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Wheeler GS, Kendra PE, David AS, Lake EC, Sigmon JW, Palacios J, Donlan EM. Community of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) Infesting Brazilian Peppertree Treated With Herbicide and the Volatile Tree Response. Environ Entomol 2021; 50:1311-1321. [PMID: 34519789 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae), is one of the most invasive weeds of natural and agricultural areas of Florida, Hawaii, and Texas (USA). Herbicides are the main tool used to manage populations of this weed. Faunal inventories of the insects associated with invasive populations of the weed have mostly listed leaf-feeding phytophagous, pollinator, or predacious species. Among these, bark and ambrosia beetles were collected only once from S. terebinthifolia in the invaded range and there are no reports from the native range. A diverse assemblage of bark and ambrosia beetles, many well-known economic pests of ornamentals, was reared from S. terebinthifolia bolts collected at a restoration site in Florida that had been treated with herbicide (triclopyr ester). A similar collection of beetles was captured on ethanol-baited sticky traps. No beetles emerged from bolts of untreated trees, almost none emerged from those wounded with a machete (3.1% of total), whereas nearly all the beetles collected emerged from bolts that had been treated with herbicide (62.3%) or the combination wounded + herbicide (34.6%). Ethanol was detected from the herbicide and wound + herbicide-treated bolts suggesting this was the attractive kairomone. Abundant amounts of other volatiles were collected from all bolts, especially from the wounded treatment, but no association was detected between volatile emissions and beetle infestation. Further studies are needed to determine whether invasive populations of S. terebinthifolia treated with herbicides constitute reservoirs for pest bark and ambrosia beetles that may spill over onto neighboring ornamental hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Wheeler
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Paul E Kendra
- USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Ellen C Lake
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Joseph W Sigmon
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Jean Palacios
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Ellen M Donlan
- South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
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David AS, Carmona Cortes A, Wheeler GS, Lake EC. Localized Induced Defenses Limit Gall Formation by Eriophyid Mite Against Invasive Lygodium microphyllum (Schizaeales: Lygodiaceae). Environ Entomol 2021; 50:814-820. [PMID: 34079991 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A potential barrier to the establishment of weed biological control agents is interference from other management tactics that induce plant defenses. Methods that suppress the weed such as feeding by other biological control agents or mechanical removal are especially disposed to inducing plant defenses and potentially limiting agent establishment. Here, we focused on the invasive weed Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. (Schizaeales: Lygodiaceae, Old World climbing fern) and one of its biological control agents, the mite Floracarus perrepae Knihinicki and Boczek (Acariformes: Eriophyidae). We experimentally induced plant defenses in potted plants via damage or application of jasmonic acid, a hormone typically involved in plant defenses, and measured the responses of the mite in a screenhouse. Localized damage to the pinnae (e.g., leaflets) via cutting or larval feeding from a second biological control agent, Neomusotima conspurcatalis (Warren) (Lepidoptera; Crambidae), reduced F. perrepae gall formation, but not the number of mites per gall. In contrast, damage to rachises (e.g., stems) did not affect galling, likely because plant defense responses were not systemic. Application of jasmonic acid reduced gall formation but not the numbers of mites within galls. Taken together, we found that localized damage interfered with gall formation but not within-gall reproduction. However, these effects on the mite from induced plant defenses are likely short-lived, and therefore interference between management tactics is unlikely to affect F. perrepae establishment and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S David
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314
| | - Andrea Carmona Cortes
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314
| | - Gregory S Wheeler
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314
| | - Ellen C Lake
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314
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David AS, Sebesta N, Abdel-Kader AA, Lake EC. Colonization by Biological Control Agents on Post-Fire Regrowth of Invasive Lygodium microphyllum (Lygodiaceae). Environ Entomol 2020; 49:796-802. [PMID: 32623448 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Integration of biological control with other management tactics such as prescribed burning is often important for successful invasive weed control. A critical step in this integration is determining whether the agent can colonize postburn growth of the weed. Here, we investigated postburn colonization by biological control agents on regrowth of the invasive vine Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. (Lygodiaceae, Old World climbing fern) in Florida. We monitored regrowth and subsequent colonization of two agents already established in Florida-the gall-inducing mite Floracarus perrepae Knihinicki and Boczek (Acariformes: Eriophyidae) and the foliage-feeding moth Neomusotima conspurcatalis Warren (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)-following three prescribed burns. We provide the first report of natural colonization by the F. perrepae mite and N. conspurcatalis moth on postburn L. microphyllum regrowth, and this colonization typically began 5-9 mo postburn. Furthermore, we report that L. microphyllum can recover to prefire levels of percent cover in as little as 5 mo. Our findings indicate that biological control of L. microphyllum has the potential to be integrated with prescribed burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S David
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL
| | - Nicole Sebesta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | | | - Ellen C Lake
