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Hailemeskel E, Tebeje SK, Ramjith J, Ashine T, Lanke K, Behaksra SW, Emiru T, Tsegaye T, Gashaw A, Kedir S, Chali W, Esayas E, Tafesse T, Abera H, Bulto MG, Shumie G, Petros B, Mamo H, Drakeley C, Gadisa E, Bousema T, Tadesse FG. Dynamics of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections and their infectiousness to mosquitoes in a low transmission setting of Ethiopia: a longitudinal observational study. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 143:107010. [PMID: 38490637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A 15-month longitudinal study was conducted to determine the duration and infectivity of asymptomatic qPCR-detected Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in Ethiopia. METHOD Total parasite and gametocyte kinetics were determined by molecular methods; infectivity to Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes by repeated membrane feeding assays. Infectivity results were contrasted with passively recruited symptomatic malaria cases. RESULTS For P. falciparum and P. vivax infections detected at enrolment, median durations of infection were 37 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 15-93) and 60 days (95% CI, 18-213), respectively. P. falciparum and P. vivax parasite densities declined over the course of infections. From 47 feeding assays on 22 asymptomatic P. falciparum infections, 6.4% (3/47) were infectious and these infected 1.8% (29/1579) of mosquitoes. No transmission was observed in feeding assays on asymptomatic P. vivax mono-infections (0/56); one mixed-species infection was highly infectious. Among the symptomatic cases, 4.3% (2/47) of P. falciparum and 73.3% (53/86) of P. vivax patients were infectious to mosquitoes. CONCLUSION The majority of asymptomatic infections were of short duration and low parasite density. Only a minority of asymptomatic individuals were infectious to mosquitoes. This contrasts with earlier findings and is plausibly due to the low parasite densities in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo university, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Surafel K Tebeje
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jordache Ramjith
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Tadele Emiru
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tizita Tsegaye
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abrham Gashaw
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Soria Kedir
- Adama Regional Laboratory, Oromia Region Health Bureau, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Haile Abera
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Girma Shumie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Lelisa K, Hailemeskel E, Bekele D, Dugassa S. Malaria positivity rate trend analysis at water resources development project of Wonji Sugar Estate Oromia, Ethiopia. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2259-2266. [PMID: 37507541 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Evidence on the trends of the proportion of malaria infections detected by routine passive case detection at health facilities is important for public health decision making especially in areas moving towards elimination. The objective was to assess nine years of trends on clinical malaria infections detected at health facility and its associated climate factors, in the water resource development set up of Wonji sugar estate, Oromia, Ethiopia. Retrospective data were collected from malaria-suspected patient recording logbook at Wonji sugar factory's primary hospital. Monthly average meteorological data were obtained from the estate meteorological station. Data were collected from April through June 2018 and January 2022. The data were analyzed using Stata version 16.0 software for Chi-square and regression analysis. Over the last nine years, 34,388 cases were legible for analysis with complete data. Of these, 11.75% (4039/34388) were positive for clinical malaria. Plasmodium vivax test positivity was the highest proportion (8.2%, n = 2820) followed by Plasmodium falciparum (3.48%, n = 1197) and mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax, 0.06%, n = 21). The odds of being positive for malaria was highest in males (AOR = 1.46; 95%CI = 1.36-1.52; P < 0.001) compared to females and in older individuals of above 15 years old (AOR = 4.55, 95%CI = 4.01-5.17, P < 0.001) followed by school-aged children (5-15 years old) (AOR = 2.16; 95%CI = 1.88-2.49, P < 0.001). There was no significant variation in the proportion of malaria-positive cases in the dry and wet seasons (P = 0.059). Malaria test positivity rates were associated with average monthly rainfall (AdjIRR = 1.00; 95%CI = 1.00-1.001, P < 0.001) while negatively associated with average monthly minim temperature (adjIRR = 0.94; 95%CI = 0.94-0.95; P < 0.001) and average monthly relative humidity (adjIRR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.99-1.00, P = 0.023). There was year-round malaria transmission, adults especially males and school children frequently tested malaria positive. Hence, alternative vector management tools like larval source management have to be deployed besides ITNs and IRS in such water development areas to achieve the malaria elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidane Lelisa
- Vector Biology and Control Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Dilla University, PO Box 419, Dilla, Ethiopia.
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Damtew Bekele
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Ambo University, PO Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Vector Biology and Control Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Lelisa K, Hailemeskel E, Bekele D, Dugassa S. Correction to: Malaria positivity rate trend analysis at water resources development project of Wonji Sugar Estate Oromia, Ethiopia. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2453. [PMID: 37563505 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kidane Lelisa
- Vector Biology and Control Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Dilla University, PO Box 419, Dilla, Ethiopia.
