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Freeman-Cook K, Hoffman RL, Miller N, Almaden J, Chionis J, Zhang Q, Eisele K, Liu C, Zhang C, Huser N, Nguyen L, Costa-Jones C, Niessen S, Carelli J, Lapek J, Weinrich SL, Wei P, McMillan E, Wilson E, Wang TS, McTigue M, Ferre RA, He YA, Ninkovic S, Behenna D, Tran KT, Sutton S, Nagata A, Ornelas MA, Kephart SE, Zehnder LR, Murray B, Xu M, Solowiej JE, Visswanathan R, Boras B, Looper D, Lee N, Bienkowska JR, Zhu Z, Kan Z, Ding Y, Mu XJ, Oderup C, Salek-Ardakani S, White MA, VanArsdale T, Dann SG. Expanding control of the tumor cell cycle with a CDK2/4/6 inhibitor. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1404-1421.e11. [PMID: 34520734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib (PAL), significantly improves progression-free survival in HR+/HER2- breast cancer when combined with anti-hormonals. We sought to discover PAL resistance mechanisms in preclinical models and through analysis of clinical transcriptome specimens, which coalesced on induction of MYC oncogene and Cyclin E/CDK2 activity. We propose that targeting the G1 kinases CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 with a small-molecule overcomes resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition. We describe the pharmacodynamics and efficacy of PF-06873600 (PF3600), a pyridopyrimidine with potent inhibition of CDK2/4/6 activity and efficacy in multiple in vivo tumor models. Together with the clinical analysis, MYC activity predicts (PF3600) efficacy across multiple cell lineages. Finally, we find that CDK2/4/6 inhibition does not compromise tumor-specific immune checkpoint blockade responses in syngeneic models. We anticipate that (PF3600), currently in phase 1 clinical trials, offers a therapeutic option to cancer patients in whom CDK4/6 inhibition is insufficient to alter disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Freeman-Cook
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Robert L Hoffman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nichol Miller
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jonathan Almaden
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John Chionis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Koleen Eisele
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Chaoting Liu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Cathy Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nanni Huser
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Nguyen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Cinthia Costa-Jones
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sherry Niessen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jordan Carelli
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John Lapek
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Scott L Weinrich
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ping Wei
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Elizabeth McMillan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wilson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tim S Wang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michele McTigue
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rose Ann Ferre
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - You-Ai He
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sacha Ninkovic
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Douglas Behenna
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Khanh T Tran
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Scott Sutton
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Asako Nagata
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Martha A Ornelas
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Susan E Kephart
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Luke R Zehnder
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brion Murray
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Meirong Xu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - James E Solowiej
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ravi Visswanathan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Britton Boras
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David Looper
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nathan Lee
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jadwiga R Bienkowska
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zhengyan Kan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ying Ding
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xinmeng Jasmine Mu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Cecilia Oderup
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael A White
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Todd VanArsdale
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Stephen G Dann
- Pfizer Global Research and Development La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Ryan K, Bolaňos B, Smith M, Palde PB, Cuenca PD, VanArsdale TL, Niessen S, Zhang L, Behenna D, Ornelas MA, Tran KT, Kaiser S, Lum L, Stewart A, Gajiwala KS. Dissecting the molecular determinants of clinical PARP1 inhibitor selectivity for tankyrase1. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100251. [PMID: 33361107 PMCID: PMC7948648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferases play a critical role in DNA repair and cell death, and poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a particularly important therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer because of its synthetic lethal relationship with breast cancer susceptibility proteins 1 and 2. Numerous PARP1 inhibitors have been developed, and their efficacy in cancer treatment is attributed to both the inhibition of enzymatic activity and their ability to trap PARP1 on to the damaged DNA, which is cytotoxic. Of the clinical PARP inhibitors, talazoparib is the most effective at trapping PARP1 on damaged DNA. Biochemically, talazoparib is also suspected to be a potent inhibitor of PARP5a/b (tankyrase1/2 [TNKS1/2]), which is an important regulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here we show using competition experiments in cell lysate that, at a clinically relevant concentration, talazoparib can potentially bind and engage TNKS1. Using surface plasmon resonance, we measured the dissociation constants of talazoparib, olaparib, niraparib, and veliparib for their interaction with PARP1 and TNKS1. The results show that talazoparib has strong affinity for PARP1 as well as uniquely strong affinity for TNKS1. Finally, we used crystallography and hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectroscopy to dissect the molecular mechanism of differential selectivity of these PARP1 inhibitors. From these data, we conclude that subtle differences between the ligand-binding sites of PARP1 and TNKS1, differences in the electrostatic nature of the ligands, protein dynamics, and ligand conformational energetics contribute to the different pharmacology of these PARP1 inhibitors. These results will help in the design of drugs to treat Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related cancers, such as colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ryan
- Structural Biology and Protein Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ben Bolaňos
- Structural Biology and Protein Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marissa Smith
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Prakash B Palde
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Paulina Delgado Cuenca
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Todd L VanArsdale
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sherry Niessen
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lianglin Zhang
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Douglas Behenna
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Martha A Ornelas
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Khanh T Tran
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stephen Kaiser
- Structural Biology and Protein Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lawrence Lum
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Al Stewart
- Structural Biology and Protein Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ketan S Gajiwala
- Structural Biology and Protein Science, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA.