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL
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Tipping PW, Smith MC, Lake EC, Minteer CR, Goode ABC, Foley JR, Gettys LA. Classical biological control and apparent competition: Evaluating a waterhyacinth invaded community module. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa C. Smith
- USDA‐ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory Fort Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Ellen C. Lake
- USDA‐ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory Fort Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Carey R. Minteer
- Indian River Research and Education Center University of Florida Fort Pierce FL USA
| | | | - Jeremiah R. Foley
- Department of Entomology Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA
| | - Lyn A. Gettys
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center University of Florida Fort Lauderdale FL USA
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David AS, Jones IM, Lake EC. Wind speed predicts population dynamics of the eriophyid mite Floracarus perrepae on invasive Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) in a shade house colony. Exp Appl Acarol 2019; 78:263-272. [PMID: 31177338 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lygodium microphyllum is one of the most noxious invasive plants in Florida, USA, smothering native vegetation in cypress swamps, pine flatwoods, and Everglades tree islands and altering fire regimes. The eriophyid mite Floracarus perrepae was introduced from Australia to help control L. microphyllum infestations. While F. perrepae exhibits high population growth rates in its native range, its population dynamics in Florida are unknown, particularly the dynamics that occur within the leaf roll galls the mite induces on the margins of leaves. Here, we monitored a shade house colony of F. perrepae in south Florida for 2 years to identify seasonal patterns and potential climate drivers of within-gall mite density. Gall dissections of mite-infested colony plants were performed monthly. Mite density within galls exhibited two cycles per year: a strong cycle that boomed in spring and busted in summer, and a weak cycle that moderately increased mite density in fall and declined in winter. Climate variables, particularly those related to wind speed, were positively associated with higher mite density. Our study sheds light on the within-gall dynamics of F. perrepae and suggests that the highest within-gall mite densities occur in the spring and fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S David
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA.
| | - Ian M Jones
- Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Ellen C Lake
- USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
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Jones I, Lake EC. Interactions between Two Biological Control Agents on Lygodium microphyllum. Insects 2018; 9:insects9040180. [PMID: 30513830 PMCID: PMC6316599 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lygodium microphyllum (Lygodiaceae) is an invasive climbing fern in peninsular Florida. Two classical biological control agents are currently being released against L. microphyllum: a leaf galling mite, Floracarus perrepae (Acariformes: Eriophyidae), and a moth, Neomusotima conspurcatalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Little is known about how the two species interact in the field; thus we conducted oviposition choice tests to determine the effects of F. perrepae presence on oviposition behavior in N. conspurcatalis. Further, we conducted feeding trials with N. conspurcatalis larvae to establish the effects of gall presence on larval survival and rate of development, and determine whether N. conspurcatalis larvae would directly consume F. perrepae galls. Neomusotima conspurcatalis laid significantly more eggs on mite galled (52.66 ± 6.211) versus ungalled (34.40 ± 5.587) L. microphyllum foliage. Feeding trials revealed higher mortality in N. conspurcatalis larvae raised on galled (60%) versus ungalled (36%) L. microphyllum material. In gall feeding trials, N. conspurcatalis larvae consumed or damaged 13.52% of galls, and the rate of direct gall feeding increased over time as leaf resources were depleted. Our results suggest that, where N. conspurcatalis and F. perrepae co-occur, competitive interactions could be more frequent than previously anticipated; however, we do not expect these antagonistic interactions to affect the establishment of either agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Jones
- Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Ellen C Lake
- USDA-ARS Invasive Pant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
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McCulloch GA, Hereward JP, Lake EC, Smith MC, Purcell MF, Walter GH. The complete chloroplast genome of the invasive fern Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 3:746-747. [PMID: 33490533 PMCID: PMC7800984 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1483755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The Old World climbing fern, Lygodium microphyllum, is a rapidly spreading environmental weed in Florida, United States. We reconstructed the complete chloroplast genome of L. microphyllum from Illumina whole-genome shotgun sequencing, and investigate the phylogenetic placement of this species within the Leptosporangiate ferns. The chloroplast genome is 158,891 bp and contains 87 protein-coding genes, four rRNA genes, and 27 tRNA genes. Thirty-three genes contained internal stop codons, a common feature in Leptosporangiate fern genomes. The L. microphyllum genome has been deposited in GenBank under accession number MG761729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A McCulloch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James P Hereward
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ellen C Lake
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Melissa C Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Matthew F Purcell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Australian Biological Control Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Lake EC, Hough-Goldstein J, D'Amico V. Integrating Management Techniques to Restore Sites Invaded by Mile-a-Minute Weed,Persicaria perfoliata. Restor Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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