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Constantino D, Cook M, Shin D, Meissner M, Abad-Santos M, Bertino F, Monroe E, Hua E, Vaidya S, Chick J. Abstract No. 590 Sharp Recanalization of Symptomatic Chronic Central Venous Occlusions Using the Rösch-Uchida Transjugular Liver Access Set. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.12.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
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Soong W, Sitz K, Bernstein J, Maurer M, Giménez-Arnau A, Hua E, Severin T. P049 LIGELIZUMAB ACHIEVES FREEDOM FROM DISEASE ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC SPONTANEOUS URTICARIA REGARDLESS OF PREVIOUS H1-ANTIHISTAMINE DOSE. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Soong W, Bernstein J, Sussman G, Lanier B, Sitz K, Maurer M, Gimenez Arnau A, Hua E, Barve A, Severin T, Janocha R. Le traitement à long terme par le ligélizumab permet un contrôle prolongé des symptômes chez les patients atteints d’urticaire chronique spontanée pendant le suivi post-traitement. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2020.09.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Maurer M, Giménez-Arnau A, Sussman G, Hua E, Severin T, Janocha R. Le retraitement par ligélizumab est très efficace chez les patients atteints d’urticaire chronique spontanée. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2020.09.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sussman G, Sitz K, Metz M, Hide M, Maurer M, Barbier N, Hua E, Janocha R, Severin T. D101 EFFICACY OF LIGELIZUMAB IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SPONTANEOUS URTICARIA INADEQUATELY CONTROLLED WITH OMALIZUMAB. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sitz K, Soong W, Lanier B, Kobayashi K, Barve A, Hua E, Janocha R, Severin T. P153 LIGELIZUMAB REDUCES RESCUE MEDICATION USE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SPONTANEOUS URTICARIA: PHASE 2B STUDY RESULTS. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gril B, Paranjape AN, Woditschka S, Hua E, Dolan EL, Hanson J, Wu X, Kloc W, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Duchnowska R, Pęksa R, Biernat W, Jassem J, Nayyar N, Brastianos PK, Hall OM, Peer CJ, Figg WD, Pauly GT, Robinson C, Difilippantonio S, Bialecki E, Metellus P, Schneider JP, Steeg PS. Reactive astrocytic S1P3 signaling modulates the blood-tumor barrier in brain metastases. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2705. [PMID: 30006619 PMCID: PMC6045677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are devastating complications of cancer. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which protects the normal brain, morphs into an inadequately characterized blood-tumor barrier (BTB) when brain metastases form, and is surrounded by a neuroinflammatory response. These structures contribute to poor therapeutic efficacy by limiting drug uptake. Here, we report that experimental breast cancer brain metastases of low- and high permeability to a dextran dye exhibit distinct microenvironmental gene expression patterns. Astrocytic sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 3 (S1P3) is upregulated in the neuroinflammatory response of the highly permeable lesions, and is expressed in patients' brain metastases. S1P3 inhibition functionally tightens the BTB in vitro and in vivo. S1P3 mediates its effects on BTB permeability through astrocytic secretion of IL-6 and CCL2, which relaxes endothelial cell adhesion. Tumor cell overexpression of S1P3 mimics this pathway, enhancing IL-6 and CCL-2 production and elevating BTB permeability. In conclusion, neuroinflammatory astrocytic S1P3 modulates BTB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunilde Gril
- Women's Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
| | | | - Stephan Woditschka
- Women's Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Emily Hua
- Women's Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Emma L Dolan
- Women's Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hanson
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Genomics Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Wojciech Kloc
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Varmia & Masuria University, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copernicus Hospital Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-803, Poland
| | - Ewa Izycka-Swieszewska
- Department of Pathology & Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-210, Poland
- Department of Pathomorphology, Copernicus Hospital Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-803, Poland
| | - Renata Duchnowska
- Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, 04-141, Poland
| | - Rafał Pęksa
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki St, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki St, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Jassem
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Naema Nayyar
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - O Morgan Hall
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Cody J Peer
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - William D Figg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Gary T Pauly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Christina Robinson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Emilie Bialecki
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Privé Clairval, Ramsay Général de Santé, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Philippe Metellus
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Privé Clairval, Ramsay Général de Santé, Marseille, 13009, France
- Institut de Neurophysiopathologie-UMR 7051, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13344, France
| | - Joel P Schneider
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
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Paranjape AN, Gril B, Woditschka S, Hua E, Hanson JC, Wu X, Duchnowska R, Brastianos PK, Liewehr DL, Steinberg SM, Peer C, Figg WD, Pauly GT, Robinson C, Schneider JP, Steeg PS. Abstract 4330: Astrocytic S1P3 regulates blood-brain/tumor barrier permeability. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Incidence of breast cancer brain metastasis is increasing owing to prolonged life-span and better detection techniques. Prognosis of patients with brain metastases is extremely poor with median survival time of one year. One of the major impediments in treating brain metastases is presence of blood-brain/tumor barrier that limits the permeability of chemotherapeutic drugs into the brain parenchyma. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate blood-brain/tumor barrier permeability in context of brain metastases is imperative to developing successful therapy.
