductions, without suitable definitive hosts available to assist in establishing parasite infections, is discussed. An updated list of digenean parasites reported from Australian freshwater turtles is presented.

Metal(loid) pollution, not urbanisation nor parasites predicts low body condition in a wetland bioindicator snake

Urban ecosystems and remnant habitat 'islands' therein, provide important strongholds for many wildlife species including those of conservation significance. However, the persistence of these habitats can be undermined if their structure and function are too severely disrupted. Urban wetlands, specifically, are usually degraded by a monoculture of invasive vegetation, disrupted hydrology, and chronic-contamination from a suite of anthropogenic pollutants. Top predators-as bioindicators-can be used to assess and monitor the health of these ecosystems. We measured eight health parameters (e.g., parasites, wounds and scars, tail loss and body condition) in a wetland top predator, the western tiger snake, Notechis scutatus occidentalis. For three years, snakes were sampled across four wetlands along an urban gradient. For each site, we used GIS software to measure the area of different landscapes and calculate an urbanisation-landscape score. Previously published research on snake contamination informed our calculations of a metal-pollution index for each site. We used generalised linear mixed models to assess the relationship between all health parameters and site variables. We found the metal-pollution index to have the most significant association with poor body condition. Although parasitism, tail loss and wounds differed among sites, none of these parameters influenced body condition. Additionally, the suite of health parameters suggested differing health status among sites; however, our measure of contemporary landscape urbanisation was never a significant predictor variable. Our results suggest that the health of wetland predators surrounding a rapidly growing city may be offset by higher levels of environmental pollution.

Characterisation of Temnocephalidae flatworms in common Australian freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium australiense

Macrobrachium australiense, is one of Australia’s most widespread freshwater invertebrates. Although a significant amount of research has been conducted to understand the diversity of crustacean species in Australia, there has been considerably less effort focused on their Temnocephalidae symbionts. The present study aims to identify Temnocephalidae species found in M. australiense, along with determining their impacts on the fitness of their hosts. A total of 54 M. australiense (common Australian river prawn) were examined for evidence of infection with Temnocephalidae species, of which 96.3% showed at least one sign of infection with Temnocephalidae. Due to damage and immaturity of the worms collected from, they have been referred to as Temnocephalidae sp. based on the presence of tentacles on the anterior margin of the body, and pedunculate sucker located dorsally on the ventral surface. Possible mechanical damage to gill lamellae resulting from either egg deposition or autolysis is evident. In the phylogenetic tree built based on sequences of the 28S rRNA gene, specimens in the present study grouped separately from other Temnocephalidae species reported from Australia.

Occurrence and molecular identification of Monogenea from blue-spotted flathead Platycephalus caeruleopunctatus (Scorpaeniformes: Platycephalidae) in Australian waters

This study describes the occurrence and molecular identification of Monogenea from blue-spotted flathead Platycephalus caeruleopunctatus (McCulloch) (Scorpaeniformes: Platycephalidae) from waters off the NSW coast, Australia. Platycephalus spp. are favoured by consumers for delicate, white, mild flavoured flesh and therefore are commercially important species within Australia. Platycephalus spp. are also extensively targeted by Australian recreational fishers. There has been no previous study that has exclusively focused on Pl. caeruleopunctatus in Australia or globally. Although a single study by Dillon (1985), of monogeneans infecting Platycephalus spp. from Australian waters, identified Microcotyle bassensis Murray, 1931 in Pl. caeruleopunctatus. The present study combines both morphological and molecular methods to identify both host and parasites. A total of 116 fish, sourced from the waters off the coast of New South Wales, Australia, were examined. A total of 1498 Monogenea were recovered from the gills. The overall prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance were 72%, 18.05, and 12.91, respectively. Monogenea were initially classified morphologically as two different species M. bassensis (family: Microcotylidae) and Platycephalotrema bassense (Hughes, 1928) Kritsky & Nitta, 2019 (family: Ancyrocephalidae). Molecular identification of Monogenea was conducted through sequencing of their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear 28S genes. The specific identification of host Pl. caeruleopunctatus was confirmed through sequencing the cox1 gene. There was no comparable sequence for cox1 and 28S genes available in GenBank for the monogenean species found in the present study. Only a single sequence (obtained from the nuclear ITS2-rDNA) was deposited in GenBank for M. bassensis. However, the phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences revealed that the identified Monogenea clustered according to their familial groups. Platycephalotrema bassense was identified for the first time in Pl. caeruleopunctatus in the present study. This study has provided the first evidence for the exploration of both cox1 and 28S sequences of all Monogenea. The findings of this study serve as a foundation for future monogenean research on other Platycephalus spp. from Australian waters.

