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Brito ASD, Souza JG, Moraes Filho AV, Oliveira PG, Oliveira MAP, Barbosa MS, Sousa JMG, Pinto RM, Conceição EC, Silva CA. Immunostimulating activity of Uncaria tomentosa in RAW 264.7 macrophages. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e271339. [PMID: 37729210 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.271339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncaria tomentosa is a plant native to the Amazon that has immunomodulatory and antitumor properties due to the alkaloids found in the plant, being able to modify the immune response by potentiating or suspending the action of cytokines secreted by macrophages that induce the immune response, either by the classical route (M1) or through the alternative route (M2). Macrophages activated by M1 convert L-arginine into L-citrulline and nitric oxide (NO), whereas macrophages activated by the M2 pathway use the enzymatic activity of arginase to convert the same substrate into L-ornithine and urea. The aim of this work was to evaluate the immunostimulating activity of the crude hydroalcoholic extract from the bark of the U. tomentosa stem in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Concentrations of 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 mg/mL of U. tomentosa extract associated with LPS, INF-γ and IL-4 inducers were tested by determining NO production and arginase enzyme activity. Nitric oxide production was enhanced by the extract when associated with LPS and LPS + INF-γ inducers. In the activity of the arginase enzyme, the extract decreased the stimulation of IL-4 on the enzyme, mainly at 0.2 mg/mL concentration. Therefore, it is concluded that the crude hydroalcoholic extract of the stem bark of U. tomentosa in RAW 264.7 cells, at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, showed considerable pro-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J G Souza
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - A V Moraes Filho
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade Alfredo Nasser, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - P G Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - M A P Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - M S Barbosa
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - J M G Sousa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Assistência e Avaliação em Saúde, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - R M Pinto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Assistência e Avaliação em Saúde, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | - C A Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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Kakuda L, Jaramillo Y, Niño-Arias FC, Souza MFD, Conceição EC, Alves VF, Almeida OGGD, De Martinis ECP, Oliveira WP. Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality. J Vis Exp 2023. [PMID: 37092836 DOI: 10.3791/65192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics and prebiotics are of great interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their health benefits. Probiotics are live bacteria that can confer beneficial effects on human and animal wellbeing, while prebiotics are types of nutrients that feed the beneficial gut bacteria. Powder probiotics have gained popularity due to the ease and practicality of their ingestion and incorporation into the diet as a food supplement. However, the drying process interferes with cell viability since high temperatures inactivate probiotic bacteria. In this context, this study aimed to present all the steps involved in the production and physicochemical characterization of a spray-dried probiotic and evaluate the influence of the protectants (simulated skim milk and inulin:maltodextrin association) and drying temperatures in increasing the powder yield and cell viability. The results showed that the simulated skim milk promoted higher probiotic viability at 80 °C. With this protectant, the probiotic viability, moisture content, and water activity (Aw) reduce as long as the inlet temperature increases. The probiotics' viability decreases conversely with the drying temperature. At temperatures close to 120 °C, the dried probiotic showed viability around 90%, a moisture content of 4.6% w/w, and an Aw of 0.26; values adequate to guarantee product stability. In this context, spray-drying temperatures above 120 °C are required to ensure the microbial cells' viability and shelf-life in the powdered preparation and survival during food processing and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Kakuda
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Yeily Jaramillo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Fabian C Niño-Arias
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Manuella F de Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo
| | | | | | | | | | - Wanderley P Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo;
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Lemos BJM, Souza FM, Arnhold E, Conceição EC, Couto VRM, Fernandes JJR. Effects of plant extracts from Stryphnodendron adstringens (mart.) coville, Lafoensia pacari a. st.-hil, copaifera spp., and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel on in vitro rumen fermentation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:639-652. [PMID: 33559351 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of doses CTL (0 mg), 30, 300 and 3000 mg/L of extracts from Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (SA), Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil (LP), Copaifera spp. (CO) and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel (PE) on ruminal fermentation were investigated in eight experiments conducted in randomized complete block designs. The in vitro system contained four fermentation vessels. Each treatment was allocated in one vessel in each run. Incubation was run four and five times with diets 50:50 and 10:90 (roughage to concentrate ratio) respectively. Incubation vessel was the experimental unit, and each incubation run was a block. All plant extracts negatively affected DM degradation at 3000 mg/L. In diet 