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Pardede EL, Venhorst VA. Does Ethnicity Affect Ever Migrating and the Number of Migrations? The Case of Indonesia. Eur J Popul 2024; 40:6. [PMID: 38289487 PMCID: PMC10828312 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper is the first to examine to what extent ethnicity affects ever migrating and the number of migrations across the lifespan for the case of internal migration in Indonesia. We use all five waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) to study migration behaviour of respondents belonging to some of the largest ethnic groups in Indonesia. Our logistic regression results show that the Minangkabau, Betawi, Madurese, Balinese, Buginese and Makassarese, and Sasak, Bima and Dompu are less likely to ever migrate than the Javanese. Using only migrants and controlling for the first migration and other characteristics, truncated negative binomial regression results show that, in comparison with the Javanese, the Minangkabau and Banjarese have a higher expected number of migrations while the numbers are lower for the Betawi and Balinese. Thus, ethnicity contributes to ever migrating as well as the number of migrations, but we find that the differences between the ethnic groups diminish for the latter. These results also point out that a higher likelihood of ever migrating does not always correspond with a higher number of migrations, highlighting the importance of studying migration count to complement the study of migration as a one-time event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Luciana Pardede
- Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Master's Programme in Population and Labour Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Nathanael Iskandar Building, Lembaga Demografi, 3rd Floor, Kampus UI, 16424, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Viktor Andreas Venhorst
- Department of Economic Geography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Belay B, Figueiras E, Hyttinen J, Ahola A. Multifocal optical projection microscopy enables label-free 3D measurement of cardiomyocyte cluster contractility. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19788. [PMID: 37957157 PMCID: PMC10643565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) models have become an attractive tool for in vitro cardiac disease modeling and drug studies. These models are moving towards more complex three-dimensional microphysiological organ-on-chip systems. Label-free imaging-based techniques capable of quantifying contractility in 3D are needed, as traditional two-dimensional methods are ill-suited for 3D applications. Here, we developed multifocal (MF) optical projection microscopy (OPM) by integrating an electrically tunable lens to our in-house built optical projection tomography setup for extended depth of field brightfield imaging in CM clusters. We quantified cluster biomechanics by implementing our previously developed optical flow-based CM video analysis for MF-OPM. To demonstrate, we acquired and analyzed multiangle and multifocal projection videos of beating hiPSC-CM clusters in 3D hydrogel. We further quantified cluster contractility response to temperature and adrenaline and observed changes to beating rate and relaxation. Challenges emerge from light penetration and overlaying textures in larger clusters. However, our findings indicate that MF-OPM is suitable for contractility studies of 3D clusters. Thus, for the first time, MF-OPM is used in CM studies and hiPSC-CM 3D cluster contraction is quantified in multiple orientations and imaging planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Belay
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Edite Figueiras
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Ahola
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
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Tesfaye B, Lengoiboni M, Zevenbergen J, Simane B. A Holistic Analysis of Food Security Situation of Households Engaged in Land Certification and Sustainable Land Management Programs: South Wello, Ethiopia. Foods 2023; 12:3341. [PMID: 37761049 PMCID: PMC10527708 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Land degradation, food and tenure insecurity are significant problems in the northern highlands of Ethiopia, particularly in the region known as the country's famine corridor. Addressing these twine issues in the region has become a focal point for both local and international organizations, underscoring the significance of preventive measures. Since 2000, the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has been implementing sustainable land management and certification programs. This study aims on households involved in these programs, specifically in Dessie Zuria and Kutaber Woredas, South Wello Zone (SWZ). The primary objectives of the research were to assess households' current food security status, identify factors influencing their food security, and classify coping and survival strategies employed by households during food shortages. Primary and secondary sources have been used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data were collected from surveyed households and analyzed USING SPSS software version 26, whereas qualitative data were transcribed, grouped, and interpreted in line with the aim of the research. Three food security models, namely the Household Food Balance Model, Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning, and Household Dietary Diversity Score, were employed to evaluate food security. Consequently, a significant percentage of the surveyed households, amounting to 88.3%, 35.6%, and 93.8%, were found to experience food insecurity according to the respective models. Rainfall shortages and variability, crop pests and diseases, shrinking farm plots, and