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Wood K, Damaraju N, Krevanko C, Aberra AG, Cirone P, Duncan B, Faustman EM. Exposomics in practice: Multidisciplinary perspectives on environmental health and risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024; 20:891-893. [PMID: 38639413 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Wood
- University of Washington-Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nikhita Damaraju
- University of Washington-Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Callan Krevanko
- University of Washington-Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abebe G Aberra
- University of Washington-Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patricia Cirone
- University of Washington-Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce Duncan
- University of Washington-Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- University of Washington-Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Jo MS, Kim HP, Kim BW, Pleus RC, Faustman EM, Yu IJ. Exposure Assessment Study on Lithium-Ion Battery Fire in Explosion Test Room in Battery Testing Facility. Saf Health Work 2024; 15:114-117. [PMID: 38496275 PMCID: PMC10944153 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A lithium-ion battery is a rechargeable battery that uses the reversible reduction of lithium ions to store energy and is the predominant battery type in many industrial and consumer electronics. The lithium-ion batteries are essential to ensure they operate safely. We conducted an exposure assessment five days after a fire in a battery-testing facility. We assessed some of the potentially hazardous materials after a lithium-ion battery fire. We sampled total suspended particles, hydrogen fluoride, and lithium with real-time monitoring of particulate matter (PM) 1, 2.5, and 10 micrometers (μm). The area sampling results indicated that primary potential hazardous materials such as dust, hydrogen fluoride, and lithium were below the recommended limits suggested by the Korean Ministry of Labor and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Values. Based on our assessment, workers were allowed to return to work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boo Wook Kim
- Korea Industrial Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Il Je Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- HCT, Seattle, USA
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Alava JJ, Jahnke A, Bergmann M, Aguirre-Martínez GV, Bendell L, Calle P, Domínguez GA, Faustman EM, Falman J, Kazmiruk TN, Klasios N, Maldonado MT, McMullen K, Moreno-Báez M, Öberg G, Ota Y, Price D, Shim WJ, Tirapé A, Vandenberg JM, Zoveidadianpour Z, Weis J. A Call to Include Plastics in the Global Environment in the Class of Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37216429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Alava
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit & Nippon Foundation-Ocean Litter Project, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig DE-04318, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen DE-52074, Germany
| | - Melanie Bergmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven DE-16227570, Germany
| | - Gabriela V Aguirre-Martínez
- Química y Farmacia. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avenida Arturo Prat Chacón, Iquique 2120, Chile
| | - Leah Bendell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
| | - Paola Calle
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 00000, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo A Domínguez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 00000, Ecuador
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite #100, Seattle 98105, Washington, United States
| | - Jill Falman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite #100, Seattle 98105, Washington, United States
| | - Tamara N Kazmiruk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
| | - Natasha Klasios
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Maria T Maldonado
- Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karly McMullen
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit & Nippon Foundation-Ocean Litter Project, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Marcia Moreno-Báez
- The Fletcher School/Tufts Technology Services, Tufts University, 35 Lower Campus Rd, Medford 02155, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Gunilla Öberg
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Yoshitaka Ota
- Nippon Foundation Ocean Nexus Center, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs EarthLab, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle 98195-5674, Washington, United States
| | - Dana Price
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit & Nippon Foundation-Ocean Litter Project, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Ana Tirapé
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 00000, Ecuador
| | - Jessica M Vandenberg
- Nippon Foundation Ocean Nexus Center, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs EarthLab, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle 98195-5674, Washington, United States
| | - Zeinab Zoveidadianpour
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit & Nippon Foundation-Ocean Litter Project, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
| | - Judith Weis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark 07102, New Jersey, United States
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Aberra AG, Mokashi A, Santoni SJ, Tilander CT, Cirone P, Duncan B, Faustman EM. Incorporating other worldviews such as Indigenous knowledge will strengthen environmental risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023; 19:847-849. [PMID: 37096994 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abebe G Aberra
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aesha Mokashi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Serena J Santoni
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles T Tilander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patricia Cirone
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce Duncan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Wegner S, Workman T, Park JJ, Harris S, Wallace J, Stanaway I, Hong S, Hansen B, Griffith WC, Faustman EM. A Dynamic In vitro developing testis model reflects structures and functions of testicular development in vivo. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 118:108362. [PMID: 37011698 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
To better define appropriate applications of our 3-dimensional testicular co-culture as a model for reproductive toxicology, we evaluated the ability of the model to capture structural and functional elements that can be targeted by reproductive toxicants. Testicular co-cultures were prepared from postnatal day 5 male rats and cultured with a Matrigel overlay. Following a 2-day acclimation period, we characterized functional pathway dynamics by evaluating morphology, protein expression, testosterone concentrations, and global gene expression at a range of timepoints from experimental days 0 to 21. Western blotting confirmed expression of Sertoli cell, Leydig cell, and spermatogonial cell-specific protein markers. Testosterone detected in cell culture media indicates active testosterone production. Quantitative pathway analysis identified Gene Ontology biological processes enriched among genes significantly changing over the course of 21 days. Processes enriched among genes significantly increasing through time include general developmental processes (morphogenesis, tissue remodeling, etc.), steroid regulation, Sertoli cell development, immune response, and stress and apoptosis. Processes enriched among genes significantly decreasing over time include several related to male reproductive development (seminiferous tubule development, male gonad development, Leydig cell differentiation, Sertoli cell differentiation), all of which appear to peak in expression between days 1 and 5 before decreasing at later timepoints. This analysis provides a temporal roadmap for specific biological process of interest for reproductive toxicology in the model and anchors the model to sensitive phases of in vivo development, helping to define the relevance of the model for in vivo processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Wegner
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Juyoung Park
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean Harris
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Wallace
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Stanaway
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brad Hansen
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Stanaway IB, Wallace JC, Hong S, Wilder CS, Green FH, Tsai J, Knight M, Workman T, Vigoren EM, Smith MN, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Shojaie A, Faustman EM. Alteration of oral microbiome composition in children living with pesticide-exposed farm workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 248:114090. [PMID: 36516690 PMCID: PMC9898171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our prior work shows that azinphos-methyl pesticide exposure is associated with altered oral microbiomes in exposed farmworkers. Here we extend this analysis to show the same association pattern is also evident in their children. Oral buccal swab samples were analyzed at two time points, the apple thinning season in spring-summer 2005 for 78 children and 101 adults and the non-spray season in winter 2006 for 62 children and 82 adults. The pesticide exposure for the children were defined by the farmworker occupation of the cohabitating household adult and the blood azinphos-methyl detection of the cohabitating adult. Oral buccal swab 16S rRNA sequencing determined taxonomic microbiota proportional composition from concurrent samples from both adults and children. Analysis of the identified bacteria showed significant proportional changes for 12 of 23 common oral microbiome genera in association with azinphos-methyl detection and farmworker occupation. The most common significantly altered genera had reductions in the abundance of Streptococcus, suggesting an anti-microbial effect of the pesticide. Principal component analysis of the microbiome identified two primary clusters, with association of principal component 1 to azinphos-methyl blood detection and farmworker occupational status of the household. The children's buccal microbiota composition clustered with their household adult in ∼95% of the households. Household adult farmworker occupation and household pesticide exposure is associated with significant alterations in their children's oral microbiome composition. This suggests that parental occupational exposure and pesticide take-home exposure pathways elicit alteration of their children's microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Stanaway
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James C Wallace
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carly S Wilder
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Foad H Green
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesse Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Misty Knight
