Anti-atherosclerotic activity of aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas (L.) leaves in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis model rats

OBJECTIVES

Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, are the leading cause of human mortality in Indonesia. Ipomoea batatas (L.) is a food plant used in Indonesian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases and related conditions. We assessed the anti-atherosclerotic activity of the aqueous extract of I. batatas leaves in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis and its mechanism.

METHODS

The presence of amino acid content in the I. batatas L. purple variant was determined by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6/group), i.e., standard diet group (SD), high-fat diet group (HF), and HF plus I. batatas L. extracts orally (625; 1,250; or 2,500 mg/kg) groups. The numbers of macrophages and aortic wall thickness were analyzed histologically. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess foam cells-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the aorta.

RESULTS

LC-HRMS analysis showed nine amino acid content were identified from I. batatas L. In vivo study revealed that oral administration of I. batatas L. leaf extract alleviated foam cells-oxLDL formation and aortic wall thickness caused by high-fat diet atherosclerosis rats. Further, I. batatas L. leaf extract promoted the number of macrophages and modulated VEGF and eNOS expression in the aorta.

CONCLUSIONS

I. batatas L. leaf extract shows a positive anti-atherosclerosis effect. Furthermore, the mechanism may promote the macrophages, eNOS, VEGF expressions, and inhibition of foam cells-oxLDL formation and aortic wall thickness with the best dosage at 2,500 mg/kg. This could represent a novel approach to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Correlations Among Maternal and Infant Factors, Lead Exposure, and Serum Prolactin Levels During Lactation: A Cross-sectional Study in Indonesia

OBJECTIVES

Prolactin is vital for breastfeeding and milk production, and its secretion is influenced by factors related to the mother, infant, and environment. To date, no study has concurrently investigated the correlation of these factors with serum prolactin levels during lactation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the correlations among maternal and infant factors, lead exposure, and serum prolactin levels during lactation.

METHODS

A cross-sectional approach was employed in Surabaya, Indonesia, among 110 exclusively lactating mothers. The mothers' daily diets were determined using multiple 24-hour recalls, while blood lead levels were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Serum prolactin levels were assessed using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. For bivariate analysis, we employed the Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, while for multivariate analysis, we utilized multiple linear regression.

RESULTS

The average serum prolactin level of the lactating mothers was 129.19±88.96 ng/mL. Positive correlations were found between serum prolactin levels and breastfeeding frequency (p < 0.001), protein intake (p < 0.001), and calcium intake (p = 0.011) but had negative correlation with blood lead levels (p < 0.001) and vitamin B6 intake (p = 0.003). Additionally, prolactin levels were not significantly associated with maternal age; parity; intake of calories, vitamin D, vitamin E, zinc, folic acid, magnesium, or iron; infant age; or infant sex.

CONCLUSIONS

Breastfeeding frequency had a stronger positive relationship with serum prolactin levels than protein and calcium intake. However, lead exposure was associated with reduced serum prolactin levels during lactation. Consequently, specific interventions from policymakers are necessary to manage breastfeeding in mothers exposed to lead.

The Role of Protein Intake on the Total Milk Protein in Lead-Exposed Lactating Mothers

Protein is an essential macronutrient for the growth and development of infants. Protein levels in lactating mothers are dynamic and influenced by various factors, particularly the environment and maternal characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the complex correlation between maternal blood lead levels (BLLs), maternal diet, and total milk protein. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare total milk protein in the three groups of lead exposure, while Spearman's correlation was used to assess the correlation between maternal diet, BLLs, and total milk protein. The multivariate analysis used multiple linear regression. The results showed that the median of maternal BLLs and total milk protein were 3.3 µg/dL and 1.07 g/dL, respectively. Maternal protein intake and current BMI had a positive correlation with total milk protein, while BLLs had a negative correlation. BLLs ≥ 5 μg/dL had the most significant impact on reducing the total milk protein (p = 0.032). However, increasing maternal protein intake can effectively maintain total milk protein levels in mothers with BLLs under 5 μg/dL (p < 0.001). It is crucial to measure BLLs in lactating mothers residing in areas exposed to lead because high maternal protein intake can only maintain total milk protein levels when the BLLs are <5 μg/dL.

