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Tirandi A, Schiavetta E, Maioli E, Montecucco F, Liberale L. Inflammation as a cause of acute myocardial infarction in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm. World J Cardiol 2024; 16:58-63. [PMID: 38456066 PMCID: PMC10915890 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v16.i2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a group of diseases characterized by the clonal proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor or stem cells. They are clinically classifiable into four main diseases: chronic myeloid leukemia, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis. These pathologies are closely related to cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases due to the increased risk of arterial thrombosis, the most common underlying cause of acute myocardial infarction. Recent evidence shows that the classical Virchow triad (hypercoagulability, blood stasis, endothelial injury) might offer an explanation for such association. Indeed, patients with MPN might have a higher number and more reactive circulating platelets and leukocytes, a tendency toward blood stasis because of a high number of circulating red blood cells, endothelial injury or overactivation as a consequence of sustained inflammation caused by the neoplastic clonal cell. These abnormal cancer cells, especially when associated with the JAK2V617F mutation, tend to proliferate and secrete several inflammatory cytokines. This sustains a pro-inflammatory state throughout the body. The direct consequence is the induction of a pro-thrombotic state that acts as a determinant in favoring both venous and arterial thrombus formation. Clinically, MPN patients need to be carefully evaluated to be treated not only with cytoreductive treatments but also with cardiovascular protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Tirandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Elisa Schiavetta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Elia Maioli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa 16132, Italy.
| | - Luca Liberale
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa 16132, Italy
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Bellofatto IA, Sessarego M, Tirandi A, Olivero C, Sgura C, Maioli E, Gavoci A, Schiavetta E, Frè F, Saccomanno B, Zaottini F, Picasso R, Fiorillo C, Liberale L, Ottonello LC, Bardi N, Montecucco F. Statin-Induced Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy: Case Report of a Patient under Chronic Treatment. Case Rep Med 2023; 2023:6550473. [PMID: 38145276 PMCID: PMC10748725 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6550473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors are widely used worldwide to treat dyslipidaemia and prevent cardiovascular events. Statins can cause a wide variety of muscle injuries ranging from myalgia to severe rhabdomyolysis. In most cases, these symptoms are mild and self-limiting and do not require specific treatment besides drug withdrawal. Statin-induced autoimmune necrotizing myopathy (SINAM) is a rare but potentially fatal complication, characterized by the subacute onset of progressive proximal muscle weakness and considerably high creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels in patients exposed to statins. The diagnosis is supported by the presence of antibodies HMGCR, which allows the differentiation from other forms of necrotizing autoimmune myopathies. Symptoms usually progress even after statin discontinuation and can determine severe muscle damage. Summary. We describe the case of a 77-year-old man who developed SINAM after 5 years of statin use. He suffered from muscle functional impairment mainly involving proximal lower limb muscles which progressed to the point that he almost became bedridden. Initial treatment with prednisone alone was not effective, and he required a combination therapy with steroids, methotrexate, and intravenous immunoglobulins. After 5 months of therapy and rehabilitation, he showed complete laboratory response and muscle strength recovery. Conclusion Recognizing SINAM is paramount in order to promptly start treatment and avoid permanent muscle damage. Using a combination therapy from the beginning could contribute to a better outcome. Prompt statin cessation, categorization of the muscle disease by autoantibody testing, imaging, and histology, exclusion of malignancy, and anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteroids, antimetabolites, immunoglobulins, and in some cases rituximab are currently accepted approaches to this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Anna Bellofatto
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Marta Sessarego
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Amedeo Tirandi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Chiara Olivero
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sgura
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Elia Maioli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Aurora Gavoci
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Elisa Schiavetta
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Federica Frè
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Benedetta Saccomanno
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Federico Zaottini
- Radiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via Pastore 1, Genoa 16132, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Riccardo Picasso
- Radiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via Pastore 1, Genoa 16132, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, University of Genoa and G. Gaslini Institute, Via Gaslini 5, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Luca Liberale
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, No.6, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Luciano Carlo Ottonello
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Nicholas Bardi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Larogo Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, No.6, Genoa 16132, Italy