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric M Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali Shojaie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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Lim JJ, Suh Y, Faustman EM, Cui JY. Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids with Increasing Carbon Chain Lengths Upregulate Amino Acid Transporters and Modulate Compensatory Response of Xenobiotic Transporters in HepaRG Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1396-1413. [PMID: 34857530 PMCID: PMC9513853 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are widespread environmental pollutants for which human exposure has been documented. PFCAs at high doses are known to regulate xenobiotic transporters partly through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in rodent models. Less is known regarding how various PFCAs at a lower concentration modulate transporters for endogenous substrates, such as amino acids in human hepatocytes. Such studies are of particular importance because amino acids are involved in chemical detoxification, and their transport system may serve as a promising therapeutic target for structurally similar xenobiotics. The focus of this study was to further elucidate how PFCAs modulate transporters involved in intermediary metabolism and xenobiotic biotransformation. We tested the hepatic transcriptomic response of HepaRG cells exposed to 45 μM of perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, or perfluorodecanoic acid in triplicates for 24 hours (vehicle: 0.1% DMSO), as well as the prototypical ligands for PPARα (WY-14643, 45 μM) and CAR (6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime [CITCO], 2 μM). PFCAs with increasing carbon chain lengths (C8-C10) regulated more liver genes, with amino acid metabolism and transport ranked among the top enriched pathways and PFDA ranked as the most potent PFCA tested. Genes encoding amino acid transporters, which are essential for protein synthesis, were novel inducible targets by all three PFCAs, suggesting a potentially protective mechanism to reduce further toxic insults. None of the transporter regulations appeared to be through PPARα or CAR but potential involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is noted for all 3 PFCAs. In conclusion, PFCAs with increasing carbon chain lengths up-regulate amino acid transporters and modulate xenobiotic transporters to limit further toxic exposures in HepaRG cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Little is known regarding how various perfluorinated carboxylic acids modulate the transporters for endogenous substrates in human liver cells. Using HepaRG cells, this study is among the first to show that perfluorinated carboxylic acids with increasing carbon chain lengths upregulate amino acid transporters, which are essential for protein synthesis, and modulate xenobiotic transporters to limit further toxic exposures at concentrations lower than what was used in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Jongpyo Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Youjun Suh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Graydon RC, Mezzacapo M, Boehme J, Foldy S, Edge TA, Brubacher J, Chan HM, Dellinger M, Faustman EM, Rose JB, Takaro TK. Associations between extreme precipitation, drinking water, and protozoan acute gastrointestinal illnesses in four North American Great Lakes cities (2009-2014). J Water Health 2022; 20:849-862. [PMID: 35635777 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is already impacting the North American Great Lakes ecosystem and understanding the relationship between climate events and public health, such as waterborne acute gastrointestinal illnesses (AGIs), can help inform needed adaptive capacity for drinking water systems (DWSs). In this study, we assessed a harmonized binational dataset for the effects of extreme precipitation events (≥90th percentile) and preceding dry periods, source water turbidity, total coliforms, and protozoan AGIs - cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis - in the populations served by four DWSs that source surface water from Lake Ontario (Hamilton and Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and Lake Michigan (Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) from January 2009 through August 2014. We used distributed lag non-linear Poisson regression models adjusted for seasonality and found extreme precipitation weeks preceded by dry periods increased the relative risk of protozoan AGI after 1 and 3-5 weeks in three of the four cities, although only statistically significant in two. Our results suggest that the risk of protozoan AGI increases with extreme precipitation preceded by a dry period. As extreme precipitation patterns become more frequent with climate change, the ability to detect changes in water quality and effectively treat source water of varying quality is increasingly important for adaptive capacity and protection of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Graydon
- International Joint Commission: Great Lakes Regional Office, 100 Ouellette Avenue, 8th Floor, Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Boehme
- International Joint Commission: Great Lakes Regional Office, 100 Ouellette Avenue, 8th Floor, Windsor, ON N9A 6T3, Canada
| | - Seth Foldy
- Public Health Institute at Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Jordan Brubacher
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Joan B Rose
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tim K Takaro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Nicholas TP, Boyes WK, Scoville DK, Workman TW, Kavanagh TJ, Altemeier WA, Faustman EM. The effects of gene × environment interactions on silver nanoparticle toxicity in the respiratory system: An adverse outcome pathway. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2021; 13:e1708. [PMID: 33768701 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is serving as a basis to integrate new data streams in order to enhance the power of predictive toxicology. AOP development for engineered nanomaterials (ENM), including silver nanoparticles (AgNP), is currently lagging behind other chemicals of regulatory interest due to our limited understanding of the mechanism by which underlying genetics or diseases directly modify host response to AgNP exposures. This also highlights the importance of considering the Aggregate Exposure Pathway (AEP) framework, which precedes the AOP framework and outlines source to target site exposure. The AEP and AOP frameworks interface at the target site, where a molecular initiating event (MIE) occurs and is followed by key events (KE) for adverse cellular and organ responses along a biological pathway and ends with the adverse organism response. The primary goal of this study is to use AgNP to interrogate the AEP-AOP framework by organizing and integrating in vitro dose-response data and in vivo exposure-response data from previous studies to evaluate the effects of interactions between host genetic and acquired factors, or gene × environment interactions (G × E), on AgNP toxicity in the respiratory system. Using this framework will help us to identify plausible key event relationships (KER) between MIE and adverse organism responses when KE are not measured using the same assay in order to derive future predictive models, guide research, and support development of tools for making risk-based, regulatory decisions on ENM. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Nicholas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William K Boyes
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David K Scoville
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi W Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Viet SM, Falman JC, Merrill LS, Faustman EM, Savitz DA, Mervish N, Barr DB, Peterson LA, Wright R, Balshaw D, O'Brien B. Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (HHEAR): A model for incorporating the exposome into health studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 235:113768. [PMID: 34034040 PMCID: PMC8205973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterizing the complexity of environmental exposures in relation to human health is critical to advancing our understanding of health and disease throughout the life span. Extant cohort studies open the door for such investigations more rapidly and inexpensively than launching new cohort studies and the Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (HHEAR) provides a resource for implementing life-stage exposure studies within existing study populations. Primary challenges to incorporation of environmental exposure assessment in health studies include: (1) lack of widespread knowledge of biospecimen and environmental sampling and storage requirements for environmental exposure assessment among investigators; (2) lack of availability of and access to laboratories capable of analyzing multiple environmental exposures throughout the life-course; and (3) studies lacking sufficient power to assess associations across life-stages. HHEAR includes a consortium of researchers with expertise in laboratory analyses, statistics and logistics to overcome these limitations and enable inclusion of exposomics in human health studies. OBJECTIVE This manuscript describes the structure and strengths of implementing the harmonized HHEAR resource model, and our approaches to addressing challenges. We describe how HHEAR incorporates analyses of biospecimens and environmental samples and human health studies across the life span - serving as a model for incorporating environmental exposures into national and international research. We also present program successes to date. DISCUSSION HHEAR provides a full-service laboratory and data analysis exposure assessment resource, linking scientific, life span, and toxicological consultation with both laboratory and data analysis expertise. HHEAR services are provided without cost but require NIH, NCI, NHLBI, or ECHO funding of the original cohort; internal HHEAR scientific review and approval of a brief application; and adherence to data sharing and publication policies. We describe the benefits of HHEAR's structure, collaborative framework and coordination across project investigators, analytical laboratories, biostatisticians and bioinformatics specialists; quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) including integrated sample management; and tools that have been developed to support the research (exposure information pages, ontology, new analytical methods, common QA/QC approach across laboratories, etc.). This foundation supports HHEAR's inclusion of new laboratory and statistical analysis methods and studies that are enhanced by including targeted analysis of specific exposures and untargeted analysis of chemicals associated with phenotypic endpoints in biological and environmental samples. CONCLUSION HHEAR is an interdisciplinary team of toxicologists, epidemiologists, laboratory scientists, and data scientists across multiple institutions to address broad and complex questions that benefit from integrated laboratory and data analyses. HHEAR's processes, features, and tools include all life stages and analysis of biospecimens and environmental samples. They are available to the wider scientific community to augment studies by adding state of the art environmental analyses to be linked to human health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill C Falman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - David A Savitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nancy Mervish
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana B Barr
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- University of Minnesota, Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Robert Wright
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Balshaw