Verification of the Spotted-Tail Quoll, Dasyurus maculatus, as a Definitive Host for the Pentastomid Linguatula sp. in Australia

PURPOSE

Specimens of a pentastomid, identified as a nymphal Linguatula serrata, have previously been reported from the nasal cavity of the endangered Australian marsupial, the spotted-tail quoll, Dasyurus maculatus. These specimens were made available for morphological and molecular characterisation to confirm their species identity.

METHODS

Specimens were examined by light microscopy. Molecular sequencing attempts were unsuccessful.

RESULTS

Examination showed that the specimens were adult pentastomes of the genus Linguatula. Morphological differences are reported between these specimens and published measurements of specimens from other hosts collected from the same region.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first confirmed report of an adult Linguatula pentastome in a native Australian animal. Due to the small number of specimens and the lack of successful molecular characterisation, the pentastomes have been referred to Linguatula sp. until future work can confirm the species identity. The need for combined molecular and morphological analysis of pentastome specimens is reiterated.

Phylogenetic relationships of philometrid nematodes (Philometridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926) inferred from 18S rRNA, with molecular characterisation of recently described species

Nematodes of the family Philometridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926 (Dracunculoidea Stiles, 1907) are generally poorly known, and there are many taxonomic issues within the family. Philometrids are parasites of fish and are found in various locations throughout the host, including within the subcutaneous tissues and musculature, the abdominal cavity and gonads; vast sexual dimorphism often means the males are not collected, leading to many species being described solely on female characteristics. Although there have been a number of studies utilising molecular data, the vast majority of species are yet to be sequenced. This study undertook genetic sequencing of 15 recently described species of philometrids across 4 genera, many of which were from specimens collected from waters off Australia. All of the sequences obtained were closely related with representatives of the family Philometridae. Species were found to be distributed in the phylogenetic trees within 4 clades based on a combination of site of infection within the host and host habitat. Family of host and geographical location was not as important for position within the trees. Clade A contained philometrids collected from the abdominal cavities and head tissues of South American freshwater fish. Clade B contained philometrids primarily from the abdominal cavities of freshwater European cyprinids. Clade C contained philometrids primarily from the ovaries of marine fish. Clade D contained philometrids from the body tissues of marine and freshwater fish. The potential co-evolutionary patterns between philometrids and their fish hosts are highlighted as an area of future research. This research also highlighted the importance of correct identification of any sequenced specimen.

The taxonomic position of Anoplotaenia dasyuri (Cestoda) as inferred from molecular sequences

Anoplotaenia dasyuri Beddard, 1911 (Cestoda), from the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii (Boitard, 1842), is a taxonomic enigma, where a combination of morphological features, host type and geographical location have prevented it from being placed within a family and it is considered incertae sedis, despite its accepted validity. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of three A. dasyuri specimens collected from three Tasmanian devils using 18S and 28S rRNA sequences. Anoplotaenia dasyuri was found to have closest affinity with the family Paruterinidae, especially the genus Cladotaenia Cohn, 1901. The postulated theory of transfer of an ancestor of Anoplotaenia Beddard, 1911 transferring to the Tasmanian devil from an unrelated carnivorous host, such as an accipitriform or other carnivorous bird, is discussed and supported.