land degradation are among the identified food security determinants. During dearth periods, households deploy a variety of coping and survival strategies. To mitigate food insecurity stemming from both natural and socio-economic factors, the research suggests several recommendations. These include advocating for tenure policy reforms by the GoE, and the local governments should promote the adoption of efficient land management practices, instituting a land certification system based on cadasters, encouraging family planning, boosting investments in education and literacy, raising awareness and providing training in climate-smart agriculture techniques, educating communities on optimal grain utilization, saving, trade, and storage methods, facilitating opportunities for income generation through off-farm and non-farm activities, and offering support for crop and livestock diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichaye Tesfaye
- Centre for Food Security Studies, College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia;
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning & Geo-Information Management, University of Twente, Languid 1430, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Monica Lengoiboni
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning & Geo-Information Management, University of Twente, Languid 1430, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Jaap Zevenbergen
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning & Geo-Information Management, University of Twente, Languid 1430, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Belay Simane
- Center for Environment and Sustainable Development, College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia;
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Smallenbroek O. Implications of the Theory of Basic Human Values for the Second Demographic Transition: Interdependence and Individualism in the Era of Self-Fulfillment. Eur J Popul 2023; 39:29. [PMID: 37656275 PMCID: PMC10473998 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
I examine the implications of a modern psychological theory of values for the Second Demographic Transition (SDT). The SDT derives its values theory and measurement from Maslow, who noted that resource-rich environments cause value shifts towards personal-focused growth values. However, Maslow has been replaced by the theory of basic human values (TBHV) which distinguishes person and social-focused growth values. This distinction has two important implications for the SDT. First, some individualistic and self-expressive values identified by the SDT are not growth but basic need motivated and therefore functions of resource-poor environments. Second, the TBHV values on interdependence and independence are strongly influenced by gender and reflect preferences for family and care or career. Therefore, these values can be used to address critiques of the SDT based on the stalled gender revolution. I show that distinguishing values as described in the TBHV can be useful for the SDT. I find that benevolence (interdependence) is positively and openness to change (autonomy/stimulation) is negatively related to marriage in the Netherlands using longitudinal panel data and discrete event history models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Smallenbroek
- European University Institute, Via dei Roccettini, 9, 50014, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy.
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Abdulai MA, Mevissen FEF, Marien V, Ruiter RAC, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Bos AER. A qualitative analysis of factors influencing the implementation of antiretroviral treatment adherence policy in Ghana: stakeholders perspective. Health Res Policy Syst 2023; 21:54. [PMID: 37316935 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-01010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS launched the 90-90-90 initiative. Failure to meet the target reflects the difficulties in successfully implementing HIV treatment policy. There are research gaps in exploring personal and external factors influencing HIV treatment in Ghana. To fill this gap, we explored individual and environmental (interpersonal, community and structural) factors influencing stakeholders' HIV treatment policy implementation in Ghana. METHODS Fifteen qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted among representatives in different management positions at hospitals, health directorates, the Ghana AIDS Commission, the National AIDS and STI control program, and the National Association of People Living with HIV. RESULTS Using thematic analysis, the findings suggest that individual and environmental factors such as attitude towards policy, awareness of HIV treatment policy, training received on policy implementation, difficulties related to patient factors, alternate sources of HIV care, inefficient policy decision-making, monitoring and evaluation of HIV treatment policy, lack of HIV treatment policy implementation training, poor availability of logistics, policy and guidelines, infrastructure, organization of training, and staff availability may hinder successful HIV treatment policy implementation. CONCLUSION Several individual and environmental (interpersonal, community and structural) factors seem to influence HIV treatment policy implementation. To ensure successful policy implementation stakeholders need to receive training on new policies, availability of sufficient supplies of material resources, inclusive decision-making, receive supportive monitoring of policy implementation, and oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ali Abdulai
- Research and Development Division, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O Box, 200, Kintampo-Bono East Region, Ghana.