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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Knudsen TB, Spielmann M, Megason SG, Faustman EM. Single-cell profiling for advancing birth defects research and prevention. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:546-559. [PMID: 33496083 PMCID: PMC8562675 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular analysis of developmental processes and toxicities has traditionally entailed bulk methods (e.g., transcriptomics) that lack single cell resolution or tissue localization methods (e.g., immunostaining) that allow only a few genes to be monitored in each experiment. Recent technological advances have enabled interrogation of genomic function at the single-cell level, providing new opportunities to unravel developmental pathways and processes with unprecedented resolution. Here, we review emerging technologies of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to globally characterize the gene expression sets of different cell types and how different cell types emerge from earlier cell states in development. Cell atlases of experimental embryology and human embryogenesis at single-cell resolution will provide an encyclopedia of genes that define key stages from gastrulation to organogenesis. This technology, combined with computational models to discover key organizational principles, was recognized by Science magazine as the "Breakthrough of the year" for 2018 due to transformative potential on the way we study how human cells mature over a lifetime, how tissues regenerate, and how cells change in diseases (e.g., patient-derived organoids to screen disease-specific targets and design precision therapy). Profiling transcriptomes at the single-cell level can fulfill the need for greater detail in the molecular progression of all cell lineages, from pluripotency to adulthood and how cell-cell signaling pathways control progression at every step. Translational opportunities emerge for elucidating pathogenesis of genetic birth defects with cellular precision and improvements for predictive toxicology of chemical teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Human Molecular Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Knudsen TB, Fitzpatrick SC, De Abrew KN, Birnbaum LS, Chappelle A, Daston GP, Dolinoy DC, Elder A, Euling S, Faustman EM, Fedinick KP, Franzosa JA, Haggard DE, Haws L, Kleinstreuer NC, Buck Louis GM, Mendrick DL, Rudel R, Saili KS, Schug TT, Tanguay RL, Turley AE, Wetmore BA, White KW, Zurlinden TJ. FutureTox IV Workshop Summary: Predictive Toxicology for Healthy Children. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:198-211. [PMID: 33555348 PMCID: PMC8041457 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FutureTox IV, a Society of Toxicology Contemporary Concepts in Toxicology workshop, was held in November 2018. Building upon FutureTox I, II, and III, this conference focused on the latest science and technology for in vitro profiling and in silico modeling as it relates to predictive developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART). Publicly available high-throughput screening data sets are now available for broad in vitro profiling of bioactivities across large inventories of chemicals. Coupling this vast amount of mechanistic data with a deeper understanding of molecular embryology and post-natal development lays the groundwork for using new approach methodologies (NAMs) to evaluate chemical toxicity, drug efficacy, and safety assessment for embryo-fetal development. NAM is a term recently adopted in reference to any technology, methodology, approach, or combination thereof that can be used to provide information on chemical hazard and risk assessment to avoid the use of intact animals (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], Strategic plan to promote the development and implementation of alternative test methods within the tsca program, 2018, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-06/documents/epa_alt_strat_plan_6-20-18_clean_final.pdf). There are challenges to implementing NAMs to evaluate chemicals for developmental toxicity compared with adult toxicity. This forum article reviews the 2018 workshop activities, highlighting challenges and opportunities for applying NAMs for adverse pregnancy outcomes (eg, preterm labor, malformations, low birth weight) as well as disorders manifesting postnatally (eg, neurodevelopmental impairment, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, fertility). DART is an important concern for different regulatory statutes and test guidelines. Leveraging advancements in such approaches and the accompanying efficiencies to detecting potential hazards to human development are the unifying concepts toward implementing NAMs in DART testing. Although use of NAMs for higher level regulatory decision making is still on the horizon, the conference highlighted novel testing platforms and computational models that cover multiple levels of biological organization, with the unique temporal dynamics of embryonic development, and novel approaches for estimating toxicokinetic parameters essential in supporting in vitro to in vivo extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Knudsen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anne Chappelle
- Chappelle Toxicology Consulting, LLC, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Susan Euling
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Children’s Health Protection, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | - Jill A Franzosa
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Derik E Haggard
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE);, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Donna L Mendrick
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, NCTR, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Katerine S Saili
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thaddeus T Schug
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara A Wetmore
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kimberly W White
- American Chemistry Council, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Todd J Zurlinden
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Barr DB, Kannan K, Cui Y, Merrill L, Petrick LM, Meeker JD, Fennell TR, Faustman EM. The use of dried blood spots for characterizing children's exposure to organic environmental chemicals. Environ Res 2021; 195:110796. [PMID: 33508256 PMCID: PMC7988293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring is a commonly used tool for exposure assessment of organic environmental chemicals with urine and blood samples being the most commonly used matrices. However, for children's studies, blood samples are often difficult to obtain. Dried blood spots (DBS) represent a potential matrix for blood collection in children that may be used for biomonitoring. DBS are typically collected at birth to screen for several congenital disorders and diseases; many of the states that are required to collect DBS archive these spots for years. If the archived DBS can be accessed by environmental health researchers, they potentially could be analyzed to retrospectively assess exposure in these children. Furthermore, DBS can be collected prospectively in the field from children ranging in age from newborn to school-aged with little concern from parents and minimal risk to the child. Here, we review studies that have evaluated the measurement of organic environmental toxicants in both archived and prospectively collected DBS, and where available, the validation procedures that have been performed to ensure these measurements are comparable to traditional biomonitoring measurements. Among studies thus far, the amount of validation has varied considerably with no studies systematically evaluating all parameters from field collection, shipping and storage contamination and stability to laboratory analysis feasibility. These validation studies are requisite to ensure reliability of the measurement and comparability to more traditional matrices. Thus, we offer some recommendations for validation studies and other considerations before DBS should be adopted as a routine matrix for biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Boyd Barr
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuxia Cui
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Petrick
- The Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Elaine M Faustman
- University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Nicholas TP, Haick AK, Workman TW, Griffith WC, Nolin JD, Kavanagh TJ, Faustman EM, Altemeier WA. The effects of genotype × phenotype interactions on silver nanoparticle toxicity in organotypic cultures of murine tracheal epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:908-928. [PMID: 32574512 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1777475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are used in multiple applications but primarily in the manufacturing of antimicrobial products. Previous studies have identified AgNP toxicity in airway epithelial cells, but no in vitro studies to date have used organotypic cultures as a high-content in vitro model of the conducting airway to characterize the effects of interactions between host genetic and acquired factors, or gene × phenotype interactions (G × P), on AgNP toxicity. In the present study, we derived organotypic cultures from primary murine tracheal epithelial cells (MTEC) to characterize nominal and dosimetric dose-response relationships for AgNPs with a gold core on barrier dysfunction, glutathione (GSH) depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity across two genotypes (A/J and C57BL/6J mice), two phenotypes ('Normal' and 'Type 2 [T2]-Skewed'), and two exposures (an acute exposure of 24 h and a subacute exposure of 4 h, every other day, over 5 days [5 × 4 h]). We characterized the 'T2-Skewed' phenotype as an in vitro model of chronic respiratory diseases, which was marked by increased sensitivity to AgNP-induced barrier dysfunction, GSH depletion, ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity, suggesting that asthmatics are a sensitive population to AgNP exposures in occupational settings. This also suggests that exposure limits, which should be based upon the most sensitive population, should be derived using in vitro and in vivo models of chronic respiratory diseases. This study highlights the importance of considering dosimetry as well as G × P effects when screening and prioritizing potential respiratory toxicants. Such in vitro studies can be used to inform regulatory policy aimed at special protections for all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Nicholas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anoria K Haick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomomi W Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James D Nolin
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Jo MS, Kim JK, Kim Y, Kim HP, Kim HS, Ahn K, Lee JH, Faustman EM, Gulumian M, Kelman B, Yu IJ. Mode of silver clearance following 28-day inhalation exposure to silver nanoparticles determined from lung burden assessment including post-exposure observation periods. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:773-784. [PMID: 32157349 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently revised OECD inhalation toxicity testing guidelines require measurements of lung burden immediately after and for periods following exposure for nanomaterials. Lung burden is a function of pulmonary deposition and retention of nanoparticles. Using lung burden studies as per OECD guidelines, it may be possible to assess clearance mechanisms of nanoparticles. In this study, male rats were exposed to silver nanoparticle (AgNP) aerosols (18.1-19.6 nm) generated from a spark generator. Exposure groups consisted of (1) control (fresh air), (2) low (31.2 ± 8.5 µg/m3), (3) moderate (81.8 ± 11.4 µg/m3), and (4) high concentrations (115.6 ± 30.5 µg/m3). Rats were exposed for 6-h/day, 5-days/week for 4 weeks (28-days) based on the revised OECD test guideline 412. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were collected on post-exposure observation (PEO)-1 and PEO-7 days and analyzed for inflammatory cells and inflammatory biomarkers. The lung burdens of Ag from AgNPs were measured on PEO-1, PEO-7, and PEO-28 days to obtain quantitative mass concentrations per lung. Differential counting of blood cells and inflammatory biomarkers in BAL fluid and histopathological evaluation of lung tissue indicated that exposure to the high concentrations of AgNP aerosol induced inflammation at PEO-1, slowly resolved at PEO-7 and completely resolved at PEO-28 days. Lung burden measurement suggested that Ag from AgNPs was cleared through two different modes; fast and slow clearance. The fast clearance component was concentration-dependent with half-times ranging from two to four days and clearance rates of 0.35-0.17/day-1 from low to high concentrations. The slow clearance had half-times of 100, 57, and 76 days and clearance rates of 0.009, 0.012, and 0.007/day-1 for the high, moderate and low concentration exposure. The exact mechanism of clearance is not known currently. The fast clearance component which was concentration-dependent could be dependent on the dissolution of AgNPs and the slow clearance would be due to slow clearance of the low dissolution AgNPs secondary particles originating from silver ions reacting with biogenic anions. These secondary AgNPs might be cleared by mechanisms other than dissolution such as mucociliary escalation, translocation to the lymphatic system or other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Seong Jo
- HCTm CO., LTD, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon, Icheon, 17383, Korea
| | - Jin Kwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- HCTm CO., LTD, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon, Icheon, 17383, Korea
| | - Hoi Pin Kim
- HCTm CO., LTD, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon, Icheon, 17383, Korea
| | - Hee Sang Kim
- HCTm CO., LTD, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon, Icheon, 17383, Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Kangho Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Il Je Yu
- HCTm CO., LTD, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon, Icheon, 17383, Korea.