Genetic characterisation of cercarial stages of Choanocotyle Jue Sue and Platt, 1998 (Digenea: Choanocotylidae) in a native Australian freshwater snail, Isidorella hainesii (Tryon)

Isidorella hainesii (Tryon, 1866) is a native freshwater snail, belonging to the family Planorbidae, commonly found on aquatic vegetation in south eastern parts of Australia. In the present study, we report natural infection with a species of Choanocotyle Jue Sue and Platt, 1998 (Digenea: Choanocotylidae) parasite in inland Australia for the first time, followed by characterisation of the parasite using both morphological and molecular approaches. Snails (n = 150) were collected from recently drained, natural ponds at a local fish farm located in the Riverina region, New South Wales, Australia. Parasites were subjected to preliminary morphological examination followed by DNA extraction to obtain their ITS-2, 18S and 28S sequences. Based on their sequence data and phylogenetic analyses they were identified as Choanocotyle hobbsi Platt and Tkach, 2003, which has only previously been described from Chelodina oblonga Gray, 1841 (snake-necked turtle) in Western Australia. Previous researchers suggested that in Australia, C. oblonga and its parasite fauna are separated from their eastern counterparts due to formation of impenetrable waterless desert in the country during the late Cretaceous. Our study extends the distribution of Choanocotyle hobbsi from Western Australia to the Murray Darling Basin in New South Wales, however, the definitive host remains unknown in New South Wales.

Characterization of Clinostomum sp. (Trematoda: Clinostomidae) infecting cormorants in south-eastern Australia

Clinostomum Leidy, 1856 (Trematoda: Clinostomidae) is a cosmopolitan, zoonotic genus of fluke that has been poorly studied in an Australian setting. Following previous reports of reservoir fish in Australian fish ponds being heavily infected with Clinostomum metacercaria, the current study was conducted to determine the specific identity of Clinostomum sp. in inland Australia, by examining and characterizing parasites collected from a potential definitive host, cormorants. A total of 33 parasite specimens belonging to the genus Clinostomum were collected from two cormorants (little black cormorants, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) that were collected from the Narrandera Fisheries Research Centre, New South Wales, at the same locality where metacercaria of Clinostomum sp. have been reported in fish. All specimens in our study were immature adults. Clinostomum specimens with similar morphology have been identified as C. complanatum in the past, based on their morphological characteristics. However, phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS sequence data in the present study suggest they are the same as the Clinostomum sp. previously reported from carp gudgeons (Hypseleotris spp.) from the same farm, and distinct from C. complanatum. The ITS sequences obtained from the specimens in the present study were most similar to those belonging to C. phalacrocoracis (never reported in Australia). Our specimens formed a distinct clade on the phylogenetic tree and their specific identity awaits until fully mature specimens are described in future studies.

Re-description and molecular characterisation of Choricotyle australiensis Roubal, Armitage & Rohde, 1983 (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae) infecting Chrysophrys auratus (Forster) (Perciformes: Sparidae)

Choricotyle australiensis Roubal, Armitage & Rohde, 1983, a diclidophorid monogenean species, is redescribed and genetically characterised using the partial nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S rRNA) and a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene sequences for specimens collected from Chrysophrys auratus (Forster) off Australia and New Zealand. Previous studies have either provided morphological or genetic results, whereas this study combines morphological and advanced molecular methods. A total of 70 Ch. auratus were examined with 22 individuals of C. australiensis recovered from the gills (overall prevalence of 23%). This study has provided the first evidence for the exploration of mitochondrial cox1 region for C. australiensis. Comparison of the newly generated sequences with other available data supported the distinction of C. australiensis among diclidophorid Furhmann, 1928 species thus confirming its taxonomic status.

