Protein Adhesives: Investigation of Factors Affecting Wet Strength of Alkaline Treated Proteins Crosslinked with Glyoxal

Proteins obtained as side-products from starch production (potato and corn proteins) were investigated for wood adhesives application. To improve the wet strength of protein-based adhesives, glyoxal was added as a crosslinking agent. The effect of glyoxal on the wet strength of protein-based adhesives was investigated at different pH, protein: glyoxal ratios and solid content. The alkaline pretreatment of proteins was carried out by two different methods which reduced the molecular weight of proteins to different extents. The effect of molecular weight reduction on the wet strength of protein-glyoxal adhesives was also observed. It was found that pH level affects wet strength more significantly compared to solid content and protein-to-crosslinker ratio. Potato and corn proteins crosslinked with glyoxal showed maximal wet strength results in an acidic pH range.

Synthetic Approaches to Nitro-Substituted Isoxazoles

Nitro-substituted isoxazoles are of utmost interest both as versatile intermediates for targeted organic synthesis and as perspective bioactive compounds for drug development. Nevertheless, the existing approaches to them usually lack generality and strongly depend on the position of the nitro group and on the presence of other substituents in the isoxazole ring. This review provides the first systematization of all available data concerning synthetic approaches to 3-, 4-, and 5-nitroisoxazoles. There are a number of preparative approaches to 4-nitroisoxazoles based on classical heterocyclization reactions of nitro-substituted compounds and the nitration of isoxazoles. 3-Nitro- and, especially, 5-nitroisoxazoles are much less readily available. A few methods affording 3-nitroisoxazoles have been reported, often employing the heterocyclization of unsaturated compounds by treatment with sodium nitrite. The sole general preparative method for 5-nitroisoxazoles, containing a variety of functional groups, employs the heterocyclization of electrophilic alkenes by treatment with tetranitromethane activated with triethylamine.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of 4-Nitroisoxazoles

2.1 Nitration of Isoxazoles

2.2 Condensations of α-Nitro Ketones or Their Oximes

2.3 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides to Acetylenes and Their Synthetic Equivalents

2.4 Heterocyclization of Acetylene Derivatives by Treatment with Sodium Nitrite

2.5 Heterocyclization of Nitro Derivatives of 1,3-Diketones and Their Synthetic Equivalents

2.6 Miscellaneous Methods

3 Synthesis of 3-Nitroisoxazoles

3.1 Heterocyclization of Acetylene Derivatives or 1,3-Dihalogenoalkenes by Treatment with Sodium Nitrite

3.2 Heterocyclization of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Acetates by Treatment with Sodium Nitrite

3.3 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions

4 Synthesis of 5-Nitroisoxazoles

4.1 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions

4.2 Synthesis Using Polynitro Compounds

5 Conclusion