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Fraukje E F Mevissen
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Marien
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Research and Development Division, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O Box, 200, Kintampo-Bono East Region, Ghana
- Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Research and Development Division, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O Box, 200, Kintampo-Bono East Region, Ghana
| | - Arjan E R Bos
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University, PO Box 2960, 6401 DL, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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Boezen D, Ali G, Wang M, Wang X, van der Werf W, Vlak JM, Zwart MP. Empirical estimates of the mutation rate for an alphabaculovirus. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009806. [PMID: 35666722 PMCID: PMC9203023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation rates are of key importance for understanding evolutionary processes and predicting their outcomes. Empirical mutation rate estimates are available for a number of RNA viruses, but few are available for DNA viruses, which tend to have larger genomes. Whilst some viruses have very high mutation rates, lower mutation rates are expected for viruses with large genomes to ensure genome integrity. Alphabaculoviruses are insect viruses with large genomes and often have high levels of polymorphism, suggesting high mutation rates despite evidence of proofreading activity by the replication machinery. Here, we report an empirical estimate of the mutation rate per base per strand copying (s/n/r) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). To avoid biases due to selection, we analyzed mutations that occurred in a stable, non-functional genomic insert after five serial passages in Spodoptera exigua larvae. Our results highlight that viral demography and the stringency of mutation calling affect mutation rate estimates, and that using a population genetic simulation model to make inferences can mitigate the impact of these processes on estimates of mutation rate. We estimated a mutation rate of μ = 1×10−7 s/n/r when applying the most stringent criteria for mutation calling, and estimates of up to μ = 5×10−7 s/n/r when relaxing these criteria. The rates at which different classes of mutations accumulate provide good evidence for neutrality of mutations occurring within the inserted region. We therefore present a robust approach for mutation rate estimation for viruses with stable genomes, and strong evidence of a much lower alphabaculovirus mutation rate than supposed based on the high levels of polymorphism observed. Virus populations can evolve rapidly, driven by the large number of mutations that occur during virus replication. It is challenging to measure mutation rates because selection will affect which mutations are observed: beneficial mutations are overrepresented in virus populations, while deleterious mutations are selected against and therefore underrepresented. Few mutation rates have been estimated for viruses with large DNA genomes, and there are no estimates for any insect virus. Here, we estimate the mutation rate for an alphabaculovirus, a virus that infects caterpillars and has a large, 134 kilobase pair DNA genome. To ensure that selection did not bias our estimate of mutation rate, we studied which mutations occurred in a large artificial region inserted into the virus genome, where mutations did not affect viral fitness. We deep sequenced evolved virus populations, and compared the distribution of observed mutants to predictions from a simulation model to estimate mutation rate. We found evidence for a relatively low mutation rate, of one mutation in every 10 million bases replicated. This estimate is in line with expectations for a DNA virus with self-correcting replication machinery and a large genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke Boezen
- Department of Microbial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ghulam Ali
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manli Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Just M. Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark P. Zwart
- Department of Microbial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Muttaqien M, Setiyaningsih H, Aristianti V, Coleman HLS, Hidayat MS, Dhanalvin E, Siregar DR, Mukti AG, Kok MO. Why did informal sector workers stop paying for health insurance in Indonesia? Exploring enrollees' ability and willingness to pay. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252708. [PMID: 34086799 PMCID: PMC8177660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indonesia faces a growing informal sector in the wake of implementing a national social health insurance system-Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN)-that supersedes the vertical programmes historically tied to informal employment. Sustainably financing coverage for informal workers requires incentivising enrolment for those never insured and recovering enrolment among those who once paid but no longer do so. This study aims to assess the ability- and willingness-to-pay of informal sector workers who have stopped paying the JKN premium for at least six months, across districts of different fiscal capacity, and explore which factors shaped their willingness and ability to pay using qualitative interviews. Surveys were conducted for 1,709 respondents in 2016, and found that informal workers' average ability and willingness to pay fell below the national health insurance scheme's premium amount, even as many currently spend more than this on healthcare costs. There were large groups for whom the costs of the premium were prohibitive (38%) or, alternatively, they were both technically willing and able to pay (25%). As all individuals in the sample had once paid for insurance, their main reasons for lapsing were based on the uncertain income of informal workers and their changing needs. The study recommends a combination of strategies of targeting of subsidies, progressive premium setting, facilitating payment collection, incentivising insurance package upgrades and socialising the benefits of health insurance in informal worker communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttaqien Muttaqien
- Centre for Health Financing Policy and Health Insurance Management (KPMAK), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hermawati Setiyaningsih