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Maioli E, Daveri E, Maellaro E, Ietta F, Cresti L, Valacchi G. Non-conventional rottlerin anticancer properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 645:50-53. [PMID: 29545132 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, we focused the interest on rottlerin, an old/new natural substance that, over the time, has revealed a number of cellular and molecular targets, all potentially implicated in the fight against cancer. Past and recent literature well demonstrated that rottlerin is an inhibitor of enzymes, transcription factors and signaling molecules that control cancer cell life and death. Although the rottlerin anticancer activity has been mainly ascribed to apoptosis and/or autophagy induction, recent findings unveiled the existence of additional mechanisms of toxicity. The major novelties highlighted in this mini review are the ability to bind and inhibit key molecules, such as ERK and mTOR, directly, thus independently of upstream signaling cascades, and to cause a profound dysregulation of cap-dependent protein translation through the mTORC1/4EBP1/eIF4E axis and by inhibition of eIF2, an initiation factor of translation that is negatively regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These last mechanisms, proved to be lethal in cancer cell lines derived from breast and skin, strongly enforce the potential of rottlerin as a promising natural lead compound for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universita' di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - E Daveri
- University of California Davis, Department of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, 2251 Meyer Hall, 450 Bioletti Way, 95616-5270, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E Maellaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Universita' di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - F Ietta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universita' di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - L Cresti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universita' di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - G Valacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Universita' di Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy; NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Dept. NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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Daveri E, Maellaro E, Valacchi G, Ietta F, Muscettola M, Maioli E. Inhibitions of mTORC1 and 4EBP-1 are key events orchestrated by Rottlerin in SK-Mel-28 cell killing. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:106-13. [PMID: 27343979 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies demonstrated that Rottlerin exerts a time- and dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on SK-Mel-28 melanoma cells during 24 h of treatment, but cytotoxicity due to cell death began only after a 48 h exposure. In the current study, in order to identify the type of cell death in this cell line, which is notoriously refractory to most anticancer therapies, and to clarify the underlying mechanisms of this delayed outcome, we searched for apoptotic, necrotic/necroptotic and autophagic traits in Rottlerin-exposed cells. Although SK-Mel-28 cells are both apoptosis and autophagy competent, Western blotting analysis, caspase activity assay, nuclear imaging and the effects of autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis inhibitors, indicated that Rottlerin cytotoxicity was due to none of the aforementioned death mechanisms. Nevertheless, in growth arrested cells, the death did occur after a prolonged treatment and most likely ensued from the observed blockage of protein synthesis that reached levels expected to be incompatible with cell survival. From a mechanistic point of view, we ascribed this effect to the documented inhibition of mTORC1 activity; mTORC1 inhibition on the one hand led to a not deadly, rather protective autophagic response but, on the other hand caused a near complete arrest of protein synthesis. Interestingly, no cytotoxicity was found towards normal skin fibroblasts, which only resulted mildly growth arrested by the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Daveri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 7, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Maellaro
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 7, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Valacchi
- Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 7, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Muscettola
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Strada delle Scotte 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Maioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 7, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Torricelli C, Daveri E, Salvadori S, Valacchi G, Ietta F, Muscettola M, Carlucci F, Maioli E. Phosphorylation-independent mTORC1 inhibition by the autophagy inducer Rottlerin. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:17-27. [PMID: 25661734 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We recently found that Rottlerin not only inhibits proliferation but also causes Bcl-2- and Beclin 1-independent autophagic death in apoptosis-resistant breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. Having excluded a role for canonical signaling pathways, the current study was aimed to investigate the contribution of the AMPK/mTOR axis in autophagy induction and to search for the upstream signaling molecules potentially targeted by Rottlerin. Using several enzyme inhibitors, Western blotting analysis, mTOR siRNA and pull down assay, we demonstrate that the Rottlerin-triggered autophagy is mediated by inhibition of mTORC1 activity through a novel AMPK and mTORC1 phosphorylation-independent mechanism, likely mediated by the direct interaction between Rottlerin and mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Torricelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, Siena 7-53100, Italy
| | - E Daveri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, Siena 7-53100, Italy
| | - S Salvadori
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, Siena 7-53100, Italy
| | - G Valacchi
- Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara 44100, Italy; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - F Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, Siena 7-53100, Italy
| | - M Muscettola
- Department of Medicine, surgery and neuroscience, University of Siena, Strada delle Scotte, Siena 4-53100, Italy
| | - F Carlucci
- Department of Medical biotechnologies, University of Siena, Strada delle Scotte, Siena 4-53100, Italy
| | - E Maioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, Siena 7-53100, Italy.