Curcuma longa supplementation reduces MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in a rat model exposed to soot particulates

Background

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the important components in air pollution that can cause endothelial vascular dysfunction through exacerbation of atherosclerosis and inflammation of the respiratory system. Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma can be an indicator of oxidative stress. Then, macrophages can secrete proinflammatory cytokines that will stimulate immune cells and vascular endothelial cells to release inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α). Curcuma longa works by scavenging the active free radicals involved in the peroxidation process.

Aims

This study aims to prove that the administration of C. longa can reduce MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in Rattus norvegicus exposed to soot particulates.

Methods

The subjects of this study were 30 male rats which were divided into 5 treatment groups with the following: (C0): negative control; (C+): positive control; (T1): Treatment group 2, rats exposed to particulate soot at a concentration of 1,064 mg/m³ for 8 hours and given C. longa at a dose of 1 mg/kg bw; (T2): Treatment group 3 was rats exposed to soot particulates at a concentration of 1,064 mg/m³ for 8 hours and given C. longa at a dose of 2 mg/kg bw; (T3): Treatment group 4 was rats exposed to soot particulates at a concentration of 1,064 mg/m³ for 8 hours and given C. longa at a dose of 3 mg/kg bw.Giving the C. longa extract orally with a probe every day for 30 days after treatment of exposure to soot. Examination of MDA, TNF-, and IL-6 levels with the ELISA method.

Results

The administration of C. longa can reduce MDA while the lowest MDA levels were obtained in the T3 treatment with an average of 1.542 ± 0.231. The results of the description of the lowest levels of TNF-α were obtained in the C-treatment with an average of 55.981 ± 4.689. Then, the lowest levels of IL-6 were obtained in the C-treatment with an average of 2.292 ± 0.461.

Conclusion

The results stated that the administration of C. longa could reduce MDA levels, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. Curcuma longa as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant play an effective role in inhibiting inflammation by decreasing IL-6 cytokine and TNF-α. Curcuma longa can inhibit lipid peroxidation initiated by free radicals and then reduce MDA levels.

The potential beneficial effects of polysaccharide peptide on oxidative stress and lipid profile in post myocardial infarction patients: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Indonesia"s Ministry of Research and Technology grants

Background

Inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation activities contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction (MI). These sustainable cascade are considered to remain, in fact after the episode of MI. Polysaccharide peptide is renowned to exert anti-oxidative and lipid-lowering effects, thus may impair subsequent post-infarction plaque accumulation.

Purpose

To evaluate the role of polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium extracts (β-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan) as potent protective antioxidant and lipid-lowering agent in post MI patients.

Methods

This was a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial in 45 post MI patients who had undergone reperfusion or conservative therapy. The eligible and consenting patients were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) into two groups i.e. treated group (TG) and control group (CG). Treated group was given 180 mg β-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan thrice a day for 90 days, and control group received placebo. Variables measured were nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. All measurements were conducted at baseline and after 90-days. All patients received guideline-driven therapy throughout the study. 

Results

There was no significant difference in the baseline characteristics between the two groups (all p &gt; 0.05). At 90 days, allocation to polysaccharide peptide demonstrated significant increase in NO and SOD (p = 0.020, p = 0.023; respectively) and also significant reduction in MDA (p = 0.001) as compared to placebo. Treated group compared with placebo revealed significant reduction in LDL-C (p = 0.036), but not in total cholesterol, HDL-C and triglycerides (p = 0.105, p = 0.398, p = 0.843; respectively). 

Conclusions

 Polysaccharide peptide exhibits potent protective anti-oxidative and lipid-lowering properties in post MI patients. It may offer benefit on top of standard medical treatment. Abstract Figure. Results among treated and control groups  Abstract Figure. Box plot comparison among TG and CG

The role of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T gene polymorphism as a risk factor for coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study in the Sidoarjo Regional General Hospital

Introduction

hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) may contribute to an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The underlying mechanisms are not well understood, but other than dietary intake factors, hyperhomocysteinemia may genetically result from a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene polymorphism. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess whether this mutation was a potential genetic risk factor for CAD.