Wild fallow deer (Dama dama) as definitive hosts of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) in alpine New South Wales

To determine the extent to which wild deer are contributing in the transmission of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) livers from deer shot by hunters, farmers undertaking population control on their farms and vertebrate pest controllers were collected and frozen. The livers were later thawed, sliced and examined for the presence of adult flukes or evidence of past infection. Livers from 19 deer were examined (18 fallow [Dama dama] and one sambar [Rusa unicolor]). Seventeen of the fallow deer were animals collected on farms near Jindabyne, New South Wales. The remaining fallow deer was collected in the Australian Capital Territory and one sambar deer was collected in north-eastern Victoria. Nine of the 17 deer (53%) from the Jindabyne area were either infected with Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) or had thickened bile ducts indicating past infection. Infection levels in the infected animals varied widely from 3 liver fluke to over 50 per liver. No sign of infection was present in the deer from the Australian Capital Territory or Victoria. Fallow deer are wide-spread in the Jindabyne area and their population is increasing. It is likely their contribution to the maintenance and distribution of F. hepatica to livestock in the Jindabyne area, and in other livestock rearing areas of south-eastern Australia, is important and increasing.

A new species of Cosmocerca (Nematoda, Ascaridomorpha) from the marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura, Bufonidae) in Australia

The marine toad Rhinellamarina (Linnaeus) (Anura, Bufonidae) is a notorious, exotic amphibian species in Australia. However, our present knowledge of the composition of the nematode fauna of R.marina is still not complete. In the present study, a new cosmocercid nematode, Cosmocercamultipapillatasp. nov., was described using both light and scanning electron microscopy, based on specimens collected from R.marina in Australia. Cosmocercamultipapillatasp. nov. can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the body size, the presence of lateral alae and well sclerotized gubernaculum, the number and arrangement of plectanes and rosettes and the length of spicules, oesophagus and tail.

Occurrence and characterisation of tongue worms, Linguatula spp., in South Africa

A total of 509 mammalian vertebrates, belonging to 76 species, were examined for infection with pentastomid parasites. These animals were from 8 of the 9 provinces in South Africa. Linguatulid pentastomes were found only in 7 animals, specifically the African Lion (n = 3) and African Buffalo (n = 4). Adult parasites were found in the lion but nymphs, of various stages, were found in the buffalo. A detailed morphological examination of adult parasites using both light and scanning electron microscopy techniques suggested the specimens were Linguatula nuttalli Sambon1922. Sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA and Cox1 regions obtained from both adult and nymph stages suggested they belong to the one species. Phylogenetic analyses of Linguatula spp. based on the 18S and Cox1 sequences available in GenBank and obtained in the present study showed a clear distinction between L. nuttalli, L. arctica and L. serrata (from Europe and Australia). Several specimens from the Palearctic region which were previously assumed to be L. serrata formed a distinct group in the phylogenetic tree suggesting they probably belong to a different, and as of yet, unknown species.

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Genetic and morphological characterisation of Linguatula nuttalli in South Africa.

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Occurrence of Linguatula nuttalli in 509 mammalian vertebrates, belonging to 76 species.

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Phylogenetic analyses of Linguatula spp. from different continents.

Parasitic copepods of the family Lernanthropidae Kabata, 1979 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) from Australian fishes, with descriptions of seven new species