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16
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Bennett B, Workman T, Smith MN, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Characterizing the Neurodevelopmental Pesticide Exposome in a Children's Agricultural Cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E1479. [PMID: 32106530 PMCID: PMC7084326 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The exposome provides a conceptual model for identifying and characterizing lifetime environmental exposures and resultant health effects. In this study, we applied key exposome concepts to look specifically at the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome, which focuses on exposures to pesticides that have the potential to cause an adverse neurodevelopmental impact. Using household dust samples from a children's agricultural cohort located in the Yakima Valley of Washington state, we identified 87 individual pesticides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 47 of these have evidence of neurotoxicity included in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (re)registration materials. We used a mixed effects model to model trends in pesticide exposure. Over the two study years (2005 and 2011), we demonstrate a significant decrease in the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome across the cohort, but particularly among farmworker households. Additional analysis with a non-parametric binomial analysis that weighted the levels of potentially neurotoxic pesticides detected in household dust by their reference doses revealed that the decrease in potentially neurotoxic pesticides was largely a result of decreases in some of the most potent neurotoxicants. Overall, this study provides evidence that the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome framework is a useful tool in assessing the effectiveness of specific interventions in reducing exposure as well as setting priorities for future targeted actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Bennett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| | - Marissa N. Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| | - William C. Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA;
| | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
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17
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Nicholas TP, Haick AK, Bammler TK, Workman TW, Kavanagh TJ, Faustman EM, Gharib SA, Altemeier WA. The Effects of Genotype × Phenotype Interactions on Transcriptional Response to Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity in Organotypic Cultures of Murine Tracheal Epithelial Cells. Toxicol Sci 2020; 173:131-143. [PMID: 31562762 PMCID: PMC6944213 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is critical for maintaining innate and adaptive immune responses, and occupational exposures that disrupt its immune homeostasis may initiate and amplify airway inflammation. In our previous study, we demonstrated that silver nanoparticles (AgNP), which are engineered nanomaterials used in multiple applications but primarily in the manufacturing of many antimicrobial products, induce toxicity in organotypic cultures derived from murine tracheal epithelial cells (MTEC), and those differentiated toward a "Type 2 [T2]-Skewed" phenotype experienced an increased sensitivity to AgNP toxicity, suggesting that asthmatics could be a sensitive population to AgNP exposures in occupational settings. However, the mechanistic basis for this genotype × phenotype (G × P) interaction has yet to be defined. In this study, we conducted transcriptional profiling using RNA-sequencing to predict the enrichment of specific canonical pathways and upstream transcriptional regulators to assist in defining a mechanistic basis for G × P effects on AgNP toxicity. Organotypic cultures were derived from MTEC across 2 genetically inbred mouse strains (A/J and C57BL/6J mice), 2 phenotypes ("Normal" and "T2-Skewed"), and 1 AgNP exposure (an acute 24 h exposure) to characterize G × P effects on transcriptional response to AgNP toxicity. The "T2-Skewed" phenotype was marked by increased pro-inflammatory T17 responses to AgNP toxicity, which are significant predictors of neutrophilic/difficult-to-control asthma and suggests that asthmatics could be a sensitive population to AgNP exposures in occupational settings. This study highlights the importance of considering G × P effects when identifying these sensitive populations, whose underlying genetics or diseases could directly modify their response to AgNP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Nicholas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anoria K Haick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | | | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Sina A Gharib
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William A Altemeier
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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18
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Smith MN, Cohen Hubal EA, Faustman EM. A Case study on the utility of predictive toxicology tools in alternatives assessments for hazardous chemicals in children's consumer products. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2020; 30:160-170. [PMID: 31501452 PMCID: PMC6917906 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Children's consumer products represent an important exposure source for many toxicants. Chemicals of high concern, as designated by the Washington State Child Safe Product Act include phthalates, Bisphenol A (BPA) and parabens, among others. As regulation and reporting requirements increase, so has demand for safer alternatives. This project examines how predictive toxicology and exposure comparison tools can fill gaps in alternatives assessments for hazardous chemicals found in children's products. Phthalates, parabens, BPA and their alternatives were assessed for endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity using authoritative lists and US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) predictive toxicology and exposure comparison tools. Resources included the European Chemical Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Substances of Concern database, Global Harmonization System and Classification of Labeling Chemicals, Quantitative Structural Activity Relationships from the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, the Toxicological Prioritization Index (ToxPi) score calculated from the ToxCast Database, and No Observable Adverse Effects Levels (NOAELs)/Highest No Effects Levels (HNEL) from animal studies found in the CompTox Chemistry Dashboard. Exposure was assessed using ExpoCast predictions. Though alternatives were rarely included in authoritative lists, predictive toxicology tools suggested that BPA alternatives may not be safer but paraben and phthalate alternatives may be safer. All four paraben and no bisphenol or phthalate alternatives were listed on EPA's Safer Chemical Ingredients List. Overall, we found that predictive toxicology tools help fill gaps for alternatives assessments when existing classifications are incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Smith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Predictive Toxicology Center, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Predictive Toxicology Center, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Wegner SH, Park JJ, Workman T, Hermsen SAB, Wallace J, Stanaway IB, Kim HY, Griffith WC, Hong S, Faustman EM. Anchoring a dynamic in vitro model of human neuronal differentiation to key processes of early brain development in vivo. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 91:116-130. [PMID: 31740287 PMCID: PMC6980388 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We characterize temporal pathway dynamics of differentiation in an in vitro neurotoxicity model with the aim of informing design and interpretation of toxicological assays. Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) were cultured in differentiation conditions up to 21 days. Genes significantly changed through time were identified and grouped according to temporal dynamics. Quantitative pathway analysis identified gene ontology (GO) terms enriched among significantly changed genes and provided a temporal roadmap of pathway trends in vitro. Gene expression in hNPCs was compared with publicly available gene expression data from developing human brain tissue in vivo. Quantitative pathway analysis of significantly changed genes and targeted analysis of specific pathways of interest identified concordance between in vivo and in vitro expression associated with proliferation, migration, differentiation, synapse formation, and neurotransmission. Our analysis anchors gene expression patterns in vitro to sensitive windows of in vivo development, helping to define appropriate applications of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna H Wegner
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Juyoung Park
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sanne A B Hermsen
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jim Wallace
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ian B Stanaway
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hee Yeon Kim
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William C Griffith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Petroff R, Hendrix A, An S, Anderson M, Jo Y, Lim J, Falman JC, Duncan B, Faustman EM. A Call to Include Indirect Effects of Marine Microplastics in Human Health Risk Assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019; 15:819-820. [PMID: 31461565 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alicia Hendrix
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzy An
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yoomin Jo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joe Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jill C Falman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce Duncan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Bruce Duncan Environmental Consulting, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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21
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Nicholas TP, Kavanagh TJ, Faustman EM, Altemeier WA. The Effects of Gene × Environment Interactions on Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity in the Respiratory System. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:952-968. [PMID: 31124663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are used in multiple applications but primarily in the manufacturing of antimicrobial products. AgNP toxicity in the respiratory system is well characterized, but few in vitro or in vivo studies have evaluated the effects of interactions between host genetic and acquired factors or gene × environment interactions (G × E) on AgNP toxicity in the respiratory system. The primary goal of this article is to review host genetic and acquired factors identified across in vitro and in vivo studies and prioritize those necessary for defining exposure limits to protect all populations. The impact of these exposures and the work being done to address the current limited protections are also discussed. Future research on G × E effects on AgNP toxicity is warranted and will assist with informing regulatory or recommended exposure limits that enforce special protections for all populations to AgNP exposures in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Nicholas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
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22
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Plascak JJ, Griffith WC, Workman T, Smith MN, Vigoren E, Faustman EM, Thompson B. Evaluation of the relationship between residential orchard density and dimethyl organophosphate pesticide residues in house dust. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2019; 29:379-388. [PMID: 30254255 PMCID: PMC6433558 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reducing residential pesticide exposure requires identification of exposure pathways. Compared to the agriculture worker 'take-home' and residential use pathways, evidence of the 'drift' pathway to pesticide exposure has been inconsistent. Questionnaire data from individuals (n = 99) and dust samples (n = 418) from households across three growing seasons in 2011 were from the For Healthy Kids! study. Summed dimethyl organophosphate pesticide (OP) (Azinphos-Methyl, Phosmet, and Malathion) concentrations were quantified from house dust samples. Spatially-weighted orchard densities surrounding households were calculated based on various distances from homes. Regression models tested associations between orchard density, residential pesticide use, agriculture worker residents, and summed dimethyl OP house dust concentrations. Estimated relationships between orchard density and dimethyl OP in house dust were mixed: a 5% increase in orchard density resulted in 0.3 and 0.5% decreases in dimethyl OP house dust concentrations when considering land-cover 750 m or 1250 m away from households, respectively, but null associations with land-cover 60 m or 200 m away. Dimethyl OP house dust concentrations were 400% higher within homes where at least two residents were agriculture workers. Despite inconclusive evidence for the drift pathway due to potential for bias, relationships between number of agriculture workers and dimethyl OP house dust concentration underscores the take-home pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Plascak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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23
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Griffith WC, Vigoren EM, Smith MN, Workman T, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Faustman EM. Application of improved approach to evaluate a community intervention to reduce exposure of young children living in farmworker households to organophosphate pesticides. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2019; 29:358-365. [PMID: 29662130 PMCID: PMC6192874 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The take-home pathway is a significant source of organophosphate pesticide exposure for young children (3-5 years old) living with an adult farmworker. This avoidable exposure pathway is an important target for intervention. We selected 24 agricultural communities in the Yakima Valley of Washington State and randomly assigned them to receive an educational intervention (n = 12) to reduce children's pesticide exposure or usual care (n = 12). We assessed exposure to pesticides in nearly 200 adults and children during the pre and post-intervention periods by measuring metabolites in urine. We compared pre- and post-intervention exposures by expressing the child's pesticide metabolite concentration as a fraction of the adult's concentration living in the same household, because the amount of pesticides applied during the collection periods varied. Exposures in our community were consistently higher, sometimes above the 95th percentile of the exposures reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). While intervention and control communities demonstrated a reduction in the ratio of child to adult exposure, this reduction was more pronounced in intervention communities (2.7-fold, p < 0.001 compared to 1.7-fold, p = 0.052 for intervention and control, respectively). By examining the child/adult biomarker ratio, we demonstrated that our community-based intervention was effective in reducing pesticide exposure to children in agricultural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric M. Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Marissa N. Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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24