Methods: Mouse models with brain-tropic sublines of MDA-MB-231 (231), JIMT-1, and SUM190 were used to generate breast cancer brain metastases. Using laser capture microscopy, the permeable and non-permeable lesions from mouse brains were isolated and profiled for gene expression using microarray. Immortalized human brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes were used for developing in vitro blood-brain/tumor barrier model along with spheres generated with 231-BR6 or JIMT-1-BR3 cells. Secreted cytokines were evaluated using human cytokine profiler. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured using EVOM2 volt/ohm meter.
Results: Gene expression profiling and immunostaining of mouse brains, harboring breast cancer metastases showed that astrocytes at permeable regions express elevated S1P3. Pharmacological inhibition of S1P3 using antagonist TY-52156 (10mg/kg) in mice bearing 231-BR6 brain metastases showed reduction in 3KDa Texas red dextran (TRD) uptake. To investigate the role of S1P3 in regulating barrier permeability, we established in vitro blood-brain/tumor barrier models. Treatment of astrocytes with TY-52156 (2μM) significantly increased mean TEER values (33.9 to 55.8 Ω.cm2; p<0.001, after 24 hrs), while there was a decrease in permeability for TRD (1.9 fold; p<0.0001) and doxorubicin (1.3 folds; p<0.05). Immunostaining on endothelial monolayer showed increased membranous ZO-1 and VE-cadherin expression. The dynamics of increase in TEER was faster when 231-BR6 spheres were included. We observed similar results when S1P3 was knocked down using shRNA. Astrocytes with down-modulated S1P3 showed decreased secretion of various cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CXCL1, and GM-CSF. Inhibition of these cytokines individually using neutralizing antibodies recapitulated the effects of S1P3 inhibition, while treatment of endothelial monolayer with activated cytokines increased the permeability. This study provides a proof of concept for role of S1P3 and downstream cytokine signaling in regulating blood-brain/tumor barrier permeability in breast cancer brain metastases.
Conclusion: Our study shows that astrocytic S1P3 regulates blood-brain/tumor barrier permeability in breast cancer brain metastases by modulating cytokine secretion. This observation might lead to discovery of novel strategies for augmenting drug efficacy.
Citation Format: Anurag N. Paranjape, Brunilde Gril, Stephan Woditschka, Emily Hua, Jeffrey C. Hanson, Xiaolin Wu, Renata Duchnowska, Priscilla K. Brastianos, David L. Liewehr, Seth M. Steinberg, Cody Peer, William D. Figg, Gary T. Pauly, Christina Robinson, Joel P. Schneider, Patricia S. Steeg. Astrocytic S1P3 regulates blood-brain/tumor barrier permeability [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4330. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4330
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily Hua
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Xiaolin Wu
- 3Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Cody Peer
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Gril B, Lyle LT, Lockman PR, Adkins CE, Mohammad AS, Sechrest E, Hua E, Palmieri D, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Kloc W, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Duchnowska R, Naema N, Brastianos PK, Steeg PS. Abstract 4933: Desmin+pericyte subpopulations correlated with blood-tumor barrier permeability in brain metastases of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer brain metastases remain incurable. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a multicellular dynamic structure regulating exchanges between the blood and the central nervous system. As cancer cells colonize the brain, the BBB evolves into a blood-tumor barrier (BTB). The BTB limits compound penetration and therefore contributes to poor efficacy of chemotherapy. While the BBB has been well characterized in developmental and neurodegenerative disease studies, the BTB composition remains unknown.
We have characterized the BTB in three model systems of brain metastasis of breast cancer developed in the laboratory: a triple negative (231-BR6), and two HER2 overexpressing (SUM190-BR3, JIMT-1-BR3) subtypes. Using Texas Red dextran (TRD) as a marker of permeability and quantitative immunofluorescence staining, we analyzed the cellular and molecular composition of: 1) unaltered BBB vs. BTB, and 2) BTB in highly permeable metastases vs. BTB in poorly permeable metastases.
