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Benahmed N, Demyttenaere B, Dramaix M, Willaert D, Pirson M. Modeling the future workforce of obstetrics and gynecology in Belgium: From population ratio to gap analysis between supply and demand. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 286:126-134. [PMID: 37245358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Benahmed
- Health Economics, Hospital Management and Nursing Research Dept, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Michèle Dramaix
- Emeritus Professor at School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Magali Pirson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Director of Health Economics, Hospital Management and Nursing Research Dept, School of Public Health, Belgium
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Van Landschoot L, Willaert D, de Valk HAG, Van Bavel J. Partner Choice and the Transition to Parenthood for Second-Generation Women of Turkish and Moroccan Origin in Belgium. Eur J Popul 2018; 34:579-608. [PMID: 30976255 PMCID: PMC6241154 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-017-9438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies on fertility among second-generation migrant women across Europe have mainly treated the second generation as a rather homogenous group, not linking and distinguishing fertility patterns by type of partner. This study investigates how and to what extent the origin and generation of the partner (endogamous or exogamous as well as diversity in endogamy) of Turkish and Moroccan second-generation women in Belgium is related to first-birth rates. We distinguish three types of partnerships: those in an endogamous union with a first-generation partner, those in an endogamous union with a second-generation partner, and those in an exogenous union where the partner is of native Belgian origin. We use linked Census-Register data for the period 2001-2006. Applying event history models, our findings reveal clear differences between the endogamous and exogamous unions with respect to the timing of first births. Second-generation women of both origin groups have the lowest parenthood rates when the partner is of native Belgian origin. However, no variation is found within endogamous unions. For endogamous unions with a first-generation partner, the parenthood rates are approximately the same (and not higher, as was expected) compared to when the partner is also of second generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Van Landschoot
- Department of Sociology, Interface Demography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Willaert
- Department of Sociology, Interface Demography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helga A. G. de Valk
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute/ KNAW/ Population Research Center, University of Groningen, Lange Houtstraat 19, 2511 CV The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van Bavel
- Faculty of Social Science, Family and Population Studies, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45, Bus 3601, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Theunis L, Schnor C, Willaert D, Van Bavel J. His and Her Education and Marital Dissolution: Adding a Contextual Dimension. Eur J Popul 2018; 34:663-687. [PMID: 30976256 PMCID: PMC6241156 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-017-9448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Educationally hypogamous marriages, where the wife is more educated than the husband, have been expected to be less stable than other educational pairings, in part because they do not conform to social norms. With the reversal of the gender gap in education, such marriages have become more common than in the past. Recent research suggests that this new context might be beneficial for the stability of hypogamous unions compared to other educational pairings. Here, we investigate how educational matches in married couples are associated with divorce risks taking into account the local prevalence of hypogamy. Using Belgian census and register data for 458,499 marriages contracted between 1986 and 2001, we show that hypogamy was not associated with higher divorce rates than homogamy in communities where hypogamy was common. Against expectations, marriages in which the husband was more educated than the wife tend to exhibit the highest divorce rates. More detailed analysis of the different types of educational matches revealed that marriages with at least one highly educated partner, male or female, were less divorce prone compared to otherwise similar couple types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Theunis
- Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3601, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Christine Schnor
- Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3601, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Didier Willaert
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Bavel
- Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3601, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
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Theunis L, Schnor C, Willaert D, Van Bavel J. His and Her Education and Marital Dissolution: Adding a Contextual Dimension. Eur J Popul 2018; 34:663-687. [PMID: 30976256 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-017-9448-] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Educationally hypogamous marriages, where the wife is more educated than the husband, have been expected to be less stable than other educational pairings, in part because they do not conform to social norms. With the reversal of the gender gap in education, such marriages have become more common than in the past. Recent research suggests that this new context might be beneficial for the stability of hypogamous unions compared to other educational pairings. Here, we investigate how educational matches in married couples are associated with divorce risks taking into account the local prevalence of hypogamy. Using Belgian census and register data for 458,499 marriages contracted between 1986 and 2001, we show that hypogamy was not associated with higher divorce rates than homogamy in communities where hypogamy was common. Against expectations, marriages in which the husband was more educated than the wife tend to exhibit the highest divorce rates. More detailed analysis of the different types of educational matches revealed that marriages with at least one highly educated partner, male or female, were less divorce prone compared to otherwise similar couple types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Theunis