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Park JD, Kim JK, Jo MS, Kim YH, Jeon KS, Lee JH, Faustman EM, Lee HK, Ahn K, Gulumian M, Oberdörster G, Yu IJ. Lobar evenness of deposition/retention in rat lungs of inhaled silver nanoparticles: an approach for reducing animal use while maximizing endpoints. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:2. [PMID: 30616672 PMCID: PMC6322301 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on particle deposition, retention and clearance are important for the evaluation of the risk of inhaled nanomaterials to human health. Recent revised OECD inhalation toxicity test guidelines require to evaluate the lung burden of nanomaterials after rodent subacute and subchronic inhalation exposure (OECD 412, OECD 413). These revised test guidelines require additional post-exposure observation (PEO) periods that include lung burden measurements that can inform on lung clearance behavior and translocation. The latter being particularly relevant when the testing chemical is a solid poorly soluble nanomaterial. Therefore, in the spirit of 3 R's, we investigated whether measurement of retained lung burden of inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) in individual lung lobes is sufficient to determine retained lung burden in the total lung. If it is possible to use only one lobe, it will reduce animal use and maximize the number of endpoints evaluated. RESULTS To achieve these goals, rats were exposed nose-only for 1 or 5 days (6 h/day) to an aerosol of 20 nm well-dispersed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which is the desired particle diameter resulting in maximum deposition in the pulmonary region when inhaled as singlets. After exposure, the five lung lobes were separated and silver concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that the retention of deposited silver nanoparticle in the different lung lobes did not show any statistically significant difference among lung lobes in terms of silver mass per gram lung lobe. This novel finding of evenness of retention/deposition of inhaled 20 nm NPs in rats for all five lobes in terms of mass per unit tissue weight contrasts with earlier studies reporting greater apical lobe deposition of inhaled micro-particles in rodents. The difference is most likely due to preferred and efficient deposition of inhaled NPs by diffusion vs. additional deposition by sedimentation and impaction for micron-sized particles. CONCLUSION AgNPs following acute inhalation by rats are evenly retained in each lung lobe in terms of mass per unit lung tissue weight. Accordingly, we suggest sampling any of the rat lung lobes for lung burden analysis can be used to determine deposited or retained total lung burden after short-term inhalation of NPs and using the other lobes for collecting and analyzing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and for histopathological analysis. Therefore, by combining lung burden measurement, histopathological tissue preparation, and BALF assay in the same rat will reduce the number of animals used and maximize the number of endpoints measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Duck Park
- Deparment of Preventive Medicine College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Kwon Kim
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Mi Seong Jo
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Young Hun Kim
- HCTm CO.,LTD, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon, Icheon, 17383 South Korea
| | - Ki Soo Jeon
- HCTm CO.,LTD, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon, Icheon, 17383 South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Hong Ku Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Kangho Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Il Je Yu
- HCTm CO.,LTD, Seoicheon-ro 578 beon-gil, Majang-myeon, Icheon, 17383 South Korea
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25
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Bennett B, Workman T, Smith MN, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Longitudinal, Seasonal, and Occupational Trends of Multiple Pesticides in House Dust. Environ Health Perspect 2019; 127:17003. [PMID: 30624099 PMCID: PMC6381820 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are especially vulnerable to pesticide exposure and can suffer lasting health effects. Because children of farmworkers are exposed to a variety of pesticides throughout development, it is important to explore temporal patterns of coexposures. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize the pesticide co-exposures, determine how they change over time, and assess differences between farmworker and nonfarmworker households. METHODS Dust collected from 40 farmworker and 35 nonfarmworker households in the Yakima Valley of the State of Washington in 2005 and then again in 2011 was analyzed for 99 pesticides. Eighty-seven pesticides representing over 28 classes were detected. Pesticides were grouped into classes using U.S. EPA pesticide chemical classifications, and trends in concentrations were analyzed at the class level. RESULTS Levels of organophosphates, pyridazinones, and phenols significantly decreased between 2005 and 2011 in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households. Levels of anilides, 2,6-dinitroanilines, chlorophenols, triclosan, and guanidines significantly increased in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households in 2011 vs. 2005. Among farmworkers alone, there were significantly lower levels of N-methyl carbamates and neonicotinoids in 2011. CONCLUSIONS We observed significant reductions in the concentrations of many pesticides over time in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households. Although nonfarmworker households generally had lower concentrations of pesticides, it is important to note that in comparison with NHANES participants, nonfarmworkers and their families still had significantly higher concentrations of urinary pesticide metabolites. This finding highlights the importance of detailed longitudinal exposure monitoring to capture changes in agricultural and residential pesticide use over time. This foundation provides an avenue to track longitudinal pesticide exposures in an intervention or regulatory context. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3644.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Bennett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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26
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Weldon BA, Park JJ, Hong S, Workman T, Dills R, Lee JH, Griffith WC, Kavanagh TJ, Faustman EM. Using primary organotypic mouse midbrain cultures to examine developmental neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles across two genetic strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:215-224. [PMID: 29678449 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Micromass culture systems have been developed as three-dimensional organotypic in vitro alternatives to test developmental toxicity. We have optimized a murine-based embryonic midbrain micromass system in two genetic strains to evaluate neurodevelopmental effects of gold-cored silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of differing sizes and coatings-20 nm AgCitrate, 110 nm AgCitrate, and 110 nm AgPVP. AgNPs are increasingly used in consumer, commercial, and medical products for their antimicrobial properties and observations of Ag in adult and fetal brain following in vivo exposures to AgNPs have led to concerns about the potential for AgNPs to elicit adverse effects on neurodevelopment and neurological function. Cytotoxicity was assessed at three time points of development by both nominal dose and by dosimetric dose. Ag dosimetry was assessed in cultures and the gold core component of the AgNPs was used as a tracer for determination of uptake of intact AgNPs and silver dissolution from particles in the culture system. Results by both nominal and dosimetric dose show cell death increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner at later time points (days 15 and 22 in vitro) that coincide with differentiation stages of development in both strains. When assessed by dosimetric dose, cultures were more sensitive to smaller particles, despite less uptake of Ag in smaller particles in both strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Weldon
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Juyoung Park
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell Dills
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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27
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Wallace JC, Youngblood JE, Port JA, Cullen AC, Smith MN, Workman T, Faustman EM. Variability in metagenomic samples from the Puget Sound: Relationship to temporal and anthropogenic impacts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192412. [PMID: 29438385 PMCID: PMC5811002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-metagenome sequencing (WMS) has emerged as a powerful tool to assess potential public health risks in marine environments by measuring changes in microbial community structure and function in uncultured bacteria. In addition to monitoring public health risks such as antibiotic resistance determinants, it is essential to measure predictors of microbial variation in order to identify natural versus anthropogenic factors as well as to evaluate reproducibility of metagenomic measurements.This study expands our previous metagenomic characterization of Puget Sound by sampling new nearshore environments including the Duwamish River, an EPA superfund site, and the Hood Canal, an area characterized by highly variable oxygen levels. We also resampled a wastewater treatment plant, nearshore and open ocean sites introducing a longitudinal component measuring seasonal and locational variations and establishing metagenomics sampling reproducibility. Microbial composition from samples collected in the open sound were highly similar within the same season and location across different years, while nearshore samples revealed multi-fold seasonal variation in microbial composition and diversity. Comparisons with recently sequenced predominant marine bacterial genomes helped provide much greater species level taxonomic detail compared to our previous study. Antibiotic resistance determinants and pollution and detoxification indicators largely grouped by location showing minor seasonal differences. Metal resistance, oxidative stress and detoxification systems showed no increase in samples proximal to an EPA superfund site indicating a lack of ecosystem adaptation to anthropogenic impacts. Taxonomic analysis of common sewage influent families showed a surprising similarity between wastewater treatment plant and open sound samples suggesting a low-level but pervasive sewage influent signature in Puget Sound surface waters. Our study shows reproducibility of metagenomic data sampling in multiple Puget Sound locations while establishing baseline measurements of antibiotic resistance determinants, pollution and detoxification systems. Combining seasonal and longitudinal data across these locations provides a foundation for evaluating variation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Wallace
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Youngblood
- Environmental Toxicology, Amec Foster Wheeler, Lynnwood, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jesse A. Port
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Monterey, California, United States of America
| | - Alison C. Cullen
- Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marissa N. Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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28
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Kim YH, Jo MS, Kim JK, Shin JH, Baek JE, Park HS, An HJ, Lee JS, Kim BW, Kim HP, Ahn KH, Jeon K, Oh SM, Lee JH, Workman T, Faustman EM, Yu IJ. Short-term inhalation study of graphene oxide nanoplates. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:224-238. [PMID: 29385887 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1431318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxides possess unique physicochemical properties with important potential applications in electronics, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. However, the toxicity following inhalation exposure to graphene oxide has not yet been clarified. Therefore, this study conducted a short-term graphene oxide inhalation toxicity analysis using a nose-only inhalation exposure system and male Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of four groups (15 rats per group) were exposed: (1) control (fresh air), (2) low concentration (0.76 ± 0.16 mg/m3), (3) moderate concentration (2.60 ± 0.19 mg/m3), and (4) high concentration (9.78 ± 0.29 mg/m3). The rats were exposed to graphene oxide for 6 h/day for 5 days, followed by recovery for 1, 3, and 21 days. No significant body or organ weight changes were noted after the short-term exposure or during the recovery period. Similarly, no significant systemic effects of toxicological importance were noted in the hematological assays, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) inflammatory markers, BAL fluid cytokines, or blood biochemical assays following the graphene oxide exposure or during the post-exposure observation period. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the BAL cell differentials, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, or polymorphonuclear cells. Graphene oxide-ingested alveolar macrophages as a spontaneous clearance reaction were observed in the lungs of all the concentration groups from post 1 day to post 21 days. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidneys did not reveal any significant test-article-relevant histopathological lesions. Importantly, similar to previously reported graphene inhalation data, this short-term nose-only inhalation study found only minimal or unnoticeable graphene oxide toxicity in the lungs and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Kim