Methods

this cross-sectional study was performed on 30 CAD patients and 30 normal healthy controls at Sidoarjo Regional General Hospital. The polymorphisms of the MTHFR C677T gene was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and plasma homocysteine was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and then compared between CAD patients and control subjects by the multivariate logistical regression model.

Results

results from an independent sample t-test analysis showed that plasma homocysteine concentrations were significantly higher in CAD patients compared to the control group individuals (13.91 ± 4.55 μmol/L vs 10.97 ± 3.45 μmol/L; p<0.05). There were no significant correlations between MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism and other risk factors, such as age at diagnosis with acute coronary syndrome, sex, smoking, lipid profile, diabetes, hypertension, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, and homocysteine (p>0.05). In multivariate analysis models, the C677T genotype frequencies were insignificantly different between CAD patients and control subjects (p>0.05). Meanwhile, the results of adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-value for homocysteine, age, and smoking were aOR: 1.264, 95% CI : 1.042-1.535, p = 0.018; aOR: 0.916, 95% CI: 0.842-0.997, p = 0.043, and aOR: 5.428, 95% CI 1.532-19.226, p = 0.009, respectively. Homocysteine, age, and smoking were significantly different between CAD patients and control subjects (p<0.05).

Conclusion

hyperhomocysteinemiais significantly correlated with an increased risk of CAD, but MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism might not contribute to increased CAD risk.

OR66. The effect of combination bisoprolol therapy with quality of life in heart failure preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)

Background and Aims

This study aimed to observe and evaluate the effect of bisoprolol in the improvement of HFpEF patient’s QoL. As we know, Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure reported the growing prevalence of heart failure in 2020 and half of the case classified as HFpEF. It is well known that someone who have been diagnosed with heart failure will have a poorer quality of life/QoL. β-blocker is a heart rate lowering agent with a potency to improve the patient’s clinical outcome, such as QoL.

Methods and Results

This study is a retrospective cohort following HFpEF patients who received bisoprolol and who did not received bisoprolol. The study participant selected by purposive sampling method, who meet inclusion and exclusion criteria. This research was analysed by SPSS 25 version. It used comparasion test and regresion test to determine differences in the effects of using bisoprolol and which combination was good for lowering the MLHFQ score. The result of comparison between bisoprolol grup and non-bisoprolol grup showed a significance value of 0.000 (p &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, if bisoprolol are combined with other drugs, only the combination of 2.5 mg bisoprolol with ACE-Inhibitor has a significant effect on QoL (p total score 0.007)

Conclusion

We conclude that the use of bisoprolol as combination therapy is usefull for management HFpEF, because it showed improvement in the HFpEF patient’s QoL.

C59. Management of Subacute Painless Aortic Dissection Stanford A Debakey II in Patient With Undiagnosed Marfan Syndrome During Pregnancy

Background

Pregnant women with Marfan’s syndrome needed multidisciplinary approach to evaluate pregnancy status, fetal and maternal outcome. Marfan’s syndrome was an inherited autosomal dominant with mutation of fibrillin-I (FBN1) gene. Pregnant woman with MFS can lead to aortic dissection. It’s increase 23% of maternal mortality and 35% of fetal death.

Case Summary

a 30 year-old pregnant woman referred from secondary hospital care with valvular heart disease (severe aortic regurgitation due to dilatation of the aortic root and severe mitral regurgitation). Due to her severe myopia, history of aortic dissection in her family, enlarged of aortic root, pulnus excavatum, scoliosis and arachnodactyly, de novo MFS was suspected. She was diagnosed with marfan’s syndrome according her systemic score was 10 (posive &gt;7), and calculated aortic z score was 6.2 (positive &gt;2). Intimal tears and dilatation of the aortic root were considered to terminate the pregnancy. It’s can result bad neonatal outcome. For the management of a potential vascular catastrophe , monitoring of delivery and repairing the aortic root, we needed to multidisciplinary approach.