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Cervellati F, Muresan XM, Sticozzi C, Gambari R, Montagner G, Forman HJ, Torricelli C, Maioli E, Valacchi G. Comparative effects between electronic and cigarette smoke in human keratinocytes and epithelial lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:999-1005. [PMID: 24809892 PMCID: PMC4234078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Information about the harmful effects of vaping is sparse and inconsistent, therefore, since the use of electronic cigarettes (e-CIGs) has become increasingly popular as a tool to limit tobacco smoking, it is urgent to establish the toxicity of the commercial e-CIGs. Skin (HaCaT) and lung (A549) cells, the main targets of cigarette smoke (CS), were exposed to e-CIG vapor and CS using an in vitro system. The cytotoxic effect of the exposure was analyzed in both cell types by ultrastructural morphology, Trypan Blue exclusion test and LDH assay. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by the Bio-Plex assay. The cytotoxic components of e-CIG were restrained to the flavoring compound and, to a lesser extent, to nicotine although their effects were less harmful to that of CS. Humectants alone exhibited no cytotoxicity but induced the release of cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators. Based on our results, we can state that exposure to e-CIG vapors results in far less toxic than exposure to CS. In fact, besides the deleterious effect of flavor and nicotine, even the humectants alone are able to evocate cytokines release. This study will hopefully promote the development of safer e-CIGs to help people quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cervellati
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - X M Muresan
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Sticozzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Montagner
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - H J Forman
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA; Life and Environmental Sciences Unit, University of California at Merced, USA
| | - C Torricelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - E Maioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - G Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Maioli E, Torricelli C, Valacchi G. Rottlerin and cancer: novel evidence and mechanisms. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:350826. [PMID: 22272173 PMCID: PMC3259573 DOI: 10.1100/2012/350826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cancers are caused by deregulation of hundreds of genes, an ideal anticancer agent should target multiple gene products or signaling pathways simultaneously. Recently, extensive research has addressed the chemotherapeutic potential of plant-derived compounds. Among the ever-increasing list of naturally occurring anticancer agents, Rottlerin appears to have great potentiality for being used in chemotherapy because it affects several cell machineries involved in survival, apoptosis, autophagy, and invasion. The underlying mechanisms that have been described are diverse, and the final, cell-specific, Rottlerin outcome appears to result from a combination of signaling pathways at multiple levels. This paper seeks to summarize the multifocal signal modulatory properties of Rottlerin, which merit to be further exploited for successful prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Aldo Moro Street, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Valacchi G, Pecorelli A, Mencarelli M, Maioli E, Davis PA. Beta-carotene prevents ozone-induced proinflammatory markers in murine skin. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:241-7. [PMID: 19651793 DOI: 10.1177/0748233709103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta-carotene has been thought to protect against oxidative stress generated by ultraviolet radiation and thus prevents skin cancer and skin aging (Biesalski and Obermueller-Jevic, 2001). However, nothing is known about its potential effects against other environmental sources of oxidative stress such as ozone (O3) in skin. Intake of oral beta-carotene supplements before exposure to sunlight (and thus inevitably also to (O3) has been recommended on a population-wide basis. However, although some studies have shown beta-carotene as providing skin protection as an antioxidant, other studies using skin cells in culture have shown that beta-carotene may have unexpected prooxidant properties (Obermüller-Jevic, et al., 2001). Given this, there is an ongoing debate regarding the protective or potentially harmful role(s) of beta-carotene in human skin. In this study, the effect of beta-carotene on ozone's effects on the skin of hairless mice was assessed. After feeding a diet supplemented with 0.5% beta-carotene for 1 month, mice were subjected to O3 exposure (0.8 ppm 6 h/day; 7 days) and the induction of proinflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and markers of oxidative stress, heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were quantitated. The data showed that beta-carotene downregulated the induction of TNFalpha, MIP2, iNOS, and HO-1 in response to O3. We conclude that beta-carotene provides protection against O3-induced skin oxidative stress in vivo, which is consistent with a protective role for beta-carotene in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, Siena, Italy.
