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Mitsven SG, Prince EB, Messinger DS, Tenenbaum EJ, Sheinkopf SJ, Tronick EZ, Seifer R, Lester BM. Testing the mid-range model: Attachment in a high risk sample. Dev Sci 2021; 25:e13185. [PMID: 34743364 PMCID: PMC9012671 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infant attachment is a key predictor of later socioemotional functioning, but it is not clear how parental responsivity to infant expressive behavior is associated with attachment outcomes. A mid-range model of responsivity holds that both unresponsive and highly reactive parental behaviors lead to insecure and disorganized attachment. We examined the relationship between maternal (and infant) contingent responsivity and attachment in a high-risk sample. Participants were 625 infant-mother pairs from a longitudinal study of children with and without prenatal drug exposure and variable levels of associated social risks. Infant-mother pairs participated in the Face-to-Face/Still-Face paradigm (FFSF) at 4-months and in the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) at 18-months. A model incorporating both linear and quadratic responsivity effects indicated that mothers who were either very high (reactive) or very low (unresponsive) in responsivity were more likely to have infants with disorganized attachment outcomes. While maternal responsivity was associated with attachment disorganization, no associations between maternal responsivity, and attachment security/insecurity were detected. Infant responsivity to mother was not associated with attachment outcomes. The findings suggest the importance of mid-range levels of maternal responsivity in the development of organized attachment among infants facing high levels of prenatal and social risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Mitsven
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Emily B Prince
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel S Messinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Department of Music Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Elena J Tenenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen J Sheinkopf
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior and Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Edward Z Tronick
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald Seifer
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barry M Lester
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior and Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Prince EB, Ciptadi A, Tao Y, Rozga A, Martin KB, Rehg J, Messinger DS. Continuous measurement of attachment behavior: A multimodal view of the strange situation procedure. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63:101565. [PMID: 33887566 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infant attachment is a critical indicator of healthy infant social-emotional functioning, which is typically measured using the gold-standard Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). However, expert-based attachment classifications from the SSP are time-intensive (with respect both to expert training and rating), and do not provide an objective, continuous record of infant behavior. To continuously quantify predictors of key attachment behaviors and dimensions, multimodal movement and audio data were collected during the SSP. Forty-nine 1-year-olds and their mothers participated in the SSP and were tracked in three-dimensional space using five synchronized Kinect sensors; LENA recordings were used to quantify crying duration. Theoretically-informed multimodal measures of attachment-related behavior (e.g., dyadic contact duration, infant velocity of approach toward the mother, and infant crying) were used to predict expert rating scales and dimensional summaries of attachment outcomes. Stepwise regressions identified sets of multimodal objective measures that were significant predictors of eight of nine of the expert ratings of infant attachment behaviors in the SSP's two reunions. These multimodal measures predicted approximately half of the variance in the summary approach/avoidance and resistance/disorganization attachment dimensions. Incorporating all objective measures as predictors regardless of significance levels, predicted individual ratings within an average of one point on the original Likert scales. The results indicate that relatively inexpensive Kinect and LENA sensors can be harnessed to quantify attachment behavior in a key assessment protocol, suggesting the promise of objective measurement to understanding infant-parent interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agata Rozga
- Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | | | - Jim Rehg
- Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
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Martin KB, Haltigan JD, Ekas N, Prince EB, Messinger DS. Attachment security differs by later autism spectrum disorder: A prospective study. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12953. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Haltigan
- Department of Psychiatry Centre for Addiction and Mental Health University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Naomi Ekas
- Department of Psychology Texas Christian University Fort Worth TX USA
| | - Emily B. Prince
- Department of Psychology University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA
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Messinger DS, Prince EB, Zheng M, Martin K, Mitsven SG, Huang S, Stölzel T, Johnson N, Rudolph U, Perry LK, Laursen B, Song C. Continuous measurement of dynamic classroom social interactions. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025418820708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human observations can only capture a portion of ongoing classroom social activity, and are not ideal for understanding how children’s interactions are spatially structured. Here we demonstrate how social interaction can be investigated by modeling automated continuous measurements of children’s location and movement using a commercial system based on radio frequency identification. Continuous location data were obtained from 16 five-year-olds observed during three 1-h classroom free play observations. Illustrative coordinate mapping indicated that boys and girls tended to cluster in different physical locations in the classroom, but there was no suggestion of gender differences in children’s velocity (i.e., speed of movement). To detect social interaction, we present the radial distribution function, an index of when children were in social contact at greater than chance levels. Rank-order plots indicated that children were in social contact tens to hundreds of times more with some peers than others. We illustrate the use of social ties (higher than average levels of social contact) to visualize the classroom network. Analysis of the network suggests that transitivity is a potential lens through which to examine male, female, and mixed-sex cliques. The illustrative findings suggest the validity of the new measurement approach by re-examining well-established gender segregation findings from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Messinger