The total number of species of Lernanthropidae previously recorded from Australian waters is 15 (i.e., one species each of Aethon Krøyer, 1837, Lernanthropodes Bere, 1936, and Lernanthropsis Do, in Ho Do, 1985; 10 species of Lernanthropus de Blainville, 1822; and two species of Sagum Wilson, 1913), and all of these records are reviewed. We report here the presence of three species of Aethon. One species, A. garricki Hewitt, 1968, is reported from Australian waters for the first time and a new species, A. bicamera sp. nov., is described from the latrid, Latris lineatus (Forster, 1801) caught off South Australia. The genus Lernanthropodes is represented by a single species, L. trachinoti Pillai, 1962. We recognize Chauvanium Kazachenko, Kovaleva, Nguyen Ngo, 2017 as a subjective synonym of Lernanthropodes and transfer its type and only species C. chauvani Kazachenko, Kovaleva, Nguyen Ngo, 2017 which becomes Lernanthropodes chauvani (Kazachenko, Kovaleva, Nguyen Ngo, 2017) n. comb. Lernanthropsis mugilii (Shishido, 1898) is reported here from Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 sampled in Queensland and in New South Wales. The genus Lernanthropus is the most species rich and we report the presence of 20 nominal species on Australian marine fishes. This total includes six new species: L. alepicolus sp. nov. from Alepes apercna Grant, 1987, L. elegans sp. nov. from Atractoscion aequidens (Cuvier, 1830), L. gnathanodontus sp. nov. from Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775), L. paracruciatus sp. nov. from Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802), L. pemphericola sp. nov. from Pempheris compressa (White, 1790), and L. selenotoca sp. nov. from Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson, 1846). In addition, we report the presence of another four species in Australian waters for the first time: L. abitocephalus Tripathi, 1962, L. cadenati Delamare Deboutteville Nuñes-Ruivo, 1954, L. microlamini Hewitt, 1968, and L. pomadasysis Rangnekar Murti, 1961. After reexamination of the types of L. paenulatus Wilson, 1922 held in the USNM, we relegate this species to subjective synonymy with L. seriolii Shishido, 1898. Previous records of L. paenulatus from Australian Seriola species should be reassigned to L. seriolii. Lernanthropus ecclesi Kensley Grindley, 1973 is recognized as a junior subjective synonym of L. micropterygis Richiardi, 1884, and L. delamarei Marques, 1960, which is based on the male only, is tentatively considered to be a junior subjective synonym of L. micropterygis. Males are described for the first time for three species; L. breviculus Kabata, 1979, L. microlamini and L. mollis Kabata, 1979. A member of the genus Mitrapus Song Chen, 1976, M. oblongus (Pillai, 1964), is reported from Australia for the first time, on Herklotsichthys castelnaui (Ogilby, 1897) caught off Queensland and New South Wales. Finally, two species of Sagum were previously known from Australia and here we add three more. Two of the newly reported species were originally described as species of Lernanthropus but we formally transfer them here to Sagum as S. lativentris (Heller, 1865) n. comb. and S. sanguineus (Song, in Song Chen, 1976) n. comb. The males of S. lativentris and S. vespertilio Kabata, 1979 are described for the first time. A key to the females of the 31 species of lernanthropids found in Australian waters is provided.

Characterisation of the tongue worm, Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae), in Australia

We describe adult males and females and a nymph belonging to Linguatula serrata in Australia, based on light and scanning electron microscopies. In addition, 18S and Cox1 sequence data have also been provided and were compared with similar sequences in GenBank. Our specimens had identical 18S sequences and limited genetic distance in Cox1 region which fell within the intra-specific range observed for Linguatula spp. suggesting that they all belong to one species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Australian specimens were grouped with L. serrata in Europe where the species was first found and described. A number of L. serrata from Iran and Bangladesh formed a distinct group. The genetic distance between these Linguatula and Australian/European L. serrata ranged from 0.46% to 2.21% which is larger than the genetic distance observed between L. arctica and Australian/European L. serrata (0.12%) suggesting that they belong to a different species. As pointed out previously by several other authors, L. serrata comprises more than one species and those from the Palearctic region (including Iran and Bangladesh) should not be automatically named L. serrata unless there is enough evidence for the identification. To accurately address the complex taxonomy of Linguatula spp. a detailed morphological and genetic characterisation of numerous developmental stages of the parasite is necessary, to ensure morphological differences are not due to development. This however may not be achievable in the near future due to significant reduction in expertise as well as research funding awarded in this area of research to understand the basics of our planet.

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Detailed description of Australian tongue worms.

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First genetic characterization of Linguatula serrata in Australia.

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Specific identification of Linguatula serrata in Australia.

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Taxonomic status of L. dingophila could be valid but requires further investigation.