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Damtew Bekele
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Ambo University, PO Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Vector Biology and Control Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Wadilo F, Hailemeskel E, Kedir K, El-Khatib Z, Asogba PC, Seyoum T, Landis FC, Howe R, Boltena MT. Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus maternal colonization, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 32:134-144. [PMID: 36813256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Group B Streptococcus (GBS)-associated maternal, perinatal, and neonatal mortality and morbidity disproportionately affects Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to address the estimated prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and serotype distribution of GBS isolates in SSA. METHODS This study was done according to PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences databases, and Google Scholar were used to retrieve both published and unpublished articles. STATA software version 17 was used for data analysis. Forest plots using the random-effect model were used to present the findings. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane chi-square (I2) statistics, while the Egger intercept was used to assess publication bias. RESULTS Fifty-eight studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of maternal rectovaginal colonization and vertical transmission of GBS were 16.06, 95% CI [13.94, 18.30] and 43.31%, 95% CI [30.75, 56.32], respectively. The highest pooled proportion of antibiotic resistance to GBS was observed in gentamicin (45.58%, 95% CI [4.12%, 91.23]), followed by erythromycin, (25.11%, 95% CI [16.70, 34.49]). The lowest antibiotic resistance was observed in vancomycin (3.84%, 95% CI [0.48, 9.22]). Our findings indicate that serotypes Ia/Ib/II/ III/and V cover almost 88.6% of serotypes in SSA. CONCLUSIONS The estimated high prevalence and resistance to different antibiotic classes observed in GBS isolates from SSA suggests the need for implementation of effective intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiseha Wadilo
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Woliata Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Radboud Institute for Health Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Kiya Kedir
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Tamrayehu Seyoum
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Rawliegh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Minyahil Tadesse Boltena
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Evidence Based Health Care Center, A Joanna Briggs Institute's Center of Excellence, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Ethiopia.
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Tebeje SK, Chali W, Hailemeskel E, Ramjith J, Gashaw A, Ashine T, Nebret D, Esayas E, Emiru T, Tsegaye T, Teelen K, Lanke K, Takashima E, Tsuboi T, Salinas ND, Tolia NH, Narum D, Drakeley C, Witkowski B, Vantaux A, Jore MM, Stone WJR, Hansen IS, Tadesse FG, Bousema T. Naturally acquired antibodies to gametocyte antigens are associated with reduced transmission of Plasmodium vivax gametocytes to Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1106369. [PMID: 36726645 PMCID: PMC9885094 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally acquired antibodies may reduce the transmission of Plasmodium gametocytes to mosquitoes. Here, we investigated associations between antibody prevalence and P. vivax infectivity to mosquitoes. A total of 368 microscopy confirmed P. vivax symptomatic patients were passively recruited from health centers in Ethiopia and supplemented with 56 observations from asymptomatic P. vivax parasite carriers. Direct membrane feeding assays (DMFA) were performed to assess mosquito infectivity; for selected feeds these experiments were also performed after replacing autologous plasma with malaria naïve control serum (n=61). The prevalence of antibodies against 6 sexual stage antigens (Pvs47, Pvs48/45, Pvs230, PvsHAP2, Pvs25 and PvCelTOS) and an array of asexual antigens was determined by ELISA and multiplexed bead-based assays. Gametocyte (ρ< 0.42; p = 0.0001) and parasite (ρ = 0.21; p = 0.0001) densities were positively associated with mosquito infection rates. Antibodies against Pvs47, Pvs230 and Pvs25 were associated with 23 and 34% reductions in mosquito infection rates (p<0.0001), respectively. Individuals who showed evidence of transmission blockade in serum-replacement DMFAs (n=8) were significantly more likely to have PvsHAP2 or Pvs47 antibodies. Further studies may demonstrate causality for the observed associations, improve our understanding of the natural transmission of P. vivax and support vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surafel K. Tebeje
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Jordache Ramjith
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Abrham Gashaw
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Nebret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endashaw Esayas
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Emiru
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tizita Tsegaye
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karina Teelen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nichole D. Salinas
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niraj H. Tolia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Amelie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Matthijs M. Jore
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ivo S. Hansen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fitsum G. Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Teun Bousema,
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Tadesse FG, Ashine T, Teka H, Esayas E, Messenger LA, Chali W, Meerstein-Kessel L, Walker T, Wolde Behaksra S, Lanke K, Heutink R, Jeffries CL, Mekonnen DA, Hailemeskel E, Tebeje SK, Tafesse T, Gashaw A, Tsegaye T, Emiru T, Simon K, Bogale EA, Yohannes G, Kedir S, Shumie G, Sabir SA, Mumba P, Dengela D, Kolaczinski JH, Wilson A, Churcher TS, Chibsa S, Murphy M, Balkew M, Irish S, Drakeley C, Gadisa E, Bousema T. Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes as Vectors of Plasmodium vivax and falciparum, Horn of Africa, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:603-607. [PMID: 33496217 PMCID: PMC7853561 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, efficient vectors in parts of Asia and Africa, were found in 75.3% of water sources surveyed and contributed to 80.9% of wild-caught Anopheles mosquitoes in Awash Sebat Kilo, Ethiopia. High susceptibility of these mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum and vivax infection presents a challenge for malaria control in the Horn of Africa.