50:50, SA-3000 increased the molar proportion of propionate (p < 0.05), yet it decreased the concentration of fermentation products (p < 0.05); LP-300 reduced ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3 -N; 98 vs. 120 mg/dl for LP-300 and average of CTL and LP-30, respectively) and isobutyrate (p < 0.05); CO-300 reduced (p < 0.05) NH3 -N (98 vs. 123 mg/dl for CO-300 and average of CTL and CO-30, respectively); and P. emarginatus had no positive effects on rumen fermentation (p > 0.05). In diet 10:90, SA-300 reduced (p < 0.001) NH3 -N and total volatile fatty acids (VFA); LP-30 increased (p < 0.05) total VFA (85 vs. 63 mM for LP-30 and CTL, respectively), molar proportions of acetate and propionate, and had lower C2 :C3 than CTL (3.6 vs. 4.3, respectively); CO-300 decreased acetate and increased propionate, reducing C2 :C3 (p < 0.001; 2.8 vs. 3.6 for CO-300 and average of other doses, respectively); PE-30 and PE-300 reduced NH3 -N by 14% and increased total VFA by 29% compared with CTL (p < 0.05). Further in vivo investigations may consider L. pacari (LP-30), Copaifera spp. (CO-300) oleoresin and P. emarginatus oleoresin (PE-30 and PE-300) in diets with high inclusion of concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J M Lemos
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Flavia M Souza
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Victor R M Couto
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Valentim DSS, Duarte JL, Oliveira AEMFM, Cruz RAS, Carvalho JCT, Conceição EC, Fernandes CP, Tavares-Dias M. Nanoemulsion from essential oil of Pterodon emarginatus (Fabaceae) shows in vitro efficacy against monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum (Pisces: Serrasalmidae). J Fish Dis 2018; 41:443-449. [PMID: 29194663 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of diseases pose a major threat to sustainable aquaculture development worldwide. Application of herbal products to combat parasitic diseases provides an alternative approach for sustainable aquaculture. This study investigated the in vitro antiparasitic effects of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion prepared using the essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus, against monogeneans infesting Colossoma macropomum. Gill arches from C. macropomum (47.6 ± 14.5 g and 13.5 ± 1.4 cm) that were naturally parasitized by Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri were immersed in different dispersions of the P. emarginatus nanoemulsions (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L). The major compounds presented in the essential oil of P. emarginatus were β-elemene, β-caryophyllene and α-humulene. Characterization of these nanoemulsions showed that they have a small mean droplet size and low polydispersity index, which is concordant with stable systems. In this in vitro trial, the P. emarginatus nanoemulsion concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L presented 100% helminthic efficacy against monogeneans of the gills of C. macropomum. The highest two concentrations used (400 and 600 mg/L) were seen to immobilize the parasites after only 15 min. Therefore, it would be worthwhile testing these concentrations in therapeutic baths against monogeneans of C. macropomum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S S Valentim
- Postgraduate Program on Tropical Biodiversity (PPGBIO), Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - J L Duarte
- Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - A E M F M Oliveira
- Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - R A S Cruz
- Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - J C T Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program on Tropical Biodiversity (PPGBIO), Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil
- Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - E C Conceição
- Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - C P Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program on Tropical Biodiversity (PPGBIO), Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil
- Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - M Tavares-Dias
- Postgraduate Program on Tropical Biodiversity (PPGBIO), Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil
- Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil
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Martins FS, Borges LL, Ribeiro CSC, Reifschneider FJB, Conceição EC. Novel Approaches to Extraction Methods in Recovery of Capsaicin from Habanero Pepper (CNPH 15.192). Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S375-S379. [PMID: 28808409 PMCID: PMC5538183 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.210127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare three capsaicin extraction methods: Shoxlet, Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE), and Shaker-assisted Extraction (SAE) from Habanero pepper, CNPH 15.192. Materials and Methods: The different parameters evaluated were alcohol degree, time extraction, and solid–solvent ratio using response surface methodology (RSM). Results: The three parameters found significant (p < 0.05) were for UAE and solvent concentration and extraction time for SAE. The optimum conditions for the capsaicin UAE and SAE were similar 95% alcohol degree, 30 minutes and solid–liquid ratio 2 mg/mL. The Soxhlet increased the extraction in 10–25%; however, long extraction times (45 minutes) degraded 2% capsaicin. Conclusion: The extraction of capsaicin was influenced by extraction method and by the operating conditions chosen. The optimized conditions provided savings of time, solvent, and herbal material. Prudent choice of the extraction method is essential to ensure optimal yield of extract, thereby making the study relevant and the knowledge gained useful for further exploitation and application of this resource. SUMMARY Habanero pepper, line CNPH 15.192, possess capsaicin in higher levels when compared with others species Higher levels of ethanolic strength are more suitable to obtain a higher levels of capsaicin Box-Behnken design indicates to be useful to explore the best conditions of ultrasound assisted extraction of capsaicin.