- 1Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3601, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Christine Schnor
- 1Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3601, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Didier Willaert
- 2Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Bavel
- 1Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3601, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
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Bauwelinck M, Deboosere P, Willaert D, Vandenheede H. Suicide mortality in Belgium at the beginning of the 21st century: differences according to migrant background. Eur J Public Health 2018; 27:111-116. [PMID: 28177447 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suicidal behaviour has long been recognized to vary widely between countries. Yet, rates of suicidal behaviour do not only vary between, but also within countries. Gender and socioeconomic differences in suicidal behaviour are well established, but the literature on suicidal behaviour and migrants is sparse, particularly in Belgium. The present study maps out the occurrence of suicide mortality across three of the largest migrant groups (Italians, Turks and Moroccans) versus the native population in Belgium, and verifies whether this association persists after accounting for socioeconomic variables. Methods Census-linked mortality follow-up data covering the period 2001–2011 were used to probe into suicide mortality. To compare absolute differences by migrant background, indirect standardisation analyses were carried out. To assess relative differences, Cox proportional hazards models were performed. Analyses were restricted to 18- to 64-year-olds. Results Belgian men and women have the highest suicide mortality risk, persons of Moroccan/Turkish origin the lowest, and Italians are somewhere in between. When migration generation is considered, the risk is higher for second-generation groups compared to that of the first-generation. Accounting for socioeconomic determinants, the difference between the native population and the various nationality groups intensifies. Conclusion Although the risk is generally lower for minorities compared to the majority population, the results across migration generations underscore minorities’ increased vulnerability to suicide over time. Future research should focus on understanding the risks and protective factors of suicidal behaviour across different nationality groups. This way, tailored policy recommendations can be developed in order to tackle the burden of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Bauwelinck
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Deboosere
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Willaert
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hadewijch Vandenheede
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Hagedoorn P, Vandenheede H, Vanthomme K, Willaert D, Gadeyne S. A cohort study into head and neck cancer mortality in Belgium (2001–11): Are individual socioeconomic differences conditional on area deprivation? Oral Oncol 2016; 61:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Van Hemelrijck WMJ, Willaert D, Gadeyne S. The geographic pattern of Belgian mortality: can socio-economic characteristics explain area differences? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 74:22. [PMID: 27280020 PMCID: PMC4897960 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-016-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Country averages for health outcomes hide important within-country variations. This paper probes into the geographic Belgian pattern of all-cause mortality and wishes to investigate the contribution of individual and area socio-economic characteristics to geographic mortality differences in men aged 45–64 during the period 2001–2011. Methods Data originate from a linkage between the Belgian census of 2001 and register data on mortality and emigration during the period 2001–2011. Mortality rate ratios (MRRs) are estimated for districts and sub-districts compared to the Belgian average mortality level using Poisson regression modelling. Individual socio-economic position (SEP) indicators are added to examine the impact of these characteristics on the observed geographic pattern. In order to scrutinize the contribution of area-level socio-economic characteristics, random intercepts Poisson modelling is performed with predictors at the individual and the sub-district level. Random intercepts and slopes models are fitted to explore variability of individual-level SEP effects. Results All-cause MRRs for middle-aged Belgian men are higher in the geographic areas of the Walloon region and the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR) compared to those in the Flemish region. The highest MRRs are observed in the inner city of the BCR and in several Walloon cities. Their disadvantage can partially be explained by the lower individual SEP of men living in these areas. Similarly, the relatively low MRRs observed in the districts of Halle-Vilvoorde, Arlon and Virton can be related to the higher individual SEP. Among the area-level characteristics, both the percentage of men employed and the percentage of labourers in a sub-district have a protective effect on the individual MRR, regardless of individual SEP. Variability in individual-level SEP effects is limited. Conclusions Individual SEP partly explains the observed mortality gap in Belgium for some areas. The percentage of men employed and the percentage of labourers in a sub-district have an additional effect on the individual MRR aside from that of individual SEP. However, these socio-economic factors cannot explain all of the observed differences. Other mechanisms such as public health policy, cultural habits and environmental influences contribute to the observed geographic pattern in all-cause mortality among middle-aged men. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13690-016-0135-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda M J Van Hemelrijck