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Dann S, Chionis J, Eisele K, Zhang Q, Liu C, Yuan J, Miller N, Murray B, Xu M, Solowiej J, Wei P, Weinrich S, Sutton S, Behenna D, Ninkovic S, Hoffman R, Freeman-Cook K, Jessen B, Huser N, Zhang C, Visswanathan R, Boras B, VanArsdale T, White MA. Abstract P6-20-06: Withdrawn. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p6-20-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.
Citation Format: Dann S, Chionis J, Eisele K, Zhang Q, Liu C, Yuan J, Miller N, Murray B, Xu M, Solowiej J, Wei P, Weinrich S, Sutton S, Behenna D, Ninkovic S, Hoffman R, Freeman-Cook K, Jessen B, Huser N, Zhang C, Visswanathan R, Boras B, VanArsdale T, White MA. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-20-06.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dann
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - J Chionis
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - K Eisele
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - Q Zhang
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - C Liu
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - J Yuan
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - N Miller
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - B Murray
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - M Xu
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - J Solowiej
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - P Wei
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - S Weinrich
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - S Sutton
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - D Behenna
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - S Ninkovic
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - R Hoffman
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - K Freeman-Cook
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - B Jessen
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - N Huser
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - C Zhang
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - R Visswanathan
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - B Boras
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - T VanArsdale
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - MA White
- Pfizer Oncology Research Division, La Jolla, CA; Pfizer Medicinal Sciences, La Jolla, CA
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Niessen S, Dix MM, Barbas S, Potter ZE, Lu S, Brodsky O, Planken S, Behenna D, Almaden C, Gajiwala KS, Ryan K, Ferre R, Lazear MR, Hayward MM, Kath JC, Cravatt BF. Proteome-wide Map of Targets of T790M-EGFR-Directed Covalent Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1388-1400.e7. [PMID: 28965727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with non-small cell lung cancers that have kinase-activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are highly responsive to first- and second-generation EGFR inhibitors. However, these patients often relapse due to a secondary, drug-resistant mutation in EGFR whereby the gatekeeper threonine is converted to methionine (T790M). Several third-generation EGFR inhibitors have been developed that irreversibly inactivate T790M-EGFR while sparing wild-type EGFR, thus reducing epithelium-based toxicities. Using chemical proteomics, we show here that individual T790M-EGFR inhibitors exhibit strikingly distinct off-target profiles in human cells. The FDA-approved drug osimertinib (AZD9291), in particular, was found to covalently modify cathepsins in cell and animal models, which correlated with lysosomal accumulation of the drug. Our findings thus show how chemical proteomics can be used to differentiate covalent kinase inhibitors based on global selectivity profiles in living systems and identify specific off-targets of these inhibitors that may affect drug activity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Niessen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Oncology RU, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Melissa M Dix
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sabrina Barbas
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zachary E Potter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shuyan Lu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Oleg Brodsky
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Simon Planken
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Douglas Behenna
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Chau Almaden
- Oncology RU, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ketan S Gajiwala
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kevin Ryan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - RoseAnn Ferre
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael R Lazear
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew M Hayward
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, MS 8220-2226 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - John C Kath
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Krishnan S, Shanmuganathan MV, Behenna D, Stoltz BM, Prasadarao NV. Angiotensin II receptor type 1--a novel target for preventing neonatal meningitis in mice by Escherichia coli K1. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:409-19. [PMID: 24041786 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of Escherichia coli K1 meningitis due to escalating antibiotic resistance warrants alternate treatment options to prevent this deadly disease. We screened a library of small molecules from the National Institutes of Health clinical collection and identified telmisartan, an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) blocker, as a potent inhibitor of E. coli invasion into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that AT1R associates with endothelial cell gp96, the receptor in HBMECs for E. coli outer membrane protein A. HBMECs pretreated with telmisartan or transfected with AT1R small interfering RNA were resistant to E. coli invasion because of downregulation of protein kinase C-α phosphorylation. Administration of a soluble derivative of telmisartan to newborn mice before infection with E. coli prevented the onset of meningitis and suppressed neutrophil infiltration and glial cell migration in the brain. Therefore, telmisartan has potential as an alternate treatment option for preventing E. coli meningitis.
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