Acanthocephalans from Australian elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes) with a description of a new species in the genus Gorgorhynchus Chandler, 1934 (Rhadinorhynchidae)

Gorgorhynchus occultus n. sp. is described from Sutorectus tentaculatus (Peters) (Orectolobidae) collected off Bunbury, Western Australia in 1986. The new species differs from all other species of Gorgorhynchus Chandler, 1934 by having a suite of characters including a proboscis hook formula of 18-20 rows of 8-9 hooks, a well-developed neck, irregular circles of small spines in a single anterior field, the male reproductive system limited to the posterior quarter of the trunk and three cement glands. In a survey of 284 sharks collected between 2015 and 2018 from 10 localities in Australian waters, 11 individuals were infected with acanthocephalan cystacanths. One individual of Sphyrna mokarran (Rupell) (Sphyrnidae) was infected with Corynosoma cetaceum Johnston & Best, 1931. Serrasentis sagittifer (Linton, 1889) (Rhadinorhynchidae) was found in five individuals of S. mokarran, four individuals of Syphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith) and one individual of Carcharhinus coatesi (Whitley) (Carcharhinidae). These infections may be accidental because it has been suggested that acanthocephalans cannot tolerate the high levels of urea used by marine and esturine elasmobranchs for osmoregulation. The two most common host species examined, S. mokarran and S. lewini had the highest intensities and prevalences of infection with S. sagittifer. Although more individuals of S. lewini were examined, S. mokarran had the higher prevalence of infection.

Description and characterisation of Terranova pectinolabiata n. sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in great hammerhead shark, Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837), in Australia

Terranova pectinolabiata n. sp. is described from the great hammerhead, Sphyrna mokarran, from Australian waters. This represents the first report of a species of Terranova from the host species. The new species is characterised by the morphology of the caudal plates and labia. ITS sequences were obtained for 20 specimens which were identical, despite morphological variation that has traditionally been indicative of separation of species. Additionally, genetic analyses confirmed the identification of the larval Terranova Type II previously reported in Australian and New Caledonian waters as Terranova pectinolabiata n. sp.

First report of nymphs of the introduced pentastomid, Linguatula serrata, in red-necked wallabies (Notamacropus rufogriseus) in Australia

The presence of nymphs of the introduced pentastomid parasite Linguatula serrata is verified in a native Australian animal, the red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus), for the first time. Morphological and genetic analyses confirmed the species identification, with a 100% genetic match to samples collected from various introduced animals from the same location in Kosciuszko National Park. Previous reports of pentastomids, including possible Linguatula sp. infections, in native animals are discussed. More research is required to confirm the validity of these reports.

A Redescription of Serrasentis sagittifer (Rhadinorhynchidae: Serrasentinae) from Rachycentron canadum (Rachycentridae) with Comments on its Biology and its Relationship to Other Species of Serrasentis

Adult and cystacanth forms of the acanthocephalan Serrasentis sagittifer from Australian coastal waters are redescribed and verified as the same species using both molecular and morphological data. This study provides the baseline 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and cox1 sequence data to serve as genetic barcode for S. sagittifer. The validity of the currently recognized species of Serrasentis is discussed. The most recently described species are junior synonyms of either Serrasentis nadakali or S. sagittifer, and a number of species are species inquirenda. When using morphological characters to distinguish the species of Serrasentis, consideration needs to be given to the maturity of the specimens, since the trunk elongates and the number and distribution of the ventral combs changes as worms mature, although the proboscis armature itself does not change. A simple key to assist in the identification of species of Serrasentis is provided. Adult S. sagittifer appear to be highly host specific to the cobia, Rachycentron canadum, in northern Australian waters, whereas cystacanths have been reported from a wide range of fish species. The relationship between host length and number of cystacanths shows that most paratenic infections are acquired as young fish, most likely via a crustacean intermediate host.