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Debbia EA, Maioli E, Roveta S, Marchese A. Effects of rifaximin on bacterial virulence mechanisms at supra- and sub-inhibitory concentrations. J Chemother 2008; 20:186-94. [PMID: 18467244 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2008.20.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative, exhibited time-dependent bactericidal activity and at concentrations as low as 1/32 of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) caused morphological alterations in both susceptible and resistant bacterial strains. Spontaneous rifaximin-resistant clones appeared with an incidence of 2.6 x 10(-7). The percentage of Escherichia coli cells cured of various plasmids ranged from: 4.5-70% (Flac), 0-18% (pBP507), 7.7-43.8% (plasmid carrying ESBL genes) and 22.4-41.6% (plasmid encoding toxin from ETEC mex264). 8.4-18.2 and <0.1-18% of Staphylococcus aureus cells were cured (plasmid-mediated penicillinase), 9.5-58.6% of Morganella morganii (ESBL), 10.6-47.1% Citrobacter freundii (ESBL), 2.3-38.7% of Proteus mirabilis (ESBL) and 14.3-66.6% of Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL). Rifaximin reduced plasmid transfer from donor to recipient strains by >99%. The MIC of ceftazidime was reduced (2-4 dilutions) in the presence of rifaximin (0.5 x MIC) in ESBL producing strains. Rifaximin lowered the viability and virulence of the bacteria even though they developed resistance to the compound. In conclusion, the present findings add new features to the microbiological characteristics of rifaximin and suggest that if in vivo pathogens are exposed to sub-MICs of the drug, not only are their physiological functions compromised, but gene virulence and antibiotic resistance are not fully expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Debbia
- Microbiology Section C.A. Romanzi DISCAT, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Fortino V, Torricelli C, Capurro E, Sacchi G, Valacchi G, Maioli E. Antiproliferative and survival properties of PMA in MCF-7 breast cancer cell. Cancer Invest 2008; 26:13-21. [PMID: 18181040 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701637949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although PKCs are assumed to be the main targets of phorbol esters (PMA), additional PMA effectors, such as chimaerins (a family of RacGTPase activating proteins) and RasGRP (exchange factor for Ras/Rap1), can counteract or strengthen the PKC pathways. In this study, we evaluated the proliferative behavior of PMA-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cell and found that: PMA induced growth arrest and inhibited cell death; PMA activated ERKs, which, in turn, induced p21; and inhibitors of ERK (PD98059) and PKC (GF109203X) prevented p21 induction and abolished the PMA survival effect. We conclude that PMA inhibits MCF-7 cell growth and simultaneously stimulates cell survival; both responses are linked to ERK-dependent and p53-independent p21 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fortino
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Torricelli C, Fortino V, Capurro E, Valacchi G, Pacini A, Muscettola M, Soucek K, Maioli E. Rottlerin inhibits the nuclear factor kappaB/cyclin-D1 cascade in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Life Sci 2008; 82:638-43. [PMID: 18261747 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the course of a project aimed to clarify the molecular mechanisms by which phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated forms of protein kinase C (PKC) promote growth arrest in an MCF-7 cell line, we found that the PKCdelta inhibitor Rottlerin was able by itself to block cell proliferation. In the current study, we investigated further the antiproliferative response to Rottlerin. Western blotting analysis of cytoplasmic/nuclear extracts showed that the drug did not prevent either extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation by PMA or Akt phosphorylation, but did interfere with the NFkappaB activation process (both basal and PMA-stimulated), by lowering the levels of phospho-IkappaBalpha and preventing p65 nuclear migration. The growth arrest evoked by Rottlerin was not mediated by cell-cycle inhibitors p21 and p27 but was accompanied by a dramatic fall in the cyclin-D1 protein, the levels of which were not altered by the pan-PKC inhibitor GF 109203X, thus excluding a PKC-mediated mechanism in the Rottlerin effect. The parallel drop in cyclin-D1 mRNA suggested a down-regulation of the gene caused by the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB), which occurs via a PKC-, Akt-, ERK- and mitochondrial uncoupling-independent mechanism. We provide preliminary evidence that the interference on the NFkappaB activation process likely occurs at the level of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a known Rottlerin target. Indeed the drug prevented calcium-induced CaMKII autophosphorylation which, in turn, led to decreased NFkappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Torricelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 7-53100 Siena, Italy.
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Maioli E, Marchese A, Roveta S, Cagnacci S, Cavallini F, Cassanelli C, Gualco L, Debbia EA. In vitro activity of ceftibuten at sub-inhibitory concentrations in comparison with other antibiotics against respiratory and urinary tract pathogens. J Chemother 2007; 19:152-60. [PMID: 17434823 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Some new features of the in vitro activity of ceftibuten, an oral third generation cephalosporin, have been studied in reference to respiratory and urinary tract pathogens included in its antibacterial spectrum. At 0.25XMIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and 0.5XMIC levels, ceftibuten was able to affect the biofilm production in 2/3 of both Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis strains, and reduced the number of strains capable of adhering to epithelial cells by about 35% in comparison to the control. Surface hydrophobicity was also influenced by ceftibuten and the other drugs at 0.25-0.5XMIC. In general, no marked variation in the virulence traits of the pathogens studied were found by exposing bacteria to sub-MICs of ceftibuten. Plasmid loss (from 1.8 to 37.2%), and Flac transfer inhibition (about 30-50% reduction in the number of recombinants) were detected under the experimental conditions used. This study confirms the excellent antibacterial properties of ceftibuten by adding new information about the effects of this antibiotic against pathogens often involved in respiratory and urinary tract infections that may be treated with this compound, supporting the appropriate use of this cephalosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Microbiology-DISCAT, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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13
