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Andze L, Skute M, Zoldners J, Andzs M, Sirmulis G, Irbe I, Milbreta U, Dabolina I, Filipova I. Enhancing Paper Packaging's Wet Strength Using the Synergy between Chitosan and Nanofibrillated Cellulose Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:227. [PMID: 38257026 PMCID: PMC10819968 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for eco-friendly packaging materials has urged researchers to look for alternatives to petroleum-based polymers. In this regard, paper-based products have turned out to be a promising choice; however, their weak resistance to water has limited their application. The use of various additives to enhance paper's moisture resistance is a common practice. However, considering the growing global agenda for sustainable development, the search for new bio-based paper additives has become increasingly important. This study investigated the potential synergistic impact of the addition of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and chitosan additives (CHIT) to different fiber combinations to improve paper's properties, in particular, their wet strength. The efficacy of the additive application order was examined and was found to be crucial in achieving the desired outcomes. The results showed that incorporating CHIT after NFC enhanced the paper's tensile and burst indicators, as well as the paper stretch in the dry state, by 35-70%, 35-55%, and 20-35%, respectively. In addition, the tensile index and stretch in the wet state improved 9-13 times and 2.5-5.5 times over, respectively. The air permeability decreased 2.5-12 times over. These findings demonstrate that the sequential addition of the NFC and CHIT additives yield a greater enhancement of paper's properties than using each additive separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andze
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (M.A.); (I.I.); (U.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Marite Skute
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (M.A.); (I.I.); (U.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Juris Zoldners
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (M.A.); (I.I.); (U.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Martins Andzs
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (M.A.); (I.I.); (U.M.); (I.F.)
- Ltd. V.L.T., Murmuizas Street 11a, LV-4201 Valmiera, Latvia;
| | - Gatis Sirmulis
- Ltd. V.L.T., Murmuizas Street 11a, LV-4201 Valmiera, Latvia;
| | - Ilze Irbe
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (M.A.); (I.I.); (U.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (M.A.); (I.I.); (U.M.); (I.F.)
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Street, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inga Dabolina
- Personal Protective Equipment Laboratory, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6B-242, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Inese Filipova
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (M.A.); (I.I.); (U.M.); (I.F.)
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Schäfer JL, Meckel T, Poppinga S, Biesalski M. Chemical Gradients in Polymer-Modified Paper Sheets-Towards Single-Layer Biomimetic Soft Robots. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010043. [PMID: 36810374 PMCID: PMC9944451 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic actuators are typically constructed as functional bi- or multilayers, where actuating and resistance layers together dictate bending responses upon triggering by environmental stimuli. Inspired by motile plant structures, like the stems of the false rose of Jericho (Selaginella lepidophylla), we introduce polymer-modified paper sheets that can act as soft robotic single-layer actuators capable of hygro-responsive bending reactions. A tailored gradient modification of the paper sheet along its thickness entails increased dry and wet tensile strength and allows at the same time for hygro-responsiveness. For the fabrication of such single-layer paper devices, the adsorption behavior of a cross-linkable polymer to cellulose fiber networks was first evaluated. By using different concentrations and drying procedures fine-tuned polymer gradients throughout the thickness can be achieved. Due to the covalent cross-linking of polymer with fibers, these paper samples possess significantly increased dry and wet tensile strength properties. We furthermore investigated these gradient papers with respect to a mechanical deflection during humidity cycling. The highest humidity sensitivity is achieved using eucalyptus paper with a grammage of 150 g m-2 modified with the polymer dissolved in IPA (~13 wt%) possessing a polymer gradient. Our study presents a straightforward approach for the design of novel hygroscopic, paper-based single-layer actuators, which have a high potential for diverse soft robotic and sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Lukas Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry & Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry & Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Department of Biology, Botanical Garden, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry & Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6151-1623721
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Averina E, Konnerth J, van Herwijnen HWG. Protein Adhesives: Investigation of Factors Affecting Wet Strength of Alkaline Treated Proteins Crosslinked with Glyoxal. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204351. [PMID: 36297929 PMCID: PMC9612214 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins obtained as side-products from starch production (potato and corn proteins) were investigated for wood adhesives application. To improve the wet strength of protein-based adhesives, glyoxal was added as a crosslinking agent. The effect of glyoxal on the wet strength of protein-based adhesives was investigated at different pH, protein: glyoxal ratios and solid content. The alkaline pretreatment of proteins was carried out by two different methods which reduced the molecular weight of proteins to different extents. The effect of molecular weight reduction on the wet strength of protein-glyoxal adhesives was also observed. It was found that pH level affects wet strength more significantly compared to solid content and protein-to-crosslinker ratio. Potato and corn proteins crosslinked with glyoxal showed maximal wet strength results in an acidic pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Averina