Strong population structure deduced from genetics, otolith chemistry and parasite abundances explains vulnerability to localized fishery collapse in a large Sciaenid fish, Protonibea diacanthus

As pressure on coastal marine resources is increasing globally, the need to quantitatively assess vulnerable fish stocks is crucial in order to avoid the ecological consequences of stock depletions. Species of Sciaenidae (croakers, drums) are important components of tropical and temperate fisheries and are especially vulnerable to exploitation. The black‐spotted croaker, Protonibea diacanthus, is the only large sciaenid in coastal waters of northern Australia where it is targeted by commercial, recreational and indigenous fishers due to its food value and predictable aggregating behaviour. Localized declines in the abundance of this species have been observed, highlighting the urgent requirement by managers for information on fine‐ and broad‐scale population connectivity. This study examined the population structure of P. diacanthus across north‐western Australia using three complementary methods: genetic variation in microsatellite markers, otolith elemental composition and parasite assemblage composition. The genetic analyses demonstrated that there were at least five genetically distinct populations across the study region, with gene flow most likely restricted by inshore biogeographic barriers such as the Dampier Peninsula. The otolith chemistry and parasite analyses also revealed strong spatial variation among locations within broad‐scale regions, suggesting fine‐scale location fidelity within the lifetimes of individual fish. The complementarity of the three techniques elucidated patterns of connectivity over a range of spatial and temporal scales. We conclude that fisheries stock assessments and management are required at fine scales (100 s of km) to account for the restricted exchange among populations (stocks) and to prevent localized extirpations of this species. Realistic management arrangements may involve the successive closure and opening of fishing areas to reduce fishing pressure.

Characterization, development and multiplexing of microsatellite markers in three commercially exploited reef fish and their application for stock identification

Thirty-four microsatellite loci were isolated from three reef fish species; golden snapper Lutjanus johnii, blackspotted croaker Protonibea diacanthus and grass emperor Lethrinus laticaudis using a next generation sequencing approach. Both IonTorrent single reads and Illumina MiSeq paired-end reads were used, with the latter demonstrating a higher quality of reads than the IonTorrent. From the 1–1.5 million raw reads per species, we successfully obtained 10–13 polymorphic loci for each species, which satisfied stringent design criteria. We developed multiplex panels for the amplification of the golden snapper and the blackspotted croaker loci, as well as post-amplification pooling panels for the grass emperor loci. The microsatellites characterized in this work were tested across three locations of northern Australia. The microsatellites we developed can detect population differentiation across northern Australia and may be used for genetic structure studies and stock identification.

Acanthocephalan Cystacanths from Flatfish (Order Pleuronectiformes) in Tropical Australian Waters

Cystacanths of 4 species of Acanthocephala are reported for the first time from various species of fish belonging to the Order Pleuronectiformes from waters of the western Gulf of Carpentaria and the central coast of Queensland, Australia: Corynosoma cetaceum Johnston and Best, 1942 (Family Polymorphidae), Serrasentis cf. sagittifer (Linton, 1889) and Rhadinorhynchus sp. (Family Rhadinorhynchidae), and Gorgorhynchoides sp. (Family Isthmosacanthidae). Approximately 32% of the 515 individual fish belonging to 24 species were infected with at least 1 cystacanth. Serrasentis cf. sagittifer was the most-commonly encountered, infecting a total of 18 species of fish across both regions. Gorgorhynchoides sp. infected 7 fish species in the Gulf of Carpentaria only while Rhadinorhynchus sp. (1 fish species) and C. cetaceum (7 fish species) were only found on the central coast of Queensland. Most fish were infected with a single cystacanth of any species. There was no relationship between total length of fish and intensity of infection for any species. This paper provides information on parasite infections in fish hosts commonly caught as by-catch and outlines the need for further studies on these fish to be able to determine sustainability of such fish stocks.