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Maioli E, Andreotti M, Annovazzi G, Bandettini R, Battolla E, Bona R, Borreanaz T, Bottaro L, Brunetti R, Capuzzo R, Devoto G, Dono M, Dusi A, Fedele M, Ferro G, Giusto G, Graziani A, Intra E, Lacitignola G, Mannelli S, Marangoni M, Massucco F, Mazzarello M, Mori M, Perfumo M, Pescetto L, Piatti G, Reali S, Ricagni L, Ronca A, Santoriello L, Serra D, Usiglio D, Marchese A, Debbia E. INDAGINE SULLA DIFFUSIONE DI STAFILOCOCCHI RESISTENTI ALLA METICILLINA IN LIGURIA. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Maioli E, Marchese A, Debbia E. PROFILO MICROBIOLOGICO DI RIFAXIMINA. Microbiol Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
On the basis of evidence collected from the literature, we propose a general model by which protein kinase (PK) A and the different PKC isoforms can inversely affect cell growth. Molecular switches, which are able to direct the signal towards antiproliferative or mitogenic pathways, are the different isoforms of Raf and PKC. Conflicting data are also reported and discussed in an attempt to reconcile them.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 8, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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16
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Torricelli C, Capurro E, Santucci A, Paffetti A, D'Ambrosio C, Scaloni A, Maioli E, Pacini A. Multiple plasma proteins control atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) aggregation. J Mol Endocrinol 2004; 33:335-41. [PMID: 15525593 DOI: 10.1677/jme.1.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that human alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide (alpha-hANP), an amyloidogenic peptide responsible for isolated atrial amyloidosis, binds to a dimeric form of apo A-I belonging to small high-density lipoproteins (HDL). This binding phenomenon is considered a protective mechanism since it inhibits or strongly reduces the ANP aggregation process. The observation that plasma exhibits at least four times greater amyloid inhibitory activity than HDL prompted us to determine whether small HDL are the only ANP plasma-binding factors. After incubation of whole plasma with labelled ANP, the macromolecular complexes were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. The results presented here provide novel evidence of additional binding proteins, in addition to apo A-I dimer, able to bind ANP in vitro and to prevent its aggregation. The mass spectrometry analysis of the radioactive spots identified them as albumin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, orosomucoid and apo A-IV-TTR complex. The putative impact of these findings in the amyloidogenic/antiamyloidogenic peptides network is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Torricelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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17
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Department of Physiology, Via Aldo Moro, Siena 8-53100, Italy
- Department of Physiology, Via Aldo Moro, Siena 8-53100, Italy. E-mail:
| | - V Fortino
- Department of Physiology, Via Aldo Moro, Siena 8-53100, Italy
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19
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Abstract
Our understanding of the mode of action of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has changed profoundly during the last decade. Most PTHrP activities are mediated by membrane receptors through autocrine/paracrine pathways. However, both endogenous and exogenous PTHrP also appear to have intracrine effects through translocation into the nucleus. The present review proposes unconventional PTHrP signalling, based on novel clues. First, PTHrP binding to its membrane receptor triggers internalization of the whole complex, mediated by beta-arrestin. There is growing evidence that the receptor and arrestin are the effectors of biological responses, rather than the ligand (or in addition to the ligand). Second, the existence of putative PTHrP targets within the cytoplasm is beginning to be supported. Recent findings of interactions between a COOH-terminus of PTHrP and beta-arrestin and between the PTHrP receptor and 14-3-3 proteins represent the starting point for identification of intracellular partners of both the hormone and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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20
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Fortino V, Torricelli C, Gardi C, Valacchi G, Rossi Paccani S, Maioli E. ERKs are the point of divergence of PKA and PKC activation by PTHrP in human skin fibroblasts. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002; 59:2165-71. [PMID: 12568342 DOI: 10.1007/s000180200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) receptors, coupled to trimeric G proteins, operate in most target cells through at least three different transduction routes: Galpha s-mediated stimulation of adenylylcyclase (AC), Galpha q-mediated activation of phospholipase Cbeta (PLC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. In this study we investigated the relative role of different pathways in human skin fibroblast proliferation. Using chemical inhibitors and activators of signal transduction, we demonstrated that: (i) AC/cAMP and PLC/1,4,5 inositol triphosphate/diacylglycerol second-messenger systems are simultaneously activated following PTHrP binding to its receptors; (ii) the mitogenic response to PTHrP derives from a balance between two counteracting pathways--an activating route mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) and an inhibitory route mediated by protein kinase A (PKA); (iii) PTHrP mitogenic effects are largely dependent on MAPKs, whose activity can be modulated by both PKA and PKC. Our results indicate that MAPKs are common targets of both transduction routes and, at the same time, their point of divergence in mediating PTHrP dual and opposite mitogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fortino
- Department of Physiology, University of California Davis, Surge I-Room 1121, Davis, California 95616, USA
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21
