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Johnson-Bonson DA, Narang BJ, Davies RG, Hengist A, Smith HA, Watkins JD, Taylor H, Walhin JP, Gonzalez JT, Betts JA. Interactive effects of acute exercise and carbohydrate-energy replacement on insulin sensitivity in healthy adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1207-1215. [PMID: 33831317 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether carbohydrate-energy replacement immediately after prolonged endurance exercise attenuates insulin sensitivity the following morning, and whether exercise improves insulin sensitivity the following morning independent of an exercise-induced carbohydrate deficit. Oral glucose tolerance and whole-body insulin sensitivity were compared the morning after 3 evening conditions, involving (1) treadmill exercise followed by a carbohydrate replacement drink (200 or 150 g maltodextrin for males and females, respectively; CHO-replace); (2) treadmill exercise followed by a non-caloric, taste-matched placebo (CHO-deficit); or (3) seated rest with no drink provided (Rest). Treadmill exercise involved 90 minutes at ∼80% age-predicted maximum heart rate. Seven males and 2 females (aged 23 ± 1 years; body mass index 24.0 ± 2.7 kg·m-2) completed all conditions in a randomised order. Matsuda index improved by 22% (2.2 [0.3, 4.0] au, p = 0.03) and HOMA2-IR improved by 10% (-0.04 [-0.08, 0.00] au, p = 0.04) in CHO-deficit versus CHO-replace, without corresponding changes in postprandial glycaemia. Outcomes were similar between Rest and other conditions. These data suggest that improvements to insulin sensitivity in healthy populations following acute moderate/vigorous intensity endurance exercise may be dependent on the presence of a carbohydrate-energy deficit. Novelty: Restoration of carbohydrate balance following acute endurance exercise attenuated whole-body insulin sensitivity. Exercise per se failed to enhance whole-body insulin sensitivity. Maximising or prolonging the post-exercise carbohydrate deficit may enhance acute benefits to insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drusus A Johnson-Bonson
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Narang
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom.,Department of Automation, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Institut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Russell G Davies
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Harry A Smith
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Taylor
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - James A Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
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Betts JA, Smith HA, Johnson-Bonson DA, Ellis TI, Dagnall J, Hengist A, Carroll H, Thompson D, Gonzalez JT, Afman GH. The Energy Cost of Sitting versus Standing Naturally in Man. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:726-733. [PMID: 30673688 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged sitting is a major health concern, targeted via government policy and the proliferation of height-adjustable workstations and wearable technologies to encourage standing. Such interventions have the potential to influence energy balance and thus facilitate effective management of body/fat mass. It is therefore remarkable that the energy cost of sitting versus standing naturally remains unknown. METHODS Metabolic requirements were quantified via indirect calorimetry from expired gases in 46 healthy men and women (age, 27 ± 12 yr; mass, 79.3 ± 14.7 kg; body mass index, 24.7 ± 3.1 kg·m, waist/hip, 0.81 ± 0.06) under basal conditions (i.e., resting metabolic rate) and then, in a randomized and counterbalanced sequence, during lying, sitting and standing. Critically, no restrictions were placed on natural/spontaneous bodily movements (i.e., fidgeting) to reveal the fundamental contrast between sitting and standing in situ while maintaining a comfortable posture. RESULTS The mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) increment in energy expenditure was 0.18 (95% CI, 0.06-0.31 kJ·min) from resting metabolic rate to lying was 0.15 (95% CI, 0.03-0.27 kJ·min) from lying to sitting and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.53-0.77 kJ·min) from sitting to standing. An ancillary observation was that the energy cost of each posture above basal metabolic requirements exhibited marked interindividual variance, which was inversely correlated with resting heart rate for all postures (r = -0.5; -0.7 to -0.1) and positively correlated with self-reported physical activity levels for lying (r = 0.4; 0.1 to 0.7) and standing (r = 0.6; 0.3-0.8). CONCLUSIONS Interventions designed to reduce sitting typically encourage 30 to 120 min·d more standing in situ (rather than perambulation), so the 12% difference from sitting to standing reported here does not represent an effective strategy for the treatment of obesity (i.e., weight loss) but could potentially attenuate any continued escalation of the ongoing obesity epidemic at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Harry A Smith
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Tom I Ellis
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Joseph Dagnall
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Harriet Carroll
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Gregg H Afman
- Department of Kinesiology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA
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