- a Department of Nanofusion Technology , Hoseo University , Asan , Korea
| | - Mi Seong Jo
- a Department of Nanofusion Technology , Hoseo University , Asan , Korea
| | - Jin Kwon Kim
- a Department of Nanofusion Technology , Hoseo University , Asan , Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- b Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service , Incheon , Korea
| | - Jin Ee Baek
- b Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service , Incheon , Korea
| | - Hye Seon Park
- a Department of Nanofusion Technology , Hoseo University , Asan , Korea
| | - Hyo Jin An
- a Department of Nanofusion Technology , Hoseo University , Asan , Korea
| | - Jong Seong Lee
- b Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service , Incheon , Korea
| | - Boo Wook Kim
- b Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service , Incheon , Korea
| | - Hoi Pin Kim
- a Department of Nanofusion Technology , Hoseo University , Asan , Korea
| | - Kang Ho Ahn
- c Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , Ansan , Korea
| | | | - Seung Min Oh
- a Department of Nanofusion Technology , Hoseo University , Asan , Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- e Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,f Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- e Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,f Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- e Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,f Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Il Je Yu
- d HCTm, Co. Ltd. , Icheon , Korea
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29
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Weldon BA, Griffith WC, Workman T, Scoville DK, Kavanagh TJ, Faustman EM. In vitro to in vivo benchmark dose comparisons to inform risk assessment of quantum dot nanomaterials. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2018; 10:e1507. [PMID: 29350469 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials are currently under review for their potential toxicity; however, their use in consumer/commercial products has continued to outpace risk assessments. In vitro methods may be utilized as tools to improve the efficiency of risk assessment approaches. We propose a framework to compare relationships between previously published in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments of cadmium-selenium containing quantum dots (QDs) using benchmark dose (BMD) and dosimetric assessment methods. Although data were limited this approach was useful for identifying sensitive assays and strains. In vitro studies assessed effects of QDs in three pulmonary cell types across two mouse strains. Significant dose-response effects were modeled and a standardized method of BMD analysis was performed as a function of both exposure dose and dosimetric dose. In vivo studies assessed pulmonary effects of QD exposure across eight mouse strains. BMD analysis served as a basis for relative comparison with in vitro studies. We found consistent responses in common endpoints between in vitro and in vivo studies. Strain sensitivity was consistent between in vitro and in vivo studies, showing A/J mice more sensitive to QDs. Cell types were found to differentially take up QDs. Dosimetric adjustments identified similar sensitivity among cell types. Thus, BMD analysis can be used as an effective tool to compare the sensitivity of different strains, cell types, and assays to QDs. These methods allow for in vitro assays to be used to predict in vivo responses, improve the efficiency of in vivo studies, and allow for prioritization of nanomaterial assessments. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Weldon
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William C Griffith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David K Scoville
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics and Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics and Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Tamaro CM, Smith MN, Workman T, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Characterization of organophosphate pesticides in urine and home environment dust in an agricultural community. Biomarkers 2018; 23:174-187. [PMID: 29047308 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1395080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) have been used to control agricultural pests found in Washington state. Farmworkers (FW) have higher exposure to OP pesticides than non-farmworkers (NFW), and FW children may in turn have higher exposure than NFW children. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the concentration in house dust of five OPs used commonly in pome fruit orchards and the concentration in urine of dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAP), in a cohort of Hispanic FW and NFW and their children. METHODS Parents and children participated in three data collection periods over the course of one year. Urine samples were evaluated for the DAPs characteristic of OP exposure, and dust from homes and vehicles was evaluated for intact OP residues. RESULTS Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of OPs in house and vehicle dust were higher in FW households than NFW households in all agricultural seasons. GM concentration of urinary DAPs was higher for children in FW households than NFW households. DISCUSSION Regression analysis found a positive association between OP residues in house dust and the children's urinary DAPs. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to report an association between pesticides in house dust and their biological metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Tamaro
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - William C Griffith
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- c Cancer Prevention Program , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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Shiotani M, Cole TB, Hong S, Park JJY, Griffith WC, Burbacher TM, Workman T, Costa LG, Faustman EM. Neurobehavioral assessment of mice following repeated oral exposures to domoic acid during prenatal development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 64:8-19. [PMID: 28916171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is an algal toxin which has been associated with significant neurotoxicity in humans, non-human primates, rodents, and marine mammals. Developmental exposure to DA is believed to result in neurotoxicity that may persist into adulthood. DA is produced by harmful algal blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia, raising concerns about the consumption of contaminated seafood. We evaluated oral exposures to DA during pregnancy in mice. Doses of 0 (vehicle), 1 or 3mg/kg/d of DA were administered by gavage to C57BL/6J mice on gestational days 10 to 17. The offspring were tested for persistent neurobehavioral consequences during early development, adolescence and adulthood. Neurobehavioral tests revealed both dose- and gender-related differences in several neurobehavioral measures, including motor coordination in the rotarod test, behavior in the elevated plus maze, circadian patterns of activity in Phenotyper cages, gait as assessed in the Catwalk, and exploratory activity in the Morris water maze. This study demonstrated significant gender-specific and persistent neurobehavioral effects of repeated prenatal oral exposures to DA at low-dose levels that did not induce toxicity in dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Shiotani
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Toby B Cole
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Ju Young Park
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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32
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Shaffer RM, Smith MN, Faustman EM. Developing the Regulatory Utility of the Exposome: Mapping Exposures for Risk Assessment through Lifestage Exposome Snapshots (LEnS). Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:085003. [PMID: 28796633 PMCID: PMC5783662 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposome-related efforts aim to document the totality of human exposures across the lifecourse. This field has advanced rapidly in recent years but lacks practical application to risk assessment, particularly for children's health. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to apply the exposome to children's health risk assessment by introducing the concept of Lifestage Exposome Snapshots (LEnS). Case studies are presented to illustrate the value of the framework. DISCUSSION The LEnS framework encourages organization of exposome studies based on windows of susceptibility for particular target organ systems. Such analyses will provide information regarding cumulative impacts during specific critical periods of the life course. A logical extension of this framework is that regulatory standards should analyze exposure information by target organ, rather than for a single chemical only or multiple chemicals grouped solely by mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS The LEnS concept is a practical refinement to the exposome that accounts for total exposures during particular windows of susceptibility in target organ systems. Application of the LEnS framework in risk assessment and regulation will improve protection of children's health by enhancing protection of sensitive developing organ systems that are critical for lifelong health and well-being. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1250.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Shaffer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
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33
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Poore KR, Hanson MA, Faustman EM, Neira M. Avoidable early life environmental exposures. Lancet Planet Health 2017; 1:e172-e173. [PMID: 29851635 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten R Poore
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Mark A Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Maria Neira
- Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Smith MN, Workman T, McDonald KM, Vredevoogd MA, Vigoren EM, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Barr D, Faustman EM. Seasonal and occupational trends of five organophosphate pesticides in house dust. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2017; 27:372-378. [PMID: 27553992 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1998, the University of Washington's Center for Child Environmental Health Risks Research has followed a community-based participatory research strategy in the Lower Yakima Valley of Washington State to assess pesticide exposure among families of Hispanic farmworkers. As a part of this longitudinal study, house dust samples were collected from both farmworker and non-farmworker households, across three agricultural seasons (thinning, harvest and non-spray). The household dust samples were analyzed for five organophosphate pesticides: azinphos-methyl, phosmet, malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. Organophosphate pesticide levels in house dust were generally reflective of annual use rates and varied by occupational status and agricultural season. Overall, organophosphate pesticide concentrations were higher in the thinning and harvest seasons than in the non-spray season. Azinphos-methyl was found in the highest concentrations across all seasons and occupations. Farmworker house dust had between 5- and 9-fold higher concentrations of azinphos-methyl than non-farmworker house dust. Phosmet was found in 5-7-fold higher concentrations in farmworker house dust relative to non-farmworker house dust. Malathion and chlorpyriphos concentrations in farmworker house dust ranged between 1.8- and 9.8-fold higher than non-farmworker house dust. Diazinon showed a defined seasonal pattern that peaked in the harvest season and did not significantly differ between farmworker and non-farmworker house dust. The observed occupational differences in four out of five of the pesticide residues measured provides evidence supporting an occupational take home pathway, in which workers may bring pesticides home on their skin or clothing. Further, these results demonstrate the ability of dust samples to inform the episodic nature of organophosphate pesticide exposures and the need to collect multiple samples for complete characterization of exposure potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katie M McDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melinda A Vredevoogd
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric M Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dana Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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35
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Wallace JC, Port JA, Smith MN, Faustman EM. FARME DB: a functional antibiotic resistance element database. Database (Oxford) 2017; 2017:baw165. [PMID: 28077567 PMCID: PMC5225399 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a major global public health threat but few resources exist that catalog AR genes outside of a clinical context. Current AR sequence databases are assembled almost exclusively from genomic sequences derived from clinical bacterial isolates and thus do not include many microbial sequences derived from environmental samples that confer resistance in functional metagenomic studies. These environmental metagenomic sequences often show little or no similarity to AR sequences from clinical isolates using standard classification criteria. In addition, existing AR databases provide no information about flanking sequences containing regulatory or mobile genetic elements. To help address this issue, we created an annotated database of DNA and protein sequences derived exclusively from environmental metagenomic sequences showing AR in laboratory experiments. Our Functional Antibiotic Resistant Metagenomic Element (FARME) database is a compilation of publically available DNA sequences and predicted protein sequences conferring AR as well as regulatory elements, mobile genetic elements and predicted proteins flanking antibiotic resistant genes. FARME is the first database to focus on functional metagenomic AR gene elements and provides a resource to better understand AR in the 99% of bacteria which cannot be cultured and the relationship between environmental AR sequences and antibiotic resistant genes derived from cultured isolates.Database URL: http://staff.washington.edu/jwallace/farme.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Wallace
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesse A. Port