Abbreviations used: Nomenclature UAE: Ultrasound-assisted Extraction; SAE: Shaker-assisted Extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico S Martins
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L Borges
- Escola de Ciências Médicas, Farmacêuticas e Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 74605-010 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Câmpus Anápolis de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, BR-153, Km 98, 75001-970 Anápolis, GO, Brazil
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Moura LR, Orpinelli SR, Sousa JH, Faleiro MB, Conceição EC, Sugita DM, Beletti ME, Moura VM. Ação do extrato etanólico da casca do pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) na cardiotoxicidade crônica induzida por doxorrubicina em ratos. Pesq Vet Bras 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: A doxorrubicina (DOX) é um quimioterápico utilizado no tratamento de neoplasias malignas, porém possui a cardiotoxicidade como efeito colateral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar quanto à ação do extrato etanólico da casca do pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) (EECP) por meio de avaliação morfológica (macroscópica, microscópica e ultramicroscópica), bem como avaliar a expressão de metaloproteinases (MMP2 e MMP9) e seus inibidores teciduais (TIMP1 e TIMP2) no miocárdio de ratos submetidos à cardiotoxicidade crônica pela DOX, tratados ou não com o EECP. O experimento teve duração de três meses e foram utilizados 30 ratos da raça Wistar, distribuídos em seis grupos de cinco animais. G1 e G2 receberam como pré-tratamento 300mg/kg e 600mg/kg de EECP, respectivamente, por gavagem, durante sete dias e mantiveram o tratamento durante os 21 dias de aplicação da DOX. Em G1, G2, G3, G4 e GC, a cardiotoxicidade foi induzida com aplicações semanais de 2mg/kg de DOX, via intraperitoneal, totalizando quatro aplicações (8mg/kg) e, nos ratos do grupo Sham (GS), foi aplicado 1ml de solução fisiológica. Os animais do G3 receberam diariamente 300mg/kg e os do G4 600mg/kg de EECP, por gavagem, durante os 21 dias de aplicação da DOX. Os do GC e GS receberam 1 ml de água, diariamente, também por gavagem. Após o término das aplicações, os animais foram mantidos por dois meses, totalizando três meses de experimento. A avaliação macroscópica foi realizada após 90 dias, momento em que foram colhidas amostras para análise em microscopia eletrônica, histopatologia e imunoistoquímica. Ao exame necroscópico foi observada ascite nos animais que receberam DOX. Houve baixo índice de mortalidade (3,33%), representado pela morte de um rato que desenvolveu pneumonia por falsa via. Não foi observada alteração no peso e nas medidas do coração dos ratos. Nas doses de 300 e 600mg/kg, o EECP atenuou a degeneração vacuolar miocítica. Na dose de 600mg/kg, o EECP reduziu a quantidade de células de Anitschkow e a fragmentação das miofibrilas. Não houve resultado significativo quanto à imunomarcação das MMP e, quanto a seus inibidores (TIMP), houve maior imunomarcação de TIMP2 no GC, grupo que recebeu apenas DOX. Concluiu-se que o extrato etanólico da casca do pequi (EECP) é eficiente em minimizar os efeitos da cardiotoxicidade crônica induzida pela DOX no miocárdio de ratos, considerando que nas doses de 300 e 600mg/kg o EECP atenua a degeneração vacuolar miocítica e, na dose de 600mg/kg, o EECP reduz a quantidade de células de Anitschkow e a fragmentação das miofibrilas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa R. Moura
- Centro Universitário UniEvangélica, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
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Silva AMR, Ferreira NLO, Oliveira AE, Borges LL, Conceição EC. Comparison of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction and Dynamic Maceration Over Content of Tagitinin C obtained from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Leaves Using Factorial Design. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:270-274. [PMID: 28539720 PMCID: PMC5421425 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.204555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tithonia diversifolia belongs to the Asteraceae family. The leaves of T. diversifolia have been studied lately because of the presence of tagitinin C. Objective: Looking for an easy and inexpensive method to extract tagitinin C from T. diversifolia leaves, this work aims to conduct a screening to evaluate the influence of different experimental factors using the dynamic maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods with 23 factorial design based on response surface methodology in enhancing this chemical marker extraction. Materials and Methods: The experimental factors were: extraction time (ET) of 30 and 60 minutes, solid: liquid ratio (SLR) of 5 and 10 