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Hailemeskel E, Tebeje SK, Behaksra SW, Shumie G, Shitaye G, Keffale M, Chali W, Gashaw A, Ashine T, Drakeley C, Bousema T, Gadisa E, Tadesse FG. The epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum infections in low, moderate and high transmission settings in Ethiopia. Malar J 2021; 20:59. [PMID: 33482841 PMCID: PMC7821398 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As countries move to malaria elimination, detecting and targeting asymptomatic malaria infections might be needed. Here, the epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections were investigated in different transmission settings in Ethiopia. METHOD A total of 1093 dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected from afebrile and apparently healthy individuals across ten study sites in Ethiopia from 2016 to 2020. Of these, 862 were from community and 231 from school based cross-sectional surveys. Malaria infection status was determined by microscopy or rapid diagnostics tests (RDT) and 18S rRNA-based nested PCR (nPCR). The annual parasite index (API) was used to classify endemicity as low (API > 0 and < 5), moderate (API ≥ 5 and < 100) and high transmission (API ≥ 100) and detectability of infections was assessed in these settings. RESULTS In community surveys, the overall prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections by microscopy/RDT, nPCR and all methods combined was 12.2% (105/860), 21.6% (183/846) and 24.1% (208/862), respectively. The proportion of nPCR positive infections that was detectable by microscopy/RDT was 48.7% (73/150) for P. falciparum and 4.6% (2/44) for P. vivax. Compared to low transmission settings, the likelihood of detecting infections by microscopy/RDT was increased in moderate (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6-7.2, P = 0.002) and high endemic settings (AOR = 5.1; 95% CI 2.6-9.9, P < 0.001). After adjustment for site and correlation between observations from the same survey, the likelihood of detecting asymptomatic infections by microscopy/RDT (AOR per year increase = 0.95, 95% CI 0.9-1.0, P = 0.013) declined with age. CONCLUSIONS Conventional diagnostics missed nearly half of the asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoir detected by nPCR. The detectability of infections was particularly low in older age groups and low transmission settings. These findings highlight the need for sensitive diagnostic tools to detect the entire parasite reservoir and potential infection transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo University, PO Box, 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Surafel K Tebeje
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sinknesh W Behaksra
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Shumie
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getasew Shitaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Migbaru Keffale
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abrham Gashaw
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Keffale M, Shumie G, Behaksra SW, Chali W, Hoogen LLVD, Hailemeskel E, Mekonnen D, Chanyalew M, Damte D, Fanta T, Ashine T, Chali S, Tetteh KKA, Birhanu DD, Balcha TT, Aseffa A, Drakeley C, Tessema TS, Adamu H, Bousema T, Gadisa E, Tadesse FG. Serological evidence for a decline in malaria transmission following major scale-up of control efforts in a setting selected for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination in Babile district, Oromia, Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:305-311. [PMID: 30927007 PMCID: PMC6580689 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following successful malaria control during the last decade, Ethiopia instituted a stepwise malaria elimination strategy in selected low-transmission areas. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Babile district, Oromia, Ethiopia from July to November 2017 to evaluate malaria infection status using microscopy and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and serological markers of exposure targeting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1). RESULTS Parasite prevalence was 1.2% (14/1135) and 5.1% (58/1143) for P. falciparum and 0.4% (5/1135) and 3.6% (41/1143) for P. vivax by microscopy and nPCR, respectively. Antibody prevalence was associated with current infection by nPCR for both P. falciparum (p<0.001) and P. vivax (p=0.014) and showed an age-dependent increase (p<0.001, for both species). Seroconversion curves indicated a decline in malaria exposure 15 y prior to sampling for P. falciparum and 11.5 y prior to sampling for P. vivax, broadly following malaria incidence data from district health offices, with higher antibody titres in adults than children for both species. CONCLUSIONS Malaria transmission declined substantially in the region with continuing heterogeneous but measurable local transmission, arguing in favour of continued and tailored control efforts to accelerate the progress towards elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migbaru Keffale
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Shumie
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sinknesh Wolde Behaksra
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lotus L van den Hoogen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Mekonnen
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Menberework Chanyalew
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Demekech Damte
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tiruwork Fanta
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sagni Chali
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kevin K A Tetteh
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Taye T Balcha