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marissa N. Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Juberg DR, Knudsen TB, Sander M, Beck NB, Faustman EM, Mendrick DL, Fowle JR, Hartung T, Tice RR, Lemazurier E, Becker RA, Fitzpatrick SC, Daston GP, Harrill A, Hines RN, Keller DA, Lipscomb JC, Watson D, Bahadori T, Crofton KM. FutureTox III: Bridges for Translation. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:22-31. [PMID: 27780885 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Future Tox III, a Society of Toxicology Contemporary Concepts in Toxicology workshop, was held in November 2015. Building upon Future Tox I and II, Future Tox III was focused on developing the high throughput risk assessment paradigm and taking the science of in vitro data and in silico models forward to explore the question-what progress is being made to address challenges in implementing the emerging big-data toolbox for risk assessment and regulatory decision-making. This article reports on the outcome of the workshop including 2 examples of where advancements in predictive toxicology approaches are being applied within Federal agencies, where opportunities remain within the exposome and AOP domains, and how collectively the toxicology community across multiple sectors can continue to bridge the translation from historical approaches to Tox21 implementation relative to risk assessment and regulatory decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Nancy B Beck
- American Chemistry Council, Washington, The District of Columbia
| | | | | | - John R Fowle
- Science to Inform, LLC, Pittsboro, North Carolina
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Raymond R Tice
- National Toxicology Program/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Richard A Becker
- American Chemistry Council, Washington, The District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Alison Harrill
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ronald N Hines
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Tina Bahadori
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, The District of Columbia
| | - Kevin M Crofton
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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37
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Utembe W, Faustman EM, Matatiele P, Gulumian M. Hazards identified and the need for health risk assessment in the South African mining industry. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 34:1212-21. [PMID: 26614808 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115600370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although mining plays a prominent role in the economy of South Africa, it is associated with many chemical hazards. Exposure to dust from mining can lead to many pathological effects depending on mineralogical composition, size, shape and levels and duration of exposure. Mining and processing of minerals also result in occupational exposure to toxic substances such as platinum, chromium, vanadium, manganese, mercury, cyanide and diesel particulate. South Africa has set occupational exposure limits (OELs) for some hazards, but mine workers are still at a risk. Since the hazard posed by a mineral depends on its physiochemical properties, it is recommended that South Africa should not simply adopt OELs from other countries but rather set her own standards based on local toxicity studies. The limits should take into account the issue of mixtures to which workers could be exposed as well as the health status of the workers. The mining industry is also a source of contamination of the environment, due inter alia to the large areas of tailings dams and dumps left behind. Therefore, there is need to develop guidelines for safe land-uses of contaminated lands after mine closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Utembe
- Toxicology Section, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa Department of Physics and Biochemical Sciences, Malawi Polytechnic, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - E M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P Matatiele
- Toxicology Section, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Gulumian
- Toxicology Section, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa Haematology and Molecular Medicine, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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38
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Wegner SH, Yu X, Shubin SP, Griffith WC, Faustman EM. Stage-specific signaling pathways during murine testis development and spermatogenesis: A pathway-based analysis to quantify developmental dynamics. Reprod Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kim HY, Wegner SH, Van Ness KP, Park JJ, Pacheco SE, Workman T, Hong S, Griffith W, Faustman EM. Differential epigenetic effects of chlorpyrifos and arsenic in proliferating and differentiating human neural progenitor cells. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:212-223. [PMID: 27523287 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying temporal and mechanistic responses to neurotoxicant exposures during sensitive periods of neuronal development are critical for assessing the impact of these exposures on developmental processes. To investigate the importance of timing of neurotoxicant exposure for perturbation of epigenetic regulation, we exposed human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs) to chlorpyrifos (CP) and sodium arsenite (As; positive control) during proliferation and differentiation. CP or As treatment effects on hNPCs morphology, cell viability, and changes in protein expression levels of neural differentiation and cell stress markers, and histone H3 modifications were examined. Cell viability, proliferation/differentiation status, and epigenetic results suggest that hNPCs cultures respond to CP and As treatment with different degrees of sensitivity. Histone modifications, as measured by changes in histone H3 phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation, varied for each toxicant and growth condition, suggesting that differentiation status can influence the epigenetic effects of CP and As exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susanna H Wegner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kirk P Van Ness
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Juyoung Park
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sara E Pacheco
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States.
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40
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Harris S, Shubin SP, Wegner S, Van Ness K, Green F, Hong SW, Faustman EM. The presence of macrophages and inflammatory responses in an in vitro testicular co-culture model of male reproductive development enhance relevance to in vivo conditions. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:210-215. [PMID: 27511800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our 3-dimensional testis co-culture system (3D-TCS) represents a promising model of male reproductive toxicity which captures sensitive processes of male reproductive development and contains the main testes cell types (germ, Leydig and Sertoli cells). Macrophages are another cell type important for testicular function and help to modulate immuno-endocrine processes during testes development. Chemicals such as phthalate esters (PE's) affect macrophage function and testosterone production in the testes in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether macrophages were present in the 3D-TCS and investigate responses in our model that may be related to immuno-endocrine functions. We observed consistent expression of the resident macrophage marker ED2 as well as increases in inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages and testes cells (IL-6, TNF-α and KC/GRO) after exposure to toxic PE's. Pathway analysis of gene expression changes after exposure to PE's showed that IL-6 and TNF-α signaling pathways were enriched after treatment with reproductively toxic, but not non-reproductively toxic phthalates. These results indicate that macrophages and inflammatory processes are captured in the 3D-TCS and that these processes are impacted by exposure to reproductive toxicants. These processes represent a major mode of action for in vivo testis toxicity for a variety of compounds and our novel in vitro model is able to capture toxicant perturbation of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Harris
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sara Pacheco Shubin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Susanna Wegner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kirk Van Ness
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Foad Green
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sung Woo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
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41
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Smith MN, Wilder CS, Griffith WC, Workman T, Thompson B, Dills R, Onstad G, Vredevoogd M, Vigoren EM, Faustman EM. Seasonal variation in cortisol biomarkers in Hispanic mothers living in an agricultural region. Biomarkers 2016; 20:299-305. [PMID: 26329526 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1068863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Characterization of stress exposure requires understanding seasonal variability in stress biomarkers. OBJECTIVE To compare acute and chronic stress biomarkers between two seasons in a cohort of rural, Hispanic mothers. METHODS Stress questionnaires and cortisol measurements (hair, blood and saliva) were collected in the summer and fall. RESULTS Cortisol biomarkers were significantly different and stress questionnaires were significantly correlated between seasons. DISCUSSION The variability in cortisol and relative stability of questionnaires between seasons may indicate that cortisol responds to subtle stressors not addressed in questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in stress biomarkers in our cohort between seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Smith
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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Holme F, Thompson B, Holte S, Vigoren EM, Espinoza N, Ulrich A, Griffith W, Faustman EM. The role of diet in children's exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Environ Res 2016; 147:133-40. [PMID: 26870919 PMCID: PMC4821762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that some of the greatest exposure to OPs in children occurs in agricultural communities and various pathways of exposure including the take-home pathway, proximity to orchards, and diet have been explored. However, the importance of the dietary pathway of exposure for children in agricultural communities is not well understood. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to ascertain whether there were associations between measures of OP exposure and apple juice, fruit, and vegetable consumption across growing seasons by children of farmworkers and non-farmworkers in a rural agricultural setting. METHODS Study participants were children of farmworker (N=100) or non-farmworker (N=100) households from a longitudinal cohort study. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables was assessed using a "5-A-Day" abbreviated food frequency questionnaire, and exposure to OPs was characterized using three urinary di-methyl and three di-ethyl metabolite measurements per child for each of three growing seasons. We used generalized estimating equations to examine data. RESULTS Consumption frequency of fruits and vegetables was similar between children of farmworkers and non-farmworkers and across seasons. There were a few significant trends between dimethyl metabolites (DMAP) and fruit, vegetable or apple juice consumption; however, no clear pattern held across seasons or occupation. One difference was found in vegetable consumption during the harvest season, where the farmworker families showed a significant relationship between vegetable consumption and dimethyl metabolite levels (p=0.002). We also found a significant difference in this relationship between farmworkers and non-farmworkers (p=0.001). No significant trends between fruit and vegetable consumption and diethyl (DEAP) metabolites were found. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the importance of considering season and parents' occupation in understanding OP exposure routes among children in an agricultural community. The impact of these factors on dietary OP exposure requires a more thorough analysis of the availability and consumption of produce from different sources including farms using pesticides where parents worked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Holme
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Sarah Holte
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric M Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Espinoza
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angela Ulrich
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Coronado G, Vigoren EM, Griffith WC, Faustman EM, Thompson B. Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure Among Pome and Non-Pome Farmworkers: A Subgroup Analysis of a Community Randomized Trial. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 51:500-9. [PMID: 19322108 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31819b9ce8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the effectiveness of a community randomized intervention among farmworkers who did and did not work in pome fruit (apples and pears). METHODS Urine samples were collected from two cross-sectional groups of farmworkers and analyzed for the presence of dimethylthiophosphate. RESULTS There was no significant time by crop interaction for changes in urinary metabolite concentrations among adult farmworkers (P = 0.79 pome fruit workers; P = 0.83 non-pome fruit workers) or their children (P = 0.25 children of pome fruit workers; P = 0.91 children of non-pome fruit workers). We found greater urinary metabolite concentrations of dimethylthiophosphate among pome fruit workers (compared with non-pome fruit workers) and among workers at final data collection (compared with baseline). CONCLUSION Further research is needed to identify effective interventions to reduce pesticide exposure in farmworkers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Coronado
