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Ferrera D, Galán D, Peláez I, Carpio A, Martín-Buro MC, Mercado F. Long-term findings on working memory neural dynamics in healthcare workers after mild COVID-19. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 161:40-51. [PMID: 38447493 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the long-term impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on cognitive function, even in mild cases, is critical to the well-being of individuals, especially for healthcare workers who are at increased risk of exposure to the virus. To the best of our knowledge, the electrophysiological activity underlying cognitive functioning has not yet been explored. METHODS Seventy-seven healthcare workers took part in the study (43 with mild infection about one year before the study and 34 uninfected). To assess cognitive status, event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioural responses were recorded while participants performed a working memory task. RESULTS COVID-19 participants exhibited a distinct neural pattern with lower parieto-occipital N1 amplitudes and higher frontal P2 amplitudes as compared to non-infected healthcare workers. We found no behavioural differences (reaction times and error rates) in working memory functioning between groups. CONCLUSIONS This neural pattern suggests the presence of a decrement of processing resources linked to the encoding of sensory information (N1), followed by the enhanced of the P2 response which could be interpreted as the activation of compensation mechanism in COVID-19 participants. SIGNIFICANCE The current findings point out that ERPs could serve as valuable neural indices for detecting distinctive patterns in working memory functioning of COVID-19 participants, even in mild cases. However, further research is required to precisely ascertain the long-term cognitive effects of COVID-19 beyond one-year post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ferrera
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Galán
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Peláez
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Carpio
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carmen Martín-Buro
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Mercado
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), School of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Hii KC, Robie ER, Saihidi I, Berita A, Alarja NA, Xiu L, Merchant JA, Binder RA, Goh JKT, Guernier-Cambert V, Galán D, Gregory MJ, Gray GC. Leptospirosis infections among hospital patients, Sarawak, Malaysia. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2021; 7:32. [PMID: 34719397 PMCID: PMC8559352 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-021-00154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis diagnoses have increased in Sarawak, Malaysia in recent years. Methods To better understand the burden of disease and associated risk factors, we evaluated 147 patients presenting with clinical leptospirosis to local hospitals in Sarawak, Malaysia for the presence of Leptospira and associated antibodies. Sera and urine specimens collected during the acute illness phase were assessed via a commercially available rapid diagnostic test (Leptorapide, Linnodee Ltd., Antrim, Northern Ireland), an ELISA IgM assay (Leptospira IgM ELISA, PanBio, Queensland, Australia) and a pan-Leptospira real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to estimate disease prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of each method. Microagglutination testing was performed on a subset of samples. Results Overall, 45 out of 147 patients (30.6%) showed evidence of leptospires through qPCR in either one or both sera (20 patients) or urine (33 patients), and an additional ten (6.8%) were considered positive through serological testing, for an overall prevalence of 37.4% within the study population. However, each diagnostic method individually yielded disparate prevalence estimates: rapid test 42.2% for sera and 30.5% for urine, ELISA 15.0% for sera, qPCR 13.8% for sera and 23.4% for urine. Molecular characterization of a subset of positive samples by conventional PCR identified the bacterial species as Leptospira interrogans in 4 specimens. A multivariate risk factor analysis for the outcome of leptospirosis identified having completed primary school (OR = 2.5; 95 CI% 1.0–6.4) and weekly clothes-washing in local rivers (OR = 10.6; 95 CI% 1.4–214.8) with increased likelihood of leptospirosis when compared with those who had not. Conclusion Overall, the data suggest a relatively high prevalence of leptospirosis in the study population. The low sensitivities of the rapid diagnostic test and ELISA assay against qPCR highlight a need for better screening tools. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40794-021-00154-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Ching Hii
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapit Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Emily R Robie
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Izreena Saihidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapit Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Antoinette Berita
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapit Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Natalie A Alarja
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Leshan Xiu
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - James A Merchant
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raquel A Binder
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Johnny Keh-Tun Goh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapit Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Vanina Guernier-Cambert
- Present address: Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diego Galán
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Michael J Gregory
- United States Naval Medical Research Center- Asia, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Global Health Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.
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