grams/grams and ethanolic strength (ES) 48 and 96% (w/w). The experiments were done tripled. The content of tagitinin C in each produced extract was quantified by HPLC method. Results: The highest concentrations of tagitinin C obtained under the experimental design were 0.53 mg/mL and 0.71 mg/mL, respectively for dynamic maceration (DM) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) from Tithonia diversifolia powdered leaves. For the UAE method, the main parameter for higher contents of tagitinin C was the solid: liquid ratio, followed by the ethanolic strength, and the extraction time was not significant for this method. As for the DM method, all the parameters (SLR, ES, and ET) were significant for a higher content of tagitinin C. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it was revealed that the ultrasound-assisted extraction was more effective than dynamic maceration for tagitinin C extraction from T. diversifolia powdered leaves. Summary Tithonia diversifolia leaves possess tagitinin C, a sesquiterpene lactone, as an important secondary metabolite with several biological activities, such as antimalarial, gastroprotective, chemotherapeutic adjuvants, and toxic activities. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was more effective to obtain higher levels of tagitinin C when compared with dynamic maceration extraction. Factorial design can be employed as a screening tool to find the effects of factors investigated in the extraction processes.
Abbreviation used: DME: dynamic maceration extraction, UAE: ultrasound-assisted extraction, ET: extraction time, ES: ethanolic strength, SLR: solid:liquid ratio, Tag C: tagitinin C, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M R Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy Research, Laboratory of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nayara L O Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy Research, Laboratory of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Anselmo E Oliveira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L Borges
- Anápolis Campus of Exact and Technological Sciences Henrique Santillo, State University of Goiás, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Edemilson C Conceição
- Faculty of Pharmacy Research, Laboratory of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Chaul LT, Conceição EC, Bara MTF, Paula JR, Couto RO. Engineering spray-dried rosemary extracts with improved physicomechanical properties: a design of experiments issue. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Borges LL, Martins FS, Conceição EC, Silveira D. Optimization of the Spray-Drying Process for Developing Jabuticaba Waste Powder Employing Response Surface Methodology. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo L. Borges
- Escola de Ciências Médicas, Farmacêuticas e Biomédicas; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás; Goiânia GO Brazil
| | | | | | - Dâmaris Silveira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
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Ferreira FPS, Morais SR, Bara MTF, Conceição EC, Paula JR, Carvalho TC, Vaz BG, Costa HB, Romão W, Rezende MH. Eugenia calycina Cambess extracts and their fractions: Their antimicrobial activity and the identification of major polar compounds using electrospray ionization FT-ICR mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 99:89-96. [PMID: 25108373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Eugenia calycina, which is described as "red pitanga or pitanga cherry of cerrado," is widely distributed in the Cerrado area of Brazil. Its leaf and bark extracts are used in folk medicine for many applications. In this study, the compositions of the major polar compounds of the bark and leaf extracts and their fractions were obtained from a liquid-liquid extraction using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water. They were then evaluated using electrospray ionization negative FT-ICR mass spectrometry (ESI(-) FT-ICR MS), which revealed a large number of oxygen-containing compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenes, tanins, steroids, and fat acids. The biological activity of these extracts towards several bacterial and fungal strains was then evaluated. The highest activity was found using aqueous fractions, in which the ESI(-) FT-ICR MS analysis revealed compounds with a high content of oxygen (e.g., glycosed flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenolic compounds) against Cryptococcus sp. D (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]=15.62μg/mL). Strong activity was also found using the hexanic fractions-in which the ESI(-) FT-ICR MS analysis revealed that the compounds contained a decreased amount of oxygen (e.g., fat acids and steroids)-towards Cryptococcus gatti L48, Cryptococcus neoformans L3 (MIC=31.2μg/mL), and Cryptococcus sp. D (MIC=62.5μg/mL). Therefore, antimicrobial assays using the bark/leaf extracts of E. calycina present prospects for the research of active substances that may be used for the treatment of cryptococcosis, a disease that is common in immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P S Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001 970, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001 970, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Paulista, Campus Flamboyant, Goiânia, Goiás 74845 090, Brazil