Discussion

Patient with marfan’s syndrome during pregnancy, may develop painless aortic dissection because massive dilatation of aortic arch prevent compression of pain sensitive structure. Less evidence to manage pregnant woman with MFS with aortic root dilatation more than 45 mm and or progressively dilatation of aortic root ( more than 0.5 mm/year). This patient was categorized as class IV modified WHO classification with high risk maternal mortality and severe morbidity.

OR22. Correlation Between the New York Heart Association Functional Class with depression in Heart Failure patients: A Cross sectional study

Background

The prevalence of heart failure (HF) continues to increase and presents as one of the most financially burdensome diseases. The prevalence of depression in HF patients was higher than in general populations. Depression was known to increase the rehospitalization, cost, and mortality of HF patients. This study aimed to find the correlation between the New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class in HF patients with the incidence of depression.

Method and Result

This cross-sectional study recruited 342 patients diagnosed with HF previously for more than 3 months at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital from December 2016 to March 2021. Each patient was interviewed for their demographic and clinical data and assessed for depression with Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale Indonesian version. We used Spearman coefficients to evaluate the correlations between variables. Patients were predominantly male with ACE-i/ARB and beta-blockers treatment. Age ranged from 22 to 87 years old. The median baseline of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 52 (42-60) %. Baseline characteristics among the depression and non-depression groups demonstrated no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05). There were significant correlations between NYHA Class and marital status (p &lt; 0.05) with depression. We performed log regression for the confounding. The result was NYHA Class significantly with depression and NYHA Class also have effects on the depression.

Conclusion

In HF patients, NYHA Class was significantly correlated with depression.

C51. Impending Rupture in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection : Case Report

Background

Acute aortic dissection is a life threatening condition that remains a challenge to diagnose and treat. 67% patients was presented with Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) and often accompanied with some complications.

Case Summary

A 40-year-old male with risk factor hypertension was presented with sudden sharp tearing-like chest pain and radiating to the back 3 hours before admission. He had transient decrease of consciousness and waken up spontaneously. He was compos mentis, with normal JVP, normal heart sound, no pulsus deficit, hypotension, cold acral and oliguria. He got fluid rehydration and the BP was stabilized. Haemoglobin was normal with increase D-Dimer. The ECG was normal and chest radiography revealed cardiomegaly and widening mediastinum. From eyeballing echocardiogram showed moderate pericardial effusion without right atrial and right ventricle collapse. A CT scan angiography was performed and revealed an Aortic Dissection Stanford A Debakey I.

Discussion

The development of an evidence-based strategy to rule out aortic dissection in patients presenting chest pain would be useful to diagnose patients with chest pain. Rapid diagnosis of dissection is most likely when CT is a part of the diagnostic testing. Hypotension and shock occurred in &gt; 25% of patients with type ATAAD and in this patient was associated transient loss of consciousness. This patient was in impending rupture condition. The definitive treatment for this patient was emergency aortic repair surgery. We was succeded to stabilize the patient then referred to a cardiothoracic surgeon in 24 hours later.

C51. Impending Rupture in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection : Case Report

Background

Acute aortic dissection is a life threatening condition that remains a challenge to diagnose and treat. 67% patients was presented with Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) and often accompanied with some complications.

Case Summary

A 40-year-old male with risk factor hypertension was presented with sudden sharp tearing-like chest pain and radiating to the back 3 hours before admission. He had transient decrease of consciousness and waken up spontaneously. He was compos mentis, with normal JVP, normal heart sound, no pulsus deficit, hypotension, cold acral and oliguria. He got fluid rehydration and the BP was stabilized. Haemoglobin was normal with increase D-Dimer. The ECG was normal and chest radiography revealed cardiomegaly and widening mediastinum. From eyeballing echocardiogram showed moderate pericardial effusion without right atrial and right ventricle collapse. A CT scan angiography was performed and revealed an Aortic Dissection Stanford A Debakey I.