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Lee JH, Han JH, Kim JH, Kim B, Bello D, Kim JK, Lee GH, Sohn EK, Lee K, Ahn K, Faustman EM, Yu IJ. Exposure monitoring of graphene nanoplatelets manufacturing workplaces. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:281-91. [PMID: 27055369 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1163442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphenes have emerged as a highly promising, two-dimensional engineered nanomaterial that can possibly substitute carbon nanotubes. They are being explored in numerous R&D and industrial applications in laboratories across the globe, leading to possible human and environmental exposures to them. Yet, there are no published data on graphene exposures in occupational settings and no readily available methods for their detection and quantitation exist. This study investigates for the first time the potential exposure of workers and research personnel to graphenes in two research facilities and evaluates the status of the control measures. One facility manufactures graphene using graphite exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), while the other facility grows graphene on a copper plate using CVD, which is then transferred to a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet. Graphene exposures and process emissions were investigated for three tasks - CVD growth, exfoliation, and transfer - using a multi-metric approach, which utilizes several direct reading instruments, integrated sampling, and chemical and morphological analysis. Real-time instruments included a dust monitor, condensation particle counter (CPC), nanoparticle surface area monitor, scanning mobility particle sizer, and an aethalometer. Morphologically, graphenes and other nanostructures released from the work process were investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Graphenes were quantified in airborne respirable samples as elemental carbon via thermo-optical analysis. The mass concentrations of total suspended particulate at Workplaces A and B were very low, and elemental carbon concentrations were mostly below the detection limit, indicating very low exposure to graphene or any other particles. The real-time monitoring, especially the aethalometer, showed a good response to the released black carbon, providing a signature of the graphene released during the opening of the CVD reactor at Workplace A. The TEM observation of the samples obtained from Workplaces A and B showed graphene-like structures and aggregated/agglomerated carbon structures. Taken together, the current findings on common scenarios (exfoliation, CVD growth, and transfer), while not inclusive of all graphene manufacturing processes, indicate very minimal graphene or particle exposure at facilities manufacturing graphenes with good manufacturing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Jong Hun Han
- c School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- d Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Boowook Kim
- e Occupational Lung Disease Institute, KCOMWEL , Incheon , Korea
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- f Department of Work Environment , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Jin Kwon Kim
- g Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University , Asan , Korea , and
| | - Gun Ho Lee
- h Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , Ansan , Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Sohn
- g Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University , Asan , Korea , and
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- e Occupational Lung Disease Institute, KCOMWEL , Incheon , Korea
| | - Kangho Ahn
- h Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , Ansan , Korea
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Il Je Yu
- g Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University , Asan , Korea , and
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Weldon BA, M. Faustman E, Oberdörster G, Workman T, Griffith WC, Kneuer C, Yu IJ. Occupational exposure limit for silver nanoparticles: considerations on the derivation of a general health-based value. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:945-56. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1148793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Weldon
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA,
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - William C. Griffith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - Carsten Kneuer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Il Je Yu
- Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
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Weldon BA, Shubin SP, Smith MN, Workman T, Artemenko A, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Urinary microRNAs as potential biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 312:19-25. [PMID: 26826490 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators that silence messenger RNAs. Because miRNAs are stable at room temperature and long-lived, they have been proposed as molecular biomarkers to monitor disease and exposure status. While urinary miRNAs have been used clinically as potential diagnostic markers for kidney and bladder cancers and other diseases, their utility in non-clinical settings has yet to be fully developed. Our goal was to investigate the potential for urinary miRNAs to act as biomarkers of pesticide exposure and early biological response by identifying the miRNAs present in urine from 27 parent/child, farmworker/non-farmworker pairs (16FW/11NFW) collected during two agricultural seasons (thinning and post-harvest) and characterizing the between- and within-individual variability of these miRNA epigenetic regulators. MiRNAs were isolated from archived urine samples and identified using PCR arrays. Comparisons were made between age, households, season, and occupation. Of 384 miRNAs investigated, 297 (77%) were detectable in at least one sample. Seven miRNAs were detected in at least 50% of the samples, and one miRNA was present in 96% of the samples. Principal components and hierarchical clustering analyses indicate significant differences in miRNA profiles between farmworker and non-farmworker adults as well as between seasons. Six miRNAs were observed to be positively associated with farmworkers status during the post-harvest season. Expression of five of these miRNA trended towards a positive dose response relationship with organophosphate pesticide metabolites in farmworkers. These results suggest that miRNAs may be novel biomarkers of pesticide exposure and early biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Weldon
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sara Pacheco Shubin
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexander Artemenko
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William C Griffith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Beti Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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47
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Harris S, Wegner S, Hong SW, Faustman EM. Phthalate metabolism and kinetics in an in vitro model of testis development. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 32:123-31. [PMID: 26689326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro model of testis development (3D-TCS) using rat testicular cells overlaid with extracellular matrix. One barrier preventing utilization of in vitro models in toxicity testing is the absence of metabolic capability. Another challenge is lack of kinetic data for compounds in vitro. We characterized metabolic capabilities and investigated the kinetics of phthalate male reproductive toxicants in the 3D-TCS. Cells were treated with three phthalate diesters for 2, 8 and 24 h. Parent compounds and metabolites were measured in cell culture media and cell lysate via mass spectrometry. Levels of monoester metabolites were used as an indication of metabolism of phthalates via lipase activity. Metabolites were detected in all treated cell media and cell lysate samples, with levels ranging from <0.5-14.7% of initial mass of parent compound. Phthalates partitioned between media and lysate in a manner consistent with each compound's degree of lipophilicity. UDGPT activity was detected in DBP and DEP treated samples. 3D-TCS microarray data indicated gene expression for lipases and CYPP450s. Results indicate that the 3D-TCS is a metabolically active co-culture and that physiochemical properties can provide information about the kinetics of compounds in the 3D-TCS, improving our ability to interpret results from the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Harris
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Susanna Wegner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sung Woo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
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48
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Harris S, Hermsen SAB, Yu X, Hong SW, Faustman EM. Comparison of toxicogenomic responses to phthalate ester exposure in an organotypic testis co-culture model and responses observed in vivo. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:149-59. [PMID: 26472102 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a three-dimensional testicular co-culture system (3D-TCS) which mimics in vivo testes. In this study, transcriptomic responses to phthalate esters (PE's) were compared in the 3D-TCS with responses in rat testes in vivo. Microarray data from the 3D-TCS and from in vivo testes were used to compare changes in gene expression patterns after exposure to developmentally toxic (DTPE) or developmentally non-toxic (DNTPE) phthalate esters. DTPE treatments clustered separately from DNTPE treatments based on principle components analysis both in vitro and in vivo. Pathway analysis using GO-Elite software showed that terms relating to steroid metabolism or reproductive development were enriched both in vitro and in vivo after DTPE exposure. Processes such as cell cycle, cell proliferation and apoptosis were enriched for DTPE treatments in vitro, but not in vivo. Based on these analyses we concluded that transcriptomic responses in the 3D-TCS reflect key aspects of in vivo phthalate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Harris
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sanne A B Hermsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sung Woo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health and Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Scoville DK, White CC, Botta D, McConnachie LA, Zadworny ME, Schmuck SC, Hu X, Gao X, Yu J, Dills RL, Sheppard L, Delaney MA, Griffith WC, Beyer RP, Zangar RC, Pounds JG, Faustman EM, Kavanagh TJ. Susceptibility to quantum dot induced lung inflammation differs widely among the Collaborative Cross founder mouse strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:240-50. [PMID: 26476918 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are engineered semiconductor nanoparticles with unique physicochemical properties that make them potentially useful in clinical, research and industrial settings. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that like other engineered nanomaterials, QDs have the potential to be respiratory hazards, especially in the context of the manufacture of QDs and products containing them, as well as exposures to consumers using these products. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the role of mouse strain in determining susceptibility to QD-induced pulmonary inflammation and toxicity. Male mice from 8 genetically diverse inbred strains (the Collaborative Cross founder strains) were exposed to CdSe-ZnS core-shell QDs stabilized with an amphiphilic polymer. QD treatment resulted in significant increases in the percentage of neutrophils and levels of cytokines present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from NOD/ShiLtJ and NZO/HlLtJ mice relative to their saline (Sal) treated controls. Cadmium measurements in lung tissue indicated strain-dependent differences in disposition of QDs in the lung. Total glutathione levels in lung tissue were significantly correlated with percent neutrophils in BALF as well as with lung tissue Cd levels. Our findings indicate that QD-induced acute lung inflammation is mouse strain dependent, that it is heritable, and that the choice of mouse strain is an important consideration in planning QD toxicity studies. These data also suggest that formal genetic analyses using additional strains or recombinant inbred strains from these mice could be useful for discovering potential QD-induced inflammation susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Scoville
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Collin C White
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dianne Botta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lisa A McConnachie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Megan E Zadworny
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stefanie C Schmuck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoge Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Russell L Dills
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard P Beyer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard C Zangar
- Systems Toxicology Group - Division of Biological Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Joel G Pounds
- Systems Toxicology Group - Division of Biological Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Arbuckle TE, Marro L, Davis K, Fisher M, Ayotte P, Bélanger P, Dumas P, LeBlanc A, Bérubé R, Gaudreau É, Provencher G, Faustman EM, Vigoren E, Ettinger AS, Dellarco M, MacPherson S, Fraser WD. Exposure to free and conjugated forms of bisphenol A and triclosan among pregnant women in the MIREC cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2015; 123:277-84. [PMID: 25494523 PMCID: PMC4384201 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are two nonpersistent chemicals that have been frequently measured in spot urine samples from the general population but less so in pregnant women; however, data are limited on the free (bioactive) and conjugated forms of these phenols. OBJECTIVES The Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study addressed these data gaps by utilizing stored maternal urine samples from a large multicenter cohort study of Canadian pregnant women. METHODS Concentrations of free and conjugated forms of BPA and TCS were measured in about 1,890 first-trimester urine samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using isotope dilution. RESULTS The glucuronides of BPA and TCS were the predominant forms of these chemicals measured (detected in 95% and 99% of samples, respectively), whereas the free forms were detected in 43% and 80% of samples, respectively. The geometric mean urinary concentrations for glucuronides of BPA and TCS were 0.80 μg/L (95% CI: 0.75, 0.85) and 12.30 μg/L (95% CI: 11.08, 13.65), respectively. Significant predictors of BPA included maternal age < 25 vs. ≥ 35 years, current smoking, low vs. high household income, and low vs. high education. For TCS, urinary concentrations were significantly higher in women ≥ 25 years of age, never vs. current smokers, and women with high household income and high education. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study represent the largest national-level data on urinary concentrations of free and conjugated forms of BPA and TCS in pregnant women and suggest that maternal characteristics predicting elevated urinary concentrations of these phenols largely act in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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