- Centre for Health Financing Policy and Health Insurance Management (KPMAK), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vini Aristianti
- Centre for Health Financing Policy and Health Insurance Management (KPMAK), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Syamsu Hidayat
- Centre for Health Financing Policy and Health Insurance Management (KPMAK), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Ali Ghufron Mukti
- Centre for Health Financing Policy and Health Insurance Management (KPMAK), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- BPJS-Kesehatan, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maarten Olivier Kok
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Hailemeskel E, Tebeje SK, Behaksra SW, Shumie G, Shitaye G, Keffale M, Chali W, Gashaw A, Ashine T, Drakeley C, Bousema T, Gadisa E, Tadesse FG. The epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum infections in low, moderate and high transmission settings in Ethiopia. Malar J 2021; 20:59. [PMID: 33482841 PMCID: PMC7821398 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As countries move to malaria elimination, detecting and targeting asymptomatic malaria infections might be needed. Here, the epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections were investigated in different transmission settings in Ethiopia. METHOD A total of 1093 dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected from afebrile and apparently healthy individuals across ten study sites in Ethiopia from 2016 to 2020. Of these, 862 were from community and 231 from school based cross-sectional surveys. Malaria infection status was determined by microscopy or rapid diagnostics tests (RDT) and 18S rRNA-based nested PCR (nPCR). The annual parasite index (API) was used to classify endemicity as low (API > 0 and < 5), moderate (API ≥ 5 and < 100) and high transmission (API ≥ 100) and detectability of infections was assessed in these settings. RESULTS In community surveys, the overall prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections by microscopy/RDT, nPCR and all methods combined was 12.2% (105/860), 21.6% (183/846) and 24.1% (208/862), respectively. The proportion of nPCR positive infections that was detectable by microscopy/RDT was 48.7% (73/150) for P. falciparum and 4.6% (2/44) for P. vivax. Compared to low transmission settings, the likelihood of detecting infections by microscopy/RDT was increased in moderate (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6-7.2, P = 0.002) and high endemic settings (AOR = 5.1; 95% CI 2.6-9.9, P < 0.001). After adjustment for site and correlation between observations from the same survey, the likelihood of detecting asymptomatic infections by microscopy/RDT (AOR per year increase = 0.95, 95% CI 0.9-1.0, P = 0.013) declined with age. CONCLUSIONS Conventional diagnostics missed nearly half of the asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoir detected by nPCR. The detectability of infections was particularly low in older age groups and low transmission settings. These findings highlight the need for sensitive diagnostic tools to detect the entire parasite reservoir and potential infection transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo University, PO Box, 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Surafel K Tebeje
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sinknesh W Behaksra
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Shumie
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getasew Shitaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Migbaru Keffale
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abrham Gashaw
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Nguyen VAT, Könings KD, Wright EP, Kim GB, Luu HN, Scherpbier AJJA, van Merriënboer JJG. Why do graduates choose to work in a less attractive specialty? A cross-sectional study on the role of personal values and expectations. Hum Resour Health 2020; 18:32. [PMID: 32366327 PMCID: PMC7197171 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-020-00474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary health care (PHC), of which preventive medicine (PM) is a subspecialty, will have to cope with a deficiency of staff in the future, which makes the retention of graduates urgent. This study was conducted in Vietnam, where PM is an undergraduate degree in parallel to medical training. It aims to identify facilitating and hindering factors that impact recruitment and retention of PM graduates in the specialty. METHODS A cross-sectional study enrolled 167 graduates who qualified as PM doctors from a Vietnamese medical school, between 2012 and 2018. Data were collected via an online questionnaire that asked participants about their motivation and continuation in PM, the major life roles that they were playing, and their satisfaction with their job. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify which life roles and motivational factors were related to the decision to take a PM position and to stay in the specialty, as well as how these factors held for subgroups of graduates (men, women, graduates who studied PM as their first or second study choice). RESULTS Half of the PM graduates actually worked in PM, and only one fourth of them expressed the intention to stay in the field. Three years after qualification, many graduates had not yet decided whether to pursue a career in PM. Satisfaction with opportunities for continuous education was rated as highly motivating for graduates to choose and to stay in PM. Responsibility for taking care of parents motivated male graduates to choose PM, while good citizenship and serving the community was associated with the retention of graduates for whom PM was their first choice. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate the importance of social context and personal factors in developing primary care workforce policy. Providing opportunities for continued education and enhancing the attractiveness of PM as an appropriate specialty to doctors who are more attached to family and the community could be solutions to maintaining the workforce in PM. The implications could be useful for other less popular specialties that also struggle with recruiting and retaining staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Medical Education and Skills Laboratory, Hanoi Medical University, Room 504, B4 Building, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Dongda, Hanoi, 10000 Vietnam
| | - Karen D. Könings
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - E. Pamela Wright