Discussion

The development of an evidence-based strategy to rule out aortic dissection in patients presenting chest pain would be useful to diagnose patients with chest pain. Rapid diagnosis of dissection is most likely when CT is a part of the diagnostic testing. Hypotension and shock occurred in &gt; 25% of patients with type ATAAD and in this patient was associated transient loss of consciousness. This patient was in impending rupture condition. The definitive treatment for this patient was emergency aortic repair surgery. We was succeded to stabilize the patient then referred to a cardiothoracic surgeon in 24 hours later.

C59. Management of Subacute Painless Aortic Dissection Stanford A Debakey II in Patient With Undiagnosed Marfan Syndrome During Pregnancy

Background

Pregnant women with Marfan’s syndrome needed multidisciplinary approach to evaluate pregnancy status, fetal and maternal outcome. Marfan’s syndrome was an inherited autosomal dominant with mutation of fibrillin-I (FBN1) gene. Pregnant woman with MFS can lead to aortic dissection. It’s increase 23% of maternal mortality and 35% of fetal death.

Case Summary

a 30 year-old pregnant woman referred from secondary hospital care with valvular heart disease (severe aortic regurgitation due to dilatation of the aortic root and severe mitral regurgitation). Due to her severe myopia, history of aortic dissection in her family, enlarged of aortic root, pulnus excavatum, scoliosis and arachnodactyly, de novo MFS was suspected. She was diagnosed with marfan’s syndrome according her systemic score was 10 (posive &gt;7), and calculated aortic z score was 6.2 (positive &gt;2). Intimal tears and dilatation of the aortic root were considered to terminate the pregnancy. It’s can result bad neonatal outcome. For the management of a potential vascular catastrophe , monitoring of delivery and repairing the aortic root, we needed to multidisciplinary approach.

Discussion

Patient with marfan’s syndrome during pregnancy, may develop painless aortic dissection because massive dilatation of aortic arch prevent compression of pain sensitive structure. Less evidence to manage pregnant woman with MFS with aortic root dilatation more than 45 mm and or progressively dilatation of aortic root ( more than 0.5 mm/year). This patient was categorized as class IV modified WHO classification with high risk maternal mortality and severe morbidity.

miR-155-5p predictive role to decelerate foam cell atherosclerosis through CD36, VAV3, and SOCS1 pathway

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNA molecules that play a significant role in atherosclerosis pathogenesis through post-transcriptional regulation. In the present work, a bioinformatic analysis using TargetScan and miRdB databases was performed to identify the miRNAs targeting three genes involved in foam cell atherosclerosis (CD36, Vav3, and SOCS1). A total number of three hundred and sixty-seven miRNAs were recognized and only miR-155-5p was selected for further evaluation based on Venn analysis. Another objective of this study was to evaluate the biological process and regulatory network of miR-155-5p associated with foam cell atherosclerosis using DIANA, DAVID, Cytoscape, and STRING tools. Additionally, the comprehensive literature review was performed to prove the miR-155-5p function in foam cell atherosclerosis. miR-155-5p might be related with ox-LDL uptake and endocytosis in macrophage cell by targeting CD36 and Vav3 genes which was showed from the KEGG pathways hsa04979, hsa04666, hsa04145 H, hsa04810, and GO:0099632, GO:0060100, GO:0010743, GO:001745. Furthermore, miR-155-5p was also predicted to increase the cholesterol efflux from macrophage by inhibit SOCS1 expression based on KEGG pathway hsa04120. Eleven original studies were included in the review and strongly suggest the role of miR-155-5p in foam cell atherosclerosis inhibition.

Polysaccharide peptide (PsP) Ganoderma lucidum: a potential inducer for vascular repair in type 2 diabetes mellitus model

Introduction

The increasing blood glucose level due to insulin resistance which occurs in diabetes mellitus (DM) may cause vascular damage. This study aims to prove the effect of the polysaccharide peptide (PsP) Ganoderma lucidum on improving vascular damage through an increase of circulating endothelial cells and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) ratio, decreased H2O2, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and insulin resistance in type 2 DM.

Methods

Our study is a true experimental study with randomized posttest control group design that used 35 Wistar rats divided into five groups: normal, control (+) and three groups of different variant PsP doses 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg BW (n=7).