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Willaert
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Gadeyne
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Hagedoorn P, Vandenheede H, Willaert D, Vanthomme K, Gadeyne S. Regional Inequalities in Lung Cancer Mortality in Belgium at the Beginning of the 21st Century: The Contribution of Individual and Area-Level Socioeconomic Status and Industrial Exposure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147099. [PMID: 26760040 PMCID: PMC4711966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a highly industrialized country with one of the highest male lung cancer mortality rates in Europe, Belgium is an interesting study area for lung cancer research. This study investigates geographical patterns in lung cancer mortality in Belgium. More specifically it probes into the contribution of individual as well as area-level characteristics to (sub-district patterns in) lung cancer mortality. Data from the 2001 census linked to register data from 2001-2011 are used, selecting all Belgian inhabitants aged 65+ at time of the census. Individual characteristics include education, housing status and home ownership. Urbanicity, unemployment rate, the percentage employed in mining and the percentage employed in other high-risk industries are included as sub-district characteristics. Regional variation in lung cancer mortality at sub-district level is estimated using directly age-standardized mortality rates. The association between lung cancer mortality and individual and area characteristics, and their impact on the variation of sub-district level is estimated using multilevel Poisson models. Significant sub-district variations in lung cancer mortality are observed. Individual characteristics explain a small share of this variation, while a large share is explained by sub-district characteristics. Individuals with a low socioeconomic status experience a higher lung cancer mortality risk. Among women, an association with lung cancer mortality is found for the sub-district characteristics urbanicity and unemployment rate, while for men lung cancer mortality was associated with the percentage employed in mining. Not just individual characteristics, but also area characteristics are thus important determinants of (regional differences in) lung cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien Hagedoorn
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hadewijch Vandenheede
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Willaert
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanthomme
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Gadeyne
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Vandenheede H, Willaert D, De Grande H, Simoens S, Vanroelen C. Mortality in adult immigrants in the 2000s in Belgium: a test of the 'healthy-migrant' and the 'migration-as-rapid-health-transition' hypotheses. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20:1832-45. [PMID: 26426523 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Firstly, to map out and compare all-cause and cause-specific mortality patterns by migrant background in Belgium; and secondly, to probe into explanations for the observed patterns, more specifically into the healthy-migrant, acculturation and the migration-as-rapid-health-transition theories. METHODS Data comprise individually linked Belgian census-mortality follow-up data for the period 2001-2011. All official inhabitants aged 25-54 at time of the census were included. To delve into the different explanations, differences in all-cause and chronic- and infectious-disease mortality were estimated using Poisson regression models, adjusted for age, socioeconomic position and urbanicity. RESULTS First-generation immigrants have lower all-cause and chronic-disease mortality than the host population. This mortality advantage wears off with length of stay and is more marked among non-Western than Western first-generation immigrants. For example, Western and non-Western male immigrants residing 10 years or more in Belgium have a mortality rate ratio for cardiovascular disease of 0.72 (95% CI 0.66-0.78) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.53-0.66), respectively (vs host population). The pattern of infectious-disease mortality in migrants is slightly different, with rather high mortality rates in first-generation sub-Saharan Africans and rather low rates in all other immigrant groups. As for second-generation immigrants, the picture is gloomier, with a mortality disadvantage that disappears after control for socioeconomic position. CONCLUSION Findings are largely consistent with the healthy-migrant, acculturation and the migration-as-rapid-health-transition theories. The convergence of the mortality profile of second-generation immigrants towards that of the host population with similar socioeconomic position indicates the need for policies simultaneously addressing different areas of deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadewijch Vandenheede
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Willaert
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannelore De Grande
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe Vanroelen
- Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Employment Conditions Knowledge Network, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Vandenheede H, Simoens S, Vanroelen C, Willaert D, De Grand e H. Cause-specific mortality among first- and second-generation immigrants in the 2000s in Belgium: moving beyond the healthy migrant effect? Eur J Public Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku165.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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