- Guelph International Health Consulting, Frederik Hendrikstraat 18, 1052 HT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giang Bao Kim
- Center of Student Assessment and Quality Assurance, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Dongda, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoat Ngoc Luu
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Department, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Dongda, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Albert J. J. A. Scherpbier
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abdelkhaliq A, van der Zande M, Peters RJB, Bouwmeester H. Combination of the BeWo b30 placental transport model and the embryonic stem cell test to assess the potential developmental toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32156294 PMCID: PMC7063716 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used extensively in various consumer products because of their antimicrobial potential. This requires insight in their potential hazards and risks including adverse effects during pregnancy on the developing fetus. Using a combination of the BeWo b30 placental transport model and the mouse embryonic stem cell test (EST), we investigated the capability of pristine AgNPs with different surface chemistries and aged AgNPs (silver sulfide (Ag2S) NPs) to cross the placental barrier and induce developmental toxicity. The uptake/association and transport of AgNPs through the BeWo b30 was characterized using ICP-MS and single particle (sp)ICP-MS at different time points. The developmental toxicity of the AgNPs was investigated by characterizing their potential to inhibit the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into beating cardiomyocytes. RESULTS The AgNPs are able to cross the BeWo b30 cell layer to a level that was limited and dependent on their surface chemistry. In the EST, no in vitro developmental toxicity was observed as the effects on differentiation of the mESCs were only detected at cytotoxic concentrations. The aged AgNPs were significantly less cytotoxic, less bioavailable and did not induce developmental toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Pristine AgNPs are capable to cross the placental barrier to an extent that is influenced by their surface chemistry and that this transport is likely low but not negligible. Next to that, the tested AgNPs have low intrinsic potencies for developmental toxicity. The combination of the BeWo b30 model with the EST is of added value in developmental toxicity screening and prioritization of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdelkhaliq
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. box 8000, 6700, EA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture - Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud J B Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, P.O. box 8000, 6700, EA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Myint CY, Pavlova M, Thein KNN, Groot W. A systematic review of the health-financing mechanisms in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries and the People's Republic of China: Lessons for the move towards universal health coverage. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217278. [PMID: 31199815 PMCID: PMC6568396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically review the health-financing mechanisms, revenue rising, pooling, purchasing, and benefits, in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the People’s Republic of China, and their impact on universal health coverage (UHC) goals in terms of universal financial protection, utilization/equity and quality. Two kinds of sources are reviewed: 1) academic articles, and 2) countries’ health system reports. We synthesize the findings from ASEAN countries and China reporting on studies that are in the scope of our objective, and studies that focus on the system (macro level) rather than treatment/technology specific studies (micro level).The results of our review suggest that the main sources of revenues are direct/indirect taxes and out of pocket payments in all ASEAN countries and China except for Brunei where natural resource revenues are the main source of revenue collection. Brunei, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, and Viet Nam have a single pool for revenue collection constituting a national health insurance. Cambodia, China, Lao, Singapore, and Thailand have implemented multiple pooling systems while Myanmar has no formal arrangement. Capitation, Fee-for-Service, DRGs, Fee schedules, Salary, and Global budget are the methods of purchasing in the studied countries. Each country has its own definition of the basic benefit package which includes the services that are perceived as essential for the population health. Although many studies provide evidence of an increase in financial protection after reforming the health-financing mechanisms in the studied countries, inequity in financial protection continue to exist. Overall, the utilization of health care among the poor has increased as a consequence of the implementation of government subsidized health insurance schemes which target the poor in most of the studied countries. Inappropriate policies and provider payment mechanisms impact on the quality of health care provision. We conclude that the most important factors to attain UHC are to prioritize and include vulnerable groups into the health insurance scheme. Government subsidization for this kind of groups is found to be an effective method to achieve this goal. The higher the percentage of government expenditure on health, the greater the financial protection is. At the same time, there is a need to weigh the financial stability of the health-financing system. A unified health insurance system providing the same benefit package for all, is the most efficient way to attain equitable access to health care. Capacity building for both administrative and health service providers is crucial for sustainable and good quality health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaw-Yin Myint
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Water, Research and Training Center (WRTC), Yangon, Myanmar
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Milena Pavlova
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Groot
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Evidence-Based Education Research (TIER), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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