- Departments of Psychology, Pediatrics, Music Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Emily B. Prince
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Minzhang Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Katherine Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | | | - Shengda Huang
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Tanja Stölzel
- Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Neil Johnson
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Udo Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Lynn K. Perry
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Brett Laursen
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Chaoming Song
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Perry LK, Prince EB, Valtierra AM, Rivero-Fernandez C, Ullery MA, Katz LF, Laursen B, Messinger DS. A year in words: The dynamics and consequences of language experiences in an intervention classroom. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199893. [PMID: 29979740 PMCID: PMC6034821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children from low SES backgrounds hear, on average, fewer words at home than those from high SES backgrounds. This word gap is associated with widening achievement differences in children’s language abilities and school readiness. However relatively little is known about adult and child speech in childcare settings, in which approximately 30% of American children are enrolled. We examined the influence of teacher and peer language input on children’s in-class language use and language development in an intervention classroom for low-SES, high-risk 2- to 3-year-olds. Over the course of a year, day-long recordings of the classroom were collected weekly with LENA recorders. Using LENA software algorithms, we found that language input from peers was positively related to children’s in-class language use, both in-the-moment and over the course of each day, as were the number of conversational turns in which children and teachers engaged Both peer input and conversational turns with teachers were also positively related to children’s language development rates, as indexed by increases in vocabulary size. Together these results indicate the importance of child-specific rates of classroom language input in the language development of high-risk, preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn K. Perry
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily B. Prince
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Adriana M. Valtierra
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | | | - Mary Anne Ullery
- Linda Ray Intervention Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Lynne F. Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Linda Ray Intervention Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Brett Laursen
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Messinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Department of Music Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
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Chow SM, Ou L, Ciptadi A, Prince EB, You D, Hunter MD, Rehg JM, Rozga A, Messinger DS. Representing Sudden Shifts in Intensive Dyadic Interaction Data Using Differential Equation Models with Regime Switching. Psychometrika 2018; 83:476-510. [PMID: 29557080 PMCID: PMC7370947 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-018-9605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of social scientists have turned to differential equations as a tool for capturing the dynamic interdependence among a system of variables. Current tools for fitting differential equation models do not provide a straightforward mechanism for diagnosing evidence for qualitative shifts in dynamics, nor do they provide ways of identifying the timing and possible determinants of such shifts. In this paper, we discuss regime-switching differential equation models, a novel modeling framework for representing abrupt changes in a system of differential equation models. Estimation was performed by combining the Kim filter (Kim and Nelson State-space models with regime switching: classical and Gibbs-sampling approaches with applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1999) and a numerical differential equation solver that can handle both ordinary and stochastic differential equations. The proposed approach was motivated by the need to represent discrete shifts in the movement dynamics of [Formula: see text] mother-infant dyads during the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP), a behavioral assessment where the infant is separated from and reunited with the mother twice. We illustrate the utility of a novel regime-switching differential equation model in representing children's tendency to exhibit shifts between the goal of staying close to their mothers and intermittent interest in moving away from their mothers to explore the room during the SSP. Results from empirical model fitting were supplemented with a Monte Carlo simulation study to evaluate the use of information criterion measures to diagnose sudden shifts in dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy-Miin Chow
- Pennsylvania State University, 413 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Lu Ou
- Pennsylvania State University, 413 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | | | - Dongjun You
- Pennsylvania State University, 413 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael D Hunter
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 NE 13th Street, Suite 4900, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - James M Rehg
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Agata Rozga