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Maioli E, Torricelli C, Santucci A, Martelli P, Pacini A. Plasma factors controlling atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) aggregation: role of lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1536:123-32. [PMID: 11406347 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that human plasma atrial alpha-natriuretic peptide (alpha-hANP) sequestering is a protective phenomenon against amyloid aggregation. In the present work, the possible role of lipoproteins as alpha-hANP binding factors has been investigated in vitro using an experimental model, developed in our laboratory, that allows to work at physiological concentrations. This approach consists of gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 HR of big alpha-[(125)I]hANP generated in phosphate buffered saline or in human normal plasma supplemented or not with lipoproteins. The results of these experiments indicate that high density lipoproteins (HDL) are responsible for the ANP binding phenomenon observed in vitro, while low density lipoproteins and very low density lipoproteins do not directly interact with ANP. Moreover, the HDL remodeling process occurring in vitro has been analyzed during plasma incubation by monitoring the redistribution of lipids and apolipoproteins among the HDL subclasses. The changes in HDL size and composition observed in incubated plasma were compared with the redistribution of endogenous and labeled big ANP. The obtained results revealed that both tend to follow the molecular rearrangement in plasma of apolipoprotein A-I containing particles and suggested that, among HDL species, the small particles are mainly involved in the ANP binding phenomenon. This hypothesis was further demonstrated by ligand blotting experiments that confirmed the existence of differences in the ability of HDL particles to bind alpha-[(125)I]hANP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Siena, Italy
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22
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Maioli E, Torricelli C, Santucci A, Pacini A. Molecular assembly of endogenous and synthetic big atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its amyloidogenic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1500:31-40. [PMID: 10564715 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation process of alpha-hANP has been investigated in vitro at physiological concentrations by gel chromatographic procedures using a radiolabeled tracer incubated in PBS and in plasma. In PBS big forms of ANP are organized as a peak eluting from both Sephacryl S-100 and S-300 HR in the void volume of the columns; in plasma, besides this major peak, a second radioactive peak is evident, eluting from Sephacryl S-100 HR around the HSA region. After gel chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 HR the major peak appears to consist of three components of different molecular size. Some information about the nature of these peak materials comes from the result of parallel incubations of partially aggregated (seed or nucleus) and aggregate depleted tracer. The comparison between the two time courses of big ANP formation indicates that: (a) ANP aggregation is a nucleation-dependent process, with a lag time longer than 8 days, at picogram peptide levels and (b) the aggregated forms of peptide are those eluting in the void volume, the other plasma peaks being probably expression of a binding, neither saturable or reversible, to some plasma components. The principle of seeded polymerization, used to detect ANP aggregates present in the plasma, indicates that: (a) the endogenous big ANP cannot act as a nucleus for polymerization and it likely consists of non-fibrillar ANP aggregates and/or bound ANP, and (b) this experimental approach can be suitable to evidence ANP binding plasma factors for further characterization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
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23
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Bonifazi M, Bela E, Carli G, Lodi L, Lupo C, Maioli E, Martelli G, Paghi M, Ruspetti A, Viti A. Responses of atrial natriuretic peptide and other fluid regulating hormones to long distance swimming in the sea. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994; 68:504-7. [PMID: 7957142 DOI: 10.1007/bf00599520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The plasma hormonal response following a swimming competition in the sea (18 km) was evaluated in 12 top level male endurance swimmers. At the end of the effort, while plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration (ALDO) were unchanged, a significant increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentrations were recorded. These changes were associated with a decrease in haematocrit and an increase in Na+ and Cl- plasma concentrations. The individual variations of ANP (difference between the final and initial concentrations) were inversely correlated with the corresponding individual variations of PRA and ADH. The results suggest that, during prolonged swimming, ANP may exert an inhibitory effect on the PRA-ALDO axis and have a modulatory role with regard to ADH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonifazi
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Siena, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Hypercalcemia is relatively frequent in malignancy with or without osteolytic bone metastases. It is thought that neoplastic cells may secrete substances which not only stimulate osteoclastic activity but are also capable of modifying the absorption, excretion, and resorption of calcium and phosphate ions. Since 1987, we have studied 24 breast cancer patients with hypercalcemia (22 with bone metastases and two without). The group of 22 patients with bone metastases were divided into two subgroups. The first consisted of 10 patients with high serum levels of humoral factors, such as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and/or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and/or interleukin 1 (IL-1), and high levels of bone markers, such as alkaline phosphatase, bone Gla protein and urinary hydroxyproline. The second subgroup consisted of 12 patients with high levels of bone markers alone. Bone histologic analysis showed an osteoclastic activation surrounding metastatic tumor tissue in six out of 10 patients of the first subgroup, while an evident osteolysis caused by the tumor cells was noted in seven out of 12 patients of the second subgroup. The two patients without bone metastases showed normal biochemistry and bone histologic examination. The authors, having tried to explain the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia, emphasize the importance of humoral factors secreted by tumor cells as a direct or indirect cause of hypercalcemia. The origin of hypercalcemia remains unclear in two patients without bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Francini