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tesfaye S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Haileeyesus Adamu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, POBox 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, POBox 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chali W, Ashine T, Hailemeskel E, Gashaw A, Tafesse T, Lanke K, Esayas E, Kedir S, Shumie G, Behaksra SW, Bradley J, Yewhalaw D, Mamo H, Petros B, Drakeley C, Gadisa E, Bousema T, Tadesse FG. Comparison of infectivity of Plasmodium vivax to wild-caught and laboratory-adapted (colonized) Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:120. [PMID: 32143713 PMCID: PMC7059271 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-feeding assays that assess transmission of Plasmodium from man-to-mosquito typically use laboratory mosquito colonies. The microbiome and genetic background of local mosquitoes may be different and influence Plasmodium transmission efficiency. In order to interpret transmission studies to the local epidemiology, it is therefore crucial to understand the relationship between infectivity in laboratory-adapted and local mosquitoes. METHODS We assessed infectivity of Plasmodium vivax-infected patients from Adama, Ethiopia, using laboratory-adapted (colony) and wild-caught (wild) mosquitoes raised from larval collections in paired feeding experiments. Feeding assays used 4-6 day-old female Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes after starvation for 12 h (colony) and 18 h (wild). Oocyst development was assessed microscopically 7 days post-feeding. Wild mosquitoes were identified morphologically and confirmed by genotyping. Asexual parasites and gametocytes were quantified in donor blood by microscopy. RESULTS In 36 paired experiments (25 P. vivax infections and 11 co-infections with P. falciparum), feeding efficiency was higher in colony (median: 62.5%; interquartile range, IQR: 47.0-79.0%) compared to wild mosquitoes (median: 27.8%; IQR: 17.0-38.0%; Z = 5.02; P < 0.001). Plasmodium vivax from infectious individuals (51.6%, 16/31) infected a median of 55.0% (IQR: 6.7-85.7%; range: 5.5-96.7%; n = 14) of the colony and 52.7% (IQR: 20.0-80.0%; range: 3.2-95.0%; n = 14) of the wild mosquitoes. A strong association (ρ(16) = 0.819; P < 0.001) was observed between the proportion of infected wild and colony mosquitoes. A positive association was detected between microscopically detected gametocytes and the proportion of infected colony (ρ(31) = 0.452; P = 0.011) and wild (ρ(31) = 0.386; P = 0.032) mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS Infectivity assessments with colony and wild mosquitoes yielded similar infection results. This finding supports the use of colony mosquitoes for assessments of the infectious reservoir for malaria in this setting whilst acknowledging the importance of mosquito factors influencing sporogonic development of Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakweya Chali
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abrham Gashaw
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Tafesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Endashaw Esayas
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Soriya Kedir
- Oromia Regional Laboratory, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Shumie
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sinknesh Wolde Behaksra
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - John Bradley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, P.O.Box 5195, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Tuasha N, Hailemeskel E, Erko B, Petros B. Comorbidity of intestinal helminthiases among malaria outpatients of Wondo Genet health centers, southern Ethiopia: implications for integrated control. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:659. [PMID: 31340774 PMCID: PMC6657167 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is estimated that over a third of the world population is infected by malaria and helminthiases mainly among communities with high poverty indices. The distribution of these parasitic infections overlaps in many epidemiological settings and have varying outcomes in the host. In this paper we report the prevalence of malaria and intestinal helminthiases coinfections among malaria suspected patients and the association of helminthiases with the occurrence of malaria and its outcomes in Wondo Genet, southern Ethiopia. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2009 to July 2010 in Kella, Aruma and Busa Health Centers in Wondo Genet, a total of 427 consenting febrile patients were screened for malaria and intestinal helminths infections. Malaria parasite detection and quantification were done using Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films. Helminth infections were screened and quantified by Kato-Katz thick smear method. Haemoglobin level was assessed using haemocue machine (HemoCue HB 201+). Difference in proportions and means were tested by Student’s t test and ANOVA while logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between variables. Results Of the total examined, 196 (45.90%) were positive for at least one helminth infection while 276 (64.64%) were positive for malaria. The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections were 47.31 and 16.62%, respectively. The most common helminth parasites detected were Ascaris lumbricoides (33.96%), Trichuris trichiura (21.55%), Schistosoma mansoni (13.35%), and hookworms (6.79%). The overall malaria-helminthiases coinfection was 33.96%. The prevalence of anaemia was 43.12%. Helminthiases coinfection showed a positive correlation with the occurrence of malaria (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.44–3.28; P < 0.001). Schistosoma mansoni coinfection was associated with the increased risk of developing malaria associated anaemia (OR = 14.4, 95% CI: 1.37–150.80; P = 0.026). Conclusion Malaria and helminth coinfections are important causes of morbidities among the population in Wondo Genet necessitating integrated control measures. Nevertheless, further detailed studies on the consequences and pathogenesis of these coinfections are needed to institute sound control and intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigatu Tuasha