| | - Maria T F Bara
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, Goiânia, Goiás 74605 220, Brazil
| | - Edemilson C Conceição
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, Goiânia, Goiás 74605 220, Brazil
| | - José R Paula
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, Goiânia, Goiás 74605 220, Brazil.
| | - Thays C Carvalho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, CP 131, Goiânia, Goiás 74001 970, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, CP 131, Goiânia, Goiás 74001 970, Brazil
| | - Helber B Costa
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075 910 Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Romão
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075 910 Vitória, ES, Brazil; Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Ministro Salgado Filho, Soteco, Vila Velha, ES 29106 010, Brazil
| | - Maria H Rezende
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás 74001 970, Brazil
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Sousa JN, Pedroso NB, Borges LL, Oliveira GAR, Paula JR, Conceição EC. Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols, tannins and epigallocatechin gallate from barks of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville bark extracts. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S318-23. [PMID: 24991110 PMCID: PMC4078346 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.133287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mar.) Coville is a native plant from Brazil, rich in phenolic compounds and used on popular medicine as a wound healing agent, in the treatment of gastric lesions and as antimicrobial. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultrassound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extraction of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), total polyphenols (TP) and total tannins (TT) content from barks of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mar.) Coville. Several operating parameters, namely extraction time (min), liquid to solid ratio (mg/mL), ethanolic strength (%, v/v), were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design. RESULTS By using the desirability function approach, the optimum UAE conditions to obtain desirable extraction yields for all these metabolites simultaneously were found at the extraction time of 30 min, solid to liquid ratio of 4 mg/mL and ethanolic strength of 65. Under these conditions, the epigallocatechin gallate, total polyphenols and total tannins content were 0.31; 22.95 and 11.95 % (w/w), respectively. CONCLUSION The results indicated that knowledge gained from this study should be helpful to further exploit and apply this resource and also showed the feasibility of ultrasound-assisted extraction for obtaining GEGC, TP and TT from barks of S. adstrigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana N Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José R Paula
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
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Martins FS, Borges LL, Paula JR, Conceição EC. Impact of different extraction methods on the quality of Dipteryx alata extracts. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2013005000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Borges LL, Alves SF, Sampaio BL, Conceição EC, F. Bara MT, Paula JR. Environmental factors affecting the concentration of phenolic compounds in Myrcia tomentosa leaves. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2013005000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Couto RO, Martins FS, Chaul LT, Conceição EC, Freitas LAP, Bara MTF, Paula JR. Spray drying of Eugenia dysenterica extract: effects of in-process parameters on product quality. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2012005000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gonçalves D, Couto RO, Conceição EC, Reis NS, Gil ES. Voltametria de Pulso Diferencial (VPD) em estado sólido de manchas de Cromatografia de Camada Delgada (CCD): um novo método de análise para fitoativos antioxidantes. QUIM NOVA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-40422011000200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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