Results

By using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Duncan test, the results show a significant increase of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) concentration (p=0.000) and ratio EPC:CEC (0.000) by dose-dependent fashion and also reduced CEC concentration (p=0.001), H2O2 (p=0.03), TG (p=0.001), TC (p=0.01) and insulin resistance (p=0.003).

Conclusion

In this study, PsP induced endothelial repairing process and reduced the risk factor with 300 mg/kg BW as optimum dose. However, further research on EPC and CEC detection markers is important. Further research on PsP and clinical trial for commercial uses is also needed.

Abstract P2071: β-1,3/1,6-d-glucan Of Indonesian Ganoderma Lucidum Mycelium Extract Reduces Systolic Blood Pressure & Inflammation In Hypertensive Patients

Background: Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium containing β-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan has shown to possess beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of β-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan (GLME) consumption to reduced blood pressure (BP) & inflammation in patients with hypertension.

Material and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 50 hypertensive adults (JNC VII, age 50-70 years). The patients were divided into 6 groups. Group A: received GLME 540mg/day + CCB, Group B: GLME + ACEI/ARB, Group C: placebo + ACEI, Group D: placebo + CCB, Group E: GLME only & Group F: placebo only. We used the Morisky score to evaluate treatment’s adherence & excludes patients with Morisky < 6. A standardized method was used to measure BP at baseline and thereafter every 30 days until day 90. Further, heart rate (HR), LVEF, LVMI, hsCRP, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1, & IL-6 were measured at baseline & at 90-days.

Results: At day 90, GLME lowered systolic BP (SBP) compared to placebo (–22.82±11.4 vs. –10±16.0 mmHg; p= 0.007), DBP was lowered without significant difference between GLME & placebo groups. The change in mean arterial pressure was significance compared with placebo p= 0.028. Group B have the most reducing SBP effect compared with others, p=0.000. The reducing effect of mean arterial pressure was significance in group A compared with others, p= 0.008. In Group B, we found that there was a significance decreasing in hsCRP compared with p=0.01. The reducing effect LVMI, TNF-α, plasma IL- 6 and IL-1 concentration was significantly lower in group B compared with other group (p= 0.043, p= 0.001, p= 0.0008, p= 0.0005, respectively).

Conclusion: GLME may significantly reduce SBP systolic & LVMI & may have an anti-inflammatory effect shown through the reduction of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α.

The role of polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum as a potent antioxidant against atherosclerosis in high risk and stable angina patients

Objectives

Antioxidants can reduce oxidative radicals that affect the early phase of atherogenesis, that is endothelial dysfunction. Polysaccharide Peptide (PsP) derived from Ganoderma lucidum has an active substance in the form of β-glucan. Previous studies have proven the PsP of Ganoderma lucidum as an effective antioxidant in atherosclerotic rats and shows no toxicity in animal model. This study aims to prove the effect of PsP as potent antioxidant in high risk and stable angina patients.

Method

This is a clinical trial conducted to 37 high risk and 34 stable angina patients, which were determined based on ESC Stable CAD Guidelines and Framingham risk score, with pre and post test design without control group. The parameters are superoxide dimustase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, circulating endothelial cell (CEC) and endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) counts. The patients were given PsP 750 mg/day in 3 divided dose for 90 days. Paired t-test was performed for normally distributed data, and Wilcoxon test for not normally distributed data, and significant level of p ≤ 0,05.

Results

SOD level in high risk patients slightly increased but not statistically significant with p = 0,22. Level of SOD in stable angina group significantly increased with p = 0,001. MDA concentration significantly reduced in high risk and stable angina patients with p = 0.000. CEC significantly reduced both in high risk and stable angina patients, with p = 0.000 in both groups. EPC count significantly reduced in high risk and stable angina with p = 0.000.