- Institute of Medical Pathology, University of Siena, Italy
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25
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Francini G, Maioli E, Petrioli R, Paffetti P, Gonnelli S, Aquino A. Production of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid-hormone-related protein by breast cancer cells in culture. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1993; 119:421-5. [PMID: 8491763 DOI: 10.1007/bf01218424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has been implicated in the origin of malignant hypercalcaemia. However, PTHrP production is not restricted to neoplastic cells, it is widespread among a variety of normal cell types and tissues. A physiological role for PTHrP has not been well defined. We describe a case of breast cancer with bone metastases and humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy, with high levels of plasma C-terminal parathyroid hormone (PTH), mid-molecule PTH and PTHrP. Cells from breast cancer biopsies were cultured and medium samples assayed for the C-terminal and mid-molecule fragments, intact PTH and PTHrP. The data indicate a progressive increase in both PTH fragments and PTHrP levels, over a period of 30 days. No temporal parallelism exists between PTH fragments and PTHrP concentrations, the former being maximum at the 14th day, and the latter at the 30th day from the beginning of the culture. Our results indicate a coproduction of PTH and PTHrP by the breast cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Francini
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Siena, Santa Maria della Scala Hospital, Italy
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26
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Viti A, Maioli E, Billi M, Pacini A. Atrial natriuretic peptide and acute myocardial infarction: critical reappraisal. Cardiology 1993; 83:390-5. [PMID: 8111772 DOI: 10.1159/000175996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed to assess the correlation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) with the ordinary markers of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In 15 patients with uncomplicated AMI, no remarkable variation in ANP plasma levels was found. On the other hand, serum myoglobin and cardiac enzymes behaved as usual. Our results show that ANP is not correlated with serum myoglobin, creatine-phosphokinase and its isoenzyme MB, being completely independent from these markers of myocardial injury. These observations suggest that the plasma ANP variations observed in AMI by other investigators are probably dependent on hemodynamic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Viti
- Institute of Human Physiology, University of Siena, Italy
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27
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Agnusdei D, Maioli E, Camporeale A, Zacchei F, Gerardi D, Gennari C. The effect of age on bone and renal responsiveness to parathyroid hormone infusion in man. J Endocrinol Invest 1992; 15:69-72. [PMID: 1300342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Agnusdei
- Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
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28
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Gennari C, Nami R, Agnusdei D, Maioli E, Gonnelli S. Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates secretion of atrial natriuretic factor in man. J Hypertens Suppl 1991; 9:S252-3. [PMID: 1840191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Gennari
- Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
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Overgaard K, Agnusdei D, Hansen MA, Maioli E, Christiansen C, Gennari C. Dose-response bioactivity and bioavailability of salmon calcitonin in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72:344-9. [PMID: 1846873 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-72-2-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the acute, dose-response to three intranasal doses of salmon calcitonin (sCT) (50 IU, 100 IU, and 200 IU) and one im dose (50 IU) in eight premenopausal and eight early postmenopausal women. Total serum calcium and serum beta-endorphin revealed significant changes after all four administrations (P less than 0.05). After the two highest intranasal and the im doses cAMP increased 10% and 35%, respectively (P less than 0.05). All administrations except the 50 IU intranasal dose produced significant increases in plasma sCT (P less than 0.05). The areas under the concentration-time curves, calculated for the period with the maximal changes (i.e. 120-240 min), illustrated a significant dose-related response in total serum calcium, beta-endorphin, and sCT (P less than 0.01-0.001). cAMP showed a dose-related tendency, the response to the im injection being significantly higher than that to the two lowest doses of intranasal sCT (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the doses administered produce a dose-related biological response and bioavailability. In women with normal and high bone turnover, sCT 100 IU intranasally seems as optimal as 50 IU im. The response to sCT should, furthermore, be assessed on bioactivity rather than on bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Overgaard
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pacini A, Maioli E, Bocci V, Pessina GP. Studies on tumor necrosis factor (TNF). III. Plasma disappearance curves after intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and oral administration of human recombinant TNF. Cancer Drug Deliv 1987; 4:17-23. [PMID: 3607720 DOI: 10.1089/cdd.1987.4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since clinical trials with TNF as a therapeutic agent for cancer are in progress, in this study we have chosen to compare the metabolic characteristics of 125I-labeled and unlabeled RTNF after administration through IM, SC, IP and PO routes. Both RTNF and 125I-RTNF plasma concentration profiles showed an absorption phase and a biexponential decline common to all routes of administration. Moreover the pharmacokinetic analysis indicates that TNF blood levels following SC injection are rather similar to those seen after IM dose. No difference has been found in T max. In contrast, the Kel is apparently increased in the SC route, but the difference is not significant. While a prolonged absorption phase had been obtained after IP injection of RTNF, comparison of t 1/2 beta and Kel between IP and SC or IM route failed to reveal significant differences. Surprisingly some plasma TNF bioactivity has been detected following oral administration.