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, P.O. Box 121, Tepi, Ethiopia. .,Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.,Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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11
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Degarege A, Hailemeskel E, Erko B. Age-related factors influencing the occurrence of undernutrition in northeastern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:108. [PMID: 25885212 PMCID: PMC4324415 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undernutrition is a major public health problem on the globe particularly in the developing regions. The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of undernutrition in different age groups and examine the relationship of the disease to parasitic and socioeconomic factors among communities in Harbu Town, northeastern Ethiopia. Methods Stool samples of the study participants were examined for intestinal helminth infections using the Kato-Katz method. Blood specimens were diagnosed for Plasmodium infection using CareStartTM Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test. The blood type was determined from blood samples using antisera A and antisera B. In addition, the height and weight of the study participants was measured and information about their socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics was collected. Results Out of 484 individuals examined, 31.8% were undernourished and 32.0% were infected with intestinal helminths. The odds of undernutrition significantly decreased with an increase in the age of individuals. The prevalence of undernutrition in adults was significantly higher in males than in females and in those who had latrines than in those who did not have the facility. The odds of undernutrition in the 5 to 19 years age group was significantly higher in those who did not wash their hands before eating than in those who did. The prevalence of undernutrition in children younger than five years was significantly lower in those whose families were educated and had less than 5 family size compared to those with illiterate families and family size of greater than 5, respectively. However, the prevalence of undernutrition was similar in individuals who were infected and not infected with intestinal helminths. The intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection was significantly higher among individuals of blood type A compared to those of type O. Conclusions Prevalence of undernutrition was higher in children than in adults and the association of sex and socioeconomic factors with undernutrition showed variation with age. However, helminth infection was not related with undernutrition in all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Degarege
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Wollo University, P. O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Hailemeskel E, Kassa M, Taddesse G, Mohammed H, Woyessa A, Tasew G, Sleshi M, Kebede A, Petros B. Prevalence of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance-associated mutations in dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum three years after SP withdrawal in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2013; 128:636-41. [PMID: 24055717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethiopia changed the first-line anti-malarial drug for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria from sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) to Coartem(®) in 2004 following nation-wide assessment of the efficacy of both drugs in 2003. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance-associated mutations in dhfr and dhps genes of P. falciparum three years after SP withdrawal in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. A total of 165 blood spot samples were collected from patients infected with P. falciparum in Bahir Dar Health Center in 2005 (n=78) and 2008 (n=87) using Whatman (3M) filter papers. The three dhfr codons (dhfr108, dhfr 51 and dhfr 59) and the two dhps codons (dhfr 437 and 540) which are believed to determine SP resistance were detected by using nested PCR-based dot blot-hybridization technique. In dhfr, only the dhfr59Arg mutant-type showed statistically significant reduction from 80.3% in 2005 to 56.4% in 2008 (p<0.01) with a significant increase of the wild type dhfr59Cys haplotypes from 4.9% in 2005 to 29.5% in 2008 (p<0.01). The double mutants dhfr108Asn/51Ile were detected at rate of 98.4% in 2005 and 98.7% in 2008. A significant decrease in the triple dhfr (108Asn/51Ile/59Arg) mutation was observed from 2005 (78.6%) to 2008(56.4%) (p<0.01). The quadruple mutations of dhfr (108Asn/51Ile/59Arg)/dhps437Gly were significantly declined from 78.6% in 2005 to 53.8% in 2008 (p<0.01) while quintuple mutations (dhfr (108Asn/51Ile/59Arg)/dhps437Gly/dhps540Glu) showed a reduction from 60.6% to 37.2% after three years (p<0.01). In conclusion, the decline in the prevalence of dhfr/dhps combination mutations might indicate the re-emergence of sensitive parasites in the population following SP withdrawal. Therefore, further monitoring and assessment is important to determine the feasibility of re-introduction of SP alone or in combination as a more affordable and safer drug in the future in Ethiopia.
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