Two gonad-infecting species of Philometra (Nematoda: Philometridae) from marine fishes off the northern coast of Australia

Two different gonad-infecting species of Philometra Costa, 1845 were collected from the ovary of marine perciform fishes, the blackspotted croaker Protonibea diacanthus (Sciaenidae) and the John’s snapper Lutjanus johnii (Lutjanidae), from off the northern coast of Australia. Nematodes (males and females) from P. diacanthus represent a new taxon, Philometra protonibeae n. sp., which is mainly characterized by the body length of the males (3.37–3. 90 mm), broad, equally long spicules (length 126–141 μm) and the shape and structure of the gubernaculum with a dorsally lamellate distal tip. The nematodes (only females) from L. johnii may represent an undescribed species, but, because of the absence of conspecific males, they could not be specifically identified. Philometra protonibeae is the fifth nominal gonad-infecting species of this genus recorded from marine fishes in Australian waters and the seventh species of these parasites described from fishes of the family Sciaenidae.

Self-assessment of morbidity following radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer

The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of the morbidity following radical surgery for early stage cervical cancer. We performed a retrospective survey of all women who had undergone a radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy between the months of July 1995 and December 1996 inclusive at either the Royal Marsden or St George's Hospital (n =38), using a detailed questionnaire on bladder, ano-rectal and sexual function, both before and after treatment. Sixteen women (44.4%) received adjuvant radiotherapy. The mean interval between surgery and inquiry was 16.4% months (range 8-25 months). The mean age at the time of surgery was 40.5 years. Thirty-six out of 38 women contacted responded (94.7%). Overall 33 women (91.7%) reported new bladder, ano-rectal or sexual symptoms. Complaints of urinary incontinence, particularly of urge incontinence, and of voiding difficulties increased significantly after surgery (P <0.05). However, only 5.3% of women had sought treatment. Tenesmus increased significantly (P <0.05), while increases in diarrhoea and faecal incontinence were not statistically significant (P =0.051). Although 12.9% of women stated an improvement in their sex lives, 54.8% thought that their sex life was worse after treatment, and 12.9% of women had ceased sexual activity altogether. Of women of childbearing age 53.8% felt adversely affected by their loss of fertility. Bladder, ano-rectal and sexual symptoms are very common following radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer, with adverse effect on quality of life, and persist into the second year after treatment.

Imaging of endometrial adenocarcinoma

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy and the incidence rising. Prognosis depends on age of patient, histological grade, depth of myometrial invasion and cervical invasion and lymph node metastases. Myometrial invasion and accurate cervical involvement cannot be predicted clinically. Pre-treatment knowledge of these criteria is advantageous in order to plan treatment. The clinical challenge is to effectively select patients at risk of relapse for more radical treatment whilst avoiding over treating low risk cases. This is important as endometrial cancer predominately occurs in postmenopausal women with co-morbidities. Modern imaging provides important tools in the accurate pre-treatment assessment of endometrial cancer and may optimize treatment planning. However, there is little consensus to date on imaging in the routine preoperative assessment of endometrial carcinoma and practice varies amongst many gynaecologists. Transvaginal ultrasound is often the initial imaging examination for women with uterine bleeding. However, once the diagnosis of endometrial cancer has been made, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides the best assessment of the disease. The results of contrast-enhanced MRI may identify patients who need more aggressive therapy and referral to a cancer centre. In this article we review the role of imaging in the diagnosis and staging/preoperative assessment of endometrial carcinoma.

A REDESCRIPTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN LEECH PLACOBDELLOIDES BANCROFTI WITH NEW RECORDS OF ITS DISTRIBUTION

Placobdelloides bancrofti (Best, 1931) Sawyer, 1986 (Euhirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) is recorded for the first time from a location in North Queensland, Australia. Placobdelloides bancrofti was found feeding on the freshwater turtle Emydura krefftii and was collected from a new host species Elseya latisternum. Examination of live individuals enabled us to document external coloration and markings for the first time. Clarification of the original description of P. bancrofti is made, correcting the location of the anal pore, and then the taxonomic history of this species is discussed.