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Bocci V, Pacini A, Pessina GP, Maioli E, Naldini A. Studies on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)--I. Pharmacokinetics of human recombinant TNF in rabbits and monkeys after intravenous administration. Gen Pharmacol 1987; 18:343-6. [PMID: 3609691 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(87)90088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
By intravenous (bolus) administration of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (2.5 X 10(6) units) into rabbits and monkeys it has been possible to follow its decay in the plasma and to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters. After labelling TNF with 125I, simultaneous determination of protein-bound radioactivity and bioactivity was carried out with the result that radioactivity decays somewhat slower than bio-activity suggesting that the use of the former tracer alone may underestimate TNF catabolism. Simultaneous determination of 125I-TNF in rabbit plasma and lymph after intravenous and subcutaneous administration indicated a lymph to plasma TNF concentration ratio of about 0.1 and 1 or more for the two routes, respectively.
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Maioli E, Pacini A, Viti A. Microfilament organization in human platelets. Ric Clin Lab 1985; 15:105-12. [PMID: 3903955 DOI: 10.1007/bf03029827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Morphological and biochemical studies suggest that actin in human platelets polymerizes from monomers or oligomers into long filaments more tightly structured in activated than in resting platelets. The polymerization and reorganization of actin filaments are regulated by cellular proteins. Profilin prevents actin polymerization by forming tight complexes with monomeric actin; gelsolin acts both severing filaments and inhibiting their elongation by capping at the barbed end; other actin-binding proteins nucleate polymerization and cross-link actin filaments into networks or bundles. The changes in the actin assembly state, which are under the control of calcium, seem essential for pseudopodal formation. Other platelet processes, such as granule centralization and contractile gel formation, are due to calcium-dependent actin-myosin interaction. In addition, Ca++ seems to inhibit through calmodulin the binding of caldesmon to actin, allowing actin linkage to myosin in a 'flip-flop' fashion.
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Gennari C, Bocchi L, Orso CA, Francini G, Civitelli R, Maioli E. The Analgesic Effect of Calcitonin in Active Paget's Disease of Bone and in Metastatic Bone Disease. Orthopedics 1984; 7:1449-52. [PMID: 24823222 DOI: 10.3928/0147-7447-19840901-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In a clinical study of 25 pagetic patients, it was found that calcitonin has analgesic activity independent of its metabolic efficacy on bone turnover. A separate study in 21 patients demonstrates greater analgesia from doses of salmon calcitonin than from human calcitonin or placebo.
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Gennari C, Toccafondi R, Rotella CM, Francini G, Brandi ML, Maioli E. Salmon calcitonin and cGMP production by human kidney: studies in vivo and in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 1983; 35:273-8. [PMID: 6307496 DOI: 10.1007/bf02405045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate whether or not the action of salmon calcitonin (sCT) at the kidney level could be mediated through specific receptors for the hormone, we have studied the effects of sCT infusions on urinary excretion of cyclic nucleotides in humans. Parallel in vitro studies have been conducted by evaluating the effects of sCT on cyclic nucleotide levels in primary cultures of cortical and medullary human kidney cells. In vivo experiments showed that sCT induced an increase in cGMP in human urine, which was rapid and short-lasting, being superimposable on the increase of urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium. The increase of inorganic phosphate urinary excretion was delayed and appeared to parallel that of urinary cAMP. On the other hand, our in vitro experiments showed that sCT stimulated the guanylate cyclase-cGMP system of human kidney cortical cells at nanomolar concentrations, while higher concentrations of the hormone were required to activate the adenylate cyclase-cAMP system. In addition, sCT was not able to significantly modify the cellular levels of either nucleotide in human kidney medullary cells. Present data demonstrated a direct effect of sCT on human kidney cortical cGMP production, while the efficacy of sCT on the kidney cortex adenylate cyclase-cAMP system appears to be delayed and/or reduced.
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Nami R, Pizzuti M, Nardi PL, D'Ascenzo G, Maioli E, Gennari C. [Exogenous adrenergic stimulation by intravenous infusions of isoproterenol and blood levels of cyclic AMP before and after beta-blocking in humans]. Boll Soc Ital Cardiol 1980; 25:763-768. [PMID: 6115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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