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bolt T, Prince EB, Nomi JS, Messinger D, Llabre MM, Uddin LQ. Combining region- and network-level brain-behavior relationships in a structural equation model. Neuroimage 2017; 165:158-169. [PMID: 29030103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-behavior associations in fMRI studies are typically restricted to a single level of analysis: either a circumscribed brain region-of-interest (ROI) or a larger network of brain regions. However, this common practice may not always account for the interdependencies among ROIs of the same network or potentially unique information at the ROI-level, respectively. To account for both sources of information, we combined measurement and structural components of structural equation modeling (SEM) approaches to empirically derive networks from ROI activity, and to assess the association of both individual ROIs and their respective whole-brain activation networks with task performance using three large task-fMRI datasets and two separate brain parcellation schemes. The results for working memory and relational tasks revealed that well-known ROI-performance associations are either non-significant or reversed when accounting for the ROI's common association with its corresponding network, and that the network as a whole is instead robustly associated with task performance. The results for the arithmetic task revealed that in certain cases, an ROI can be robustly associated with task performance, even when accounting for its associated network. The SEM framework described in this study provides researchers additional flexibility in testing brain-behavior relationships, as well as a principled way to combine ROI- and network-levels of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Bolt
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Emily B Prince
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Jason S Nomi
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Messinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Maria M Llabre
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Yitzhak N, Giladi N, Gurevich T, Messinger DS, Prince EB, Martin K, Aviezer H. Gently does it: Humans outperform a software classifier in recognizing subtle, nonstereotypical facial expressions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 17:1187-1198. [PMID: 28406679 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to dominant theories of affect, humans innately and universally express a set of emotions using specific configurations of prototypical facial activity. Accordingly, thousands of studies have tested emotion recognition using sets of highly intense and stereotypical facial expressions, yet their incidence in real life is virtually unknown. In fact, a commonplace experience is that emotions are expressed in subtle and nonprototypical forms. Such facial expressions are at the focus of the current study. In Experiment 1, we present the development and validation of a novel stimulus set consisting of dynamic and subtle emotional facial displays conveyed without constraining expressers to using prototypical configurations. Although these subtle expressions were more challenging to recognize than prototypical dynamic expressions, they were still well recognized by human raters, and perhaps most importantly, they were rated as more ecological and naturalistic than the prototypical expressions. In Experiment 2, we examined the characteristics of subtle versus prototypical expressions by subjecting them to a software classifier, which used prototypical basic emotion criteria. Although the software was highly successful at classifying prototypical expressions, it performed very poorly at classifying the subtle expressions. Further validation was obtained from human expert face coders: Subtle stimuli did not contain many of the key facial movements present in prototypical expressions. Together, these findings suggest that emotions may be successfully conveyed to human viewers using subtle nonprototypical expressions. Although classic prototypical facial expressions are well recognized, they appear less naturalistic and may not capture the richness of everyday emotional communication. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Yitzhak
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Nir Giladi
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Tanya Gurevich
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Daniel S Messinger
- Departments of Psychology, Pediatrics, and Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Miami
| | | | | | - Hillel Aviezer
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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Gottlieb DA, Prince EB. Isolated effects of number of acquisition trials on extinction of rat conditioned approach behavior. Behav Processes 2012; 90:34-48. [PMID: 22475497 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Four conditioned approach experiments with rats assessed for effects of number of acquisition trials on extinction of conditioned responding, when number of acquisition sessions and total acquisition time were held constant. In Experiment 1, 32 trials per acquisition session led to more extinction responding than did 1 or 2 trials per session but less than did 4 trials per session. In Experiment 2, 2 trials per acquisition session led to more spontaneous recovery than did 32 trials per session. These latter findings are reminiscent of the overtraining extinction effect (OEE). Experiment 3 attempted to reduce the OEE with a preconditioning phase of partial reinforcement. Experiment 4 attempted to reduce the beneficial within-subject effects of increasing the number of acquisition trials on extinction observed by Gottlieb and Rescorla (2010) by extinguishing stimuli in different sessions. Overall, results suggest a procedural asymmetry: between-subject, increasing the number of trials between any pair of trials does not lead to greater persistence of responding during extinction; within-subject, it does. Results are discussed from an associative perspective, with a focus on explanations involving either frustration or comparator mechanisms, and from an information processing perspective, with a focus on Rate Estimation Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Gottlieb
- Department of Psychology, Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, VA 24595, USA.
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