Conclusion

PsP of Ganoderma lucidum is a potent antioxidant against pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in stable angina and high risk patients

Evaluation subchronic toxic effect of polysaccharide peptide on lipid and hematologic profile in Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar

Objective: There are many unknown safety for consumption in a compound of medicinal plants, one of them is polysaccharide peptide (PSP) of the extract of Ganoderma lucidum. Polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract is a bioactive substances found in the mushroom that is expected to be a drug that is safe for consumption. It is an antioxidant that has been used in the wider community as a chronic hepatopathic medicine, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. PSP cannot be circulated to the public before passing some toxicity tests to obtain information about its safety and to investigate the effect. There are many things that can be assessed from this toxicity test, some of them are lipid profile that includes (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and TG) and blood profile (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets).Materials and Methods: This study used experimental post test only control group design. The sample consisted of 80 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain (40 males and 40 females) were divided into normal group, the group with the administration of a dose PSP 300, 600, 1200 mg/kg/hr) for 90 days. Parameters measured were lipid and hematological profile.Results and Discussion: The result of the analysis using ANOVA showed no significant effect on the administration of PSP on the level lipid and hematologic profile. The examination showed not significant at the lipid profile (cholesterol, TG, HDL, and LDL) and leukocytes. It is same as platelet and erythrocytes profile whereas there is only PCT, MCV, MCH, RBC, and RDW changed significantly, but still within normal limits.Conclusion: Administration Polysaccharide peptide in subchronic study mostly showed no significant effect on the levels of lipid profiles and hematology even though there is significant effect in some parameters but it still within the normal limit. Findings from this study suggest that Polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum is safe and can be exploited in healthcare delivery systems.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(3) 2016 p.409-415

The reduction of aorta histopathological images through inhibition of reactive oxygen species formation in hypercholesterolemia rattus norvegicus treated with polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum

OBJECTIVES

Atherosclerosis is chronic inflammatory process triggered by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, which induce atherosclerosis through the processes such as formation of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), foam cells, and atherosclerotic plaque. Antioxidant is needed to control negative effects of oxidative stress. One source of antioxidant, which has potential to be developed, is PsP from Ganoderma lucidum. This study aims to prove the effect of PsP in decreasing H2O2, PVAT, foam cells and atherosclerotic plaque.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was experimental randomized post-test with control group design using 25 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rats. Rats were divided into 5 groups (negative control, positive control, and 3 high-fat diet group with PsP dose: 50, 150, 300 mg/kgBW). Measured parameters were H2O2, PVAT, foam cell, and atherosclerotic plaques. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis, followed by post hoc test.

RESULTS

Mean H2O2 levels, PVAT thickness, foam cell numbers, and atherosclerotic plaque were low in negative control group. ANOVA showed that PsP significantly (P<0.05) reduced H2O2 levels, PVAT thickness, foam cells numbers and atherosclerotic plaque width.

CONCLUSION

PsP dose of 300 mg/kgBW has the most significant effect in decreasing H2O2 levels, PVAT thickness, number of foam cells, and atherosclerotic plaque width. Based on the results of this research, PsP can be recommended as antioxidant to control pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Vasa vasorum anti-angiogenesis through H₂O₂, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition by mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn) in hypercholesterol-diet-given Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain

Background

Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis produces H₂O₂ and triggers the activation of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The formation of vasa vasorum occurs in atherosclerosis. Vasa vasorum angiogenesis is mediated by VEGFR-1 and upregulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). The newly formed vasa vasorum are fragile and immature and thus increase plaque instability. It is necessary to control vasa vasorum angiogenesis by using mangosteen pericarp antioxidant. This study aims to demonstrate that mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract can act as vasa vasorum anti-angiogenesis through H₂O₂, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition in rats given a hypercholesterol diet.

Methods

This was a true experimental laboratory, in vivo posttest with control group design, with 20 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rats divided into five groups (normal group, hypercholesterol group, and hypercholesterol groups with certain doses of mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract: 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight). The parameters of this study were H₂O₂ measured by using colorimetric analysis, as well as NF-κB, iNOS, and HIF-1α, which were measured by using immunofluorescence double staining and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope in aortic smooth muscle cell. The angiogenesis of vasa vasorum was quantified from VEGFR-1 level in aortic tissue and confirmed with hematoxylin and eosin staining.