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Wood K Plus—Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Koch SM, Pillon M, Keplinger T, Dreimol CH, Weinkötz S, Burgert I. Intercellular Matrix Infiltration Improves the Wet Strength of Delignified Wood Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:31216-31224. [PMID: 35767702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delignified wood (DW) represents a promising bio-based fibrous material as a reinforcing component in high-performance composites. These cellulose composites possess excellent strength and stiffness in the dry state, which are significantly higher than for natural wood. However, in the wet state, a penetrating water layer enters the intercellular regions and disrupts the stress transfer mechanisms between cell fibers in fully DW. This water layer initially facilitates complex shaping of the material but imparts DW composites with very low wet stiffness and strength. Therefore, a sufficient stress transfer in the wet state necessitates a resin impregnation of these intercellular regions, establishing bonding mechanisms between adjacent fibers. Here, we utilize a water-based dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea thermosetting matrix (DMDHEU) and compare it with a non-water-based epoxy matrix. We infiltrate these resins into DW and investigate their spatial distribution by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal Raman spectroscopy. The water-based resin impregnates the intercellular areas and generates an artificial compound middle lamella, while the epoxy infiltrates only the cell lumina of the dry DW. Tensile tests in the dry and wet states show that the DMDHEU matrix infiltration of the intercellular areas and the cell wall results in a higher tensile strength and stiffness compared to the epoxy resin. Here, the artificial compound middle lamella made of DMDHEU bonds adjacent fibers together and substantially increases the composites' wet strength. This study elucidates the importance of the interaction and spatial distribution of the resin system within the DW structure to improve mechanical properties, particularly in the wet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie Koch
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pillon
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Hubert Dreimol
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Weinkötz
- BASF, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Huang P, Lu G, Yan Q, Mao P. Effect of Ceramic and Nylon Fiber Content on Composite Silica Sol Slurry Properties and Bending Strength of Investment Casting Shell. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E2788. [PMID: 31480212 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the performance of the investment casting shell, ceramic and nylon fiber was added to the silica sol slurry to study the effect of ceramic and nylon fiber on the liquidity of the silica sol slurry and the bending strength of the investment casting shell. Meanwhile, the fracture surface of shell sample was observed by SEM. The experiment results indicate that the movement viscosity of slurry increases with ceramic and nylon fiber content, increasing from 0 to 0.75 wt.%. The movement viscosity of ceramic fiber composite slurry is higher than nylon fiber composite slurry. The wet and high strength of shell firstly increases then decreases, with an increase of ceramic and nylon fiber content. When the ceramic and nylon fibers’ contents are 0.6 wt.%, the maximum wet strengths are 3.56 MPa and 3.84 Mpa respectively, increasing by approximately 38% and 43%. Moreover, the high strength of shell achieves its highest value, 5.08 Mpa, when the ceramic fiber content is 0.6 wt.%; however, when the nylon fiber content was more than 0.3%, the high strength of the nylon fiber reinforced shell was decreased sharply. Therefore, an addition of ceramic and nylon fiber to silica sol slurry distinctly influences the wet and high strength of investment casting shell.
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Tripathi A, Ago M, Khan SA, Rojas OJ. Heterogeneous Acetylation of Plant Fibers into Micro- and Nanocelluloses for the Synthesis of Highly Stretchable, Tough, and Water-Resistant Co-continuous Filaments via Wet-Spinning. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:44776-44786. [PMID: 30484313 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous acetylation of wood fibers is proposed for weakening their interfibrillar hydrogen bonding, which facilitates their processing into micro- and nanocelluloses that can be further used to synthesize filaments via wet-spinning. The structural (SEM, WAXD), molecular (SEC), and chemical (FTIR, titration) properties of the system are used to propose the associated reaction mechanism. Unlike the homogeneous acetylation, this method does not alter the main morphological features of cellulose fibrils. Thus, we show for the first time, the exploitation of synergies of compositions simultaneously comprising dissolved cellulose esters and suspended cellulose micro- and nanofibrils. Such colloidal suspension forms a co-continuous assembly with a matrix that interacts strongly with the micro- and nanofibrils in the dispersed phase. This facilitates uninterrupted and defect-free wet-spinning. Upon contact with an antisolvent (water), filaments are easily formed and display a set of properties that set them apart from those reported so far for nanocelluloses: a remarkable stretchability (30% strain) and ultrahigh toughness (33 MJ/m3), both surpassing the values of all reported nanocellulose-based filaments. All the while, they also exhibit competitive stiffness and strength (6 GPa and 143 MPa, respectively). Most remarkably, they retain 90% of these properties after long-term immersion in water, solving the main challenge of the lack of wet strength that is otherwise observed for filaments synthesized from nanocelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurodh Tripathi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-7905 , United States
- Department of Forest Biomaterials , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8001 , United States
| | - Mariko Ago
- Department of Byproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, Espoo , FIN-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-7905 , United States
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-7905 , United States
- Department of Forest Biomaterials , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8001 , United States
- Department of Byproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, Espoo , FIN-00076 Aalto , Finland
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Gustafsson E, Pelton R, Wågberg L. Rapid Development of Wet Adhesion between Carboxymethylcellulose Modified Cellulose Surfaces Laminated with Polyvinylamine Adhesive. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:24161-24167. [PMID: 27552256 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The surface of regenerated cellulose membranes was modified by irreversible adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Pairs of wet CMC-modified membranes were laminated with polyvinylamine (PVAm) at room temperature, and the delamination force for wet membranes was measured for both dried and never-dried laminates. The wet adhesion was studied as a function of PVAm molecular weight, amine content, and deposition pH of the polyelectrolyte. Surprisingly the PVAm-CMC system gave substantial wet adhesion that exceeded that of TEMPO-oxidized membranes with PVAm for both dried and never-dried laminates. The greatest wet adhesion was achieved for fully hydrolyzed high molecular weight PVAm. Bulk carboxymethylation of cellulose membranes gave inferior wet adhesion combined with PVAm as compared to CMC adsorption which indicates that a CMC layer of the order of 10 nm was necessary. There are no obvious covalent cross-linking reactions between CMC and PVAm at room temperature, and on the basis of our results, we are instead attributing the wet adhesion to complex formation between the PVAm and the irreversibly adsorbed CMC at the cellulose surface. We propose that interdigitation of PVAm chains into the CMC layer is responsible for the high wet adhesion values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Gustafsson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Robert Pelton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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