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Medelin M, Giacco V, Aldinucci A, Castronovo G, Bonechi E, Sibilla A, Tanturli M, Torcia M, Ballerini L, Cozzolino F, Ballerini C. Bridging pro-inflammatory signals, synaptic transmission and protection in spinal explants in vitro. Mol Brain 2018; 11:3. [PMID: 29334986 PMCID: PMC5769440 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by tissue atrophy involving the brain and the spinal cord, where reactive inflammation contributes to the neurodegenerative processes. Recently, the presence of synapse alterations induced by the inflammatory responses was suggested by experimental and clinical observations, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model and in patients, respectively. Further knowledge on the interplay between pro-inflammatory agents, neuroglia and synaptic dysfunction is crucial to the design of unconventional protective molecules. Here we report the effects, on spinal cord circuits, of a cytokine cocktail that partly mimics the signature of T lymphocytes sub population Th1. In embryonic mouse spinal organ-cultures, containing neuronal cells and neuroglia, cytokines induced inflammatory responses accompanied by a significant increase in spontaneous synaptic activity. We suggest that cytokines specifically altered signal integration in spinal networks by speeding the decay of GABAA responses. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that synapse protection by a non-peptidic NGF mimetic molecule prevented both the changes in the time course of GABA events and in network activity that were left unchanged by the cytokine production from astrocytes and microglia present in the cultured tissue. In conclusion, we developed an important tool for the study of synaptic alterations induced by inflammation, that takes into account the role of neuronal and not neuronal resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Medelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - V Giacco
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Aldinucci
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Castronovo
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - E Bonechi
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - A Sibilla
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Tanturli
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - M Torcia
- Department of DMSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - L Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - F Cozzolino
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - C Ballerini
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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D'Elios MM, Aldinucci A, Amoriello R, Benagiano M, Bonechi E, Maggi P, Flori A, Ravagli C, Saer D, Cappiello L, Conti L, Valtancoli B, Bencini A, Menichetti L, Baldi G, Ballerini C. Myelin-specific T cells carry and release magnetite PGLA–PEG COOH nanoparticles in the mouse central nervous system. RSC Adv 2018; 8:904-913. [PMID: 35538965 PMCID: PMC9076978 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in nanotechnology has determined new strategies concerning drug delivery into the central nervous system for the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases. To date, brain targeting through systemic drug administration, even in a nano-composition, is often unsuccessful. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of loading T lymphocytes with PGLA–PEG COOH magnetite nanoparticles (30 nm), which can be built up to easily bind drugs and monoclonal antibodies, and to exploit the ability of activated T cells to cross the blood–brain barrier and infiltrate the brain parenchyma. Iron oxide nanoparticles have been widely used in biomedical applications due to their theranostic properties and are therefore a well-established nanomaterial. The magnetite core is easily hybridized with polymeric compounds that may enhance the possibility of the nanoparticles entering cells with low phagocytic properties. Taking advantage of these material characteristics, after in vitro assessment of the viability and functionality of nano-loaded MOG35–55 specific T cells, we transferred cells containing the nano-cargo into naïve mice affected by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. By means of histological and immunohistological methods, we were able to identify the nano-loaded T cells in the central nervous system. Our data demonstrated that T cells containing nanomaterials hold the possibility of carrying and releasing nanoparticles in the brain. Magnetite nanoparticles enter non-phagocytic myelin-specific T cells and reach the central nervous system after in vivo transfer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. D'Elios
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - A. Aldinucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - R. Amoriello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - M. Benagiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - E. Bonechi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - P. Maggi
- Department of Neurology
- Hôpital CHU Brugmann-Université libre de Bruxelles-Bruxelles-Be
- Belgium
| | - A. Flori
- Fondazione CNR Regione Toscana G. Monasterio
- Pisa
- Italy
| | - C. Ravagli
- Research Center Colorobbia
- Cericol, Colorobbia Consulting
- Florence
- Italy
| | - D. Saer
- Research Center Colorobbia
- Cericol, Colorobbia Consulting
- Florence
- Italy
| | - L. Cappiello
- Research Center Colorobbia
- Cericol, Colorobbia Consulting
- Florence
- Italy
| | - L. Conti
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - B. Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | - A. Bencini
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff
- University of Florence
- Italy
| | | | - G. Baldi
- Research Center Colorobbia
- Cericol, Colorobbia Consulting
- Florence
- Italy
| | - C. Ballerini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health
- University of Florence
- Italy
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