Results

Analysis of variance test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract had a significant effect (P<0.05) in decreasing vasa vasorum angiogenesis through H₂O₂, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition in hypercholesterol-diet-given R. norvegicus Wistar strain.

Conclusion

Mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract 800 mg/kg body weight is proven to decrease vasa vasorum angiogenesis. Similar studies with other inflammatory parameters are encouraged to clarify the mechanism of vasa vasorum angiogenesis inhibition by mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract.

Effect of Scurrula atropurpurea on nitric oxide, endothelial damage, and endothelial progenitor cells of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats

OBJECTIVES

To know whether Scurrula atropurpurea is able to modulate total plasma nitrate/nitrite levels, decrease endothelial damage, and increase endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in hypertensive rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The rats were divided in 5 groups: control (normotensive) group, Desoxy cortico sterone (DOCA)-salt hypertensive group, and three DOCA-salt hypertensive groups. All 5 groups received methanolic extract of S. atropurpurea (MESA) at a dosage of 50; 100; and 200 mg/KgBW. Serum nitric oxide (NO) was assayed by colorimetric. Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and EPCs were assayed using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The administration of MESA100 and MESA200 elevated the total plasma nitrate/nitrite levels but cannot reach the level in control group. MESA100 and MESA200 also elevated the EPCs number compared with hypertensive group. The administration of MESA significantly (P< 0.05) decreased the CECs number compared to hypertensive groups.

CONCLUSION

Methanolic extract of S. atropurpurea is able to modulate total plasma nitrate/nitrite levels and diminish endothelial damage via increasing EPCs.

Level of circulating endothelial cells and expression of nuclear factor kappa beta of human's peripheral blood mononuclear cells in subjects with certain conditions

AIM

to detect the levels of CEC and expression of NFκB in the three groups of subjects with certain conditions.

METHODS

this study is an exploratory study using human peripheral blood samples. The study subjects comprised three groups, the group of 23 healthy people, a group of 35 people that has one or more risk factors for vascular disease and a group of 15 vascular disease patients (coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke). CEC were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). CEC level is identified through the measurement of CD45 and CD146 by flowcytometry method. NFκB expression is recognized by ELISA method (imgenex, USA).

RESULTS

the highest average levels of CEC were found in the sick group (28.6%). The highest average expression of NFκB (924.9495) is found in the group with risk factors. The lowest average expression of NFκB and CEC is found in the healthy group. Statistical analysis of ANOVA at the interval confidence of 95% shows a significant difference (p=0.00) levels of CEC and NFκB expression between the healthy group with the group with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and patients with known CVD.

CONCLUSION

increase of level CEC and NFκB expression has a strong relationship with vascular disease and its risk factors.

Green tea polyphenols inhibit oxidized LDL-induced NF-KB activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

AIM

To examine the anti-inflammatory effects of green tea polyphenols on oxLDL-mediated TNFalpha expression and NF-KB activation in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

METHODS

We postulate that green tea polyphenols regulate TNF-alpha gene expression by modulating NF-KB activation through their inhibition effect on IKB Kinase (IKK) activity and as scavenger of free radicals. Pretreatment of green tea polyphenols reduced oxLDL-induced production of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and NF-KB activation in dose dependent manner (p < 0.05). Post hoc comparison test with Mann Whitney between various dosage of green tea polyphenols in inhibition of NF-KB activation showed significant result (p < 0.05).

RESULTS

In TNF-alpha expression, there was also declined TNF-alpha productions (p 0.09; 0.2 vs 0.4mg/ml: ns). The effect of green tea polyphenols on TNF-alpha expression were determined by Mann-Whitney test. There is significant difference between the first dose (0.1mg/ml) vs 0.2mg/ml polyphenols (p=0.009); between 0.1 vs 0.4 mg/ml polyphenols (p=0.009). There was no difference when the dose was increased from 0.2 mg/ml to 0,4 mg/ml polyphenols (0.141). In this study, green tea polyphenols showed significant effects on the inhibition of TNF-alpha through NF-KB activation pathway in HUVECs with oxidized LDL.

CONCLUSION

Green tea polyphenol can be used to prevent the development of atherosclerosis.