The BTB developed from the BBB in a series of alterations, including a neuroinflammatory reaction with astrogliosis, endothelial cell dilation, increased VEGF, reduced astrocyte endfoot polarity, and decrease in PDGFR+ pericytes. Only 10% of the metastatic lesions harbored a profound TRD exudation, which correlated with paclitaxel efficacy. We hypothesized that specific cellular and molecular changes account for the heterogeneity and increase in TRD diffusion. When metastases with relatively low- and high-TRD diffusion were compared, highly permeable metastases correlated with an increased expression of desmin+ pericytes in three models (231-BR6 p=0.0002; JIMT-1-BR3 p=0.004; SUM190-BR3 p=0.008) and a decrease in CD13+ pericytes in two model systems (231-BR6 p=0.014; JIMT-1-BR3 p=0.002). Decreased expression of laminin α2 in the parenchymal basement membrane (231-BR6 p=0.001; JIMT-1-BR3 p=0.049; SUM190-BR3 p=0.023) were associated with higher permeability. Desmin+ pericytes have been associated with pathological conditions such as fibrosis and spinal cord injury. Seven over nine human craniotomy specimens were positive for Desmin staining, validating clinically the relevance of our findings. We subsequently hypothesized that the desmin+ pericyte subpopulation functionally contributes to increased permeability. Desmin+ pericytes were produced in vitro by co-culturing primary mouse pericytes with astrocytes. When desmin+ or CD13+ pericytes were added to in vitro transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) models of the BBB, the desmin+ pericytes exhibited less resistance, indicative of higher permeability. The data suggest that desmin+ pericytes may facilitate the permeability of the BTB. These studies show that the BTB in brain metastasis model systems involves consistent molecular changes. These data may identify new strategies to selectively permeabilize the BTB and enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy.
Citation Format: Brunilde Gril, L. Tiffany Lyle, Paul R. Lockman, Chris E. Adkins, Afroz Shareef Mohammad, Emily Sechrest, Emily Hua, Diane Palmieri, David J. Liewehr, Seth M. Steinberg, Wojciech Kloc, Ewa Izycka-Swieszewska, Renata Duchnowska, Nayyar Naema, Priscilla K. Brastianos, Patricia S. Steeg. Desmin+pericyte subpopulations correlated with blood-tumor barrier permeability in brain metastases of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4933. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4933
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Tiffany Lyle
- 2 Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Paul R. Lockman
- 3West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV
| | - Chris E. Adkins
- 3West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV
| | | | - Emily Sechrest
- 3West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV
| | | | | | | | | | - Wojciech Kloc
- 5University of Varmia & Masuria University, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | | | - Nayyar Naema
- 8Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Lyle LT, Lockman PR, Adkins CE, Mohammad AS, Sechrest E, Hua E, Palmieri D, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Kloc W, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Duchnowska R, Nayyar N, Brastianos PK, Steeg PS, Gril B. Alterations in Pericyte Subpopulations Are Associated with Elevated Blood-Tumor Barrier Permeability in Experimental Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5287-5299. [PMID: 27245829 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is modified to a blood-tumor barrier (BTB) as a brain metastasis develops from breast or other cancers. We (i) quantified the permeability of experimental brain metastases, (ii) determined the composition of the BTB, and (iii) identified which elements of the BTB distinguished metastases of lower permeability from those with higher permeability. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A SUM190-BR3 experimental inflammatory breast cancer brain metastasis subline was established. Experimental brain metastases from this model system and two previously reported models (triple-negative MDA-231-BR6, HER2+ JIMT-1-BR3) were serially sectioned; low- and high-permeability lesions were identified with systemic 3-kDa Texas Red dextran dye. Adjoining sections were used for quantitative immunofluorescence to known BBB and neuroinflammatory components. One-sample comparisons against a hypothesized value of one were performed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS When uninvolved brain was compared with any brain metastasis, alterations in endothelial, pericytic, astrocytic, and microglial components were observed. When metastases with relatively low and high permeability were compared, increased expression of a desmin+ subpopulation of pericytes was associated with higher permeability (231-BR6 P = 0.0002; JIMT-1-BR3 P = 0.004; SUM190-BR3 P = 0.008); desmin+ pericytes were also identified in human craniotomy specimens. Trends of reduced CD13+ pericytes (231-BR6 P = 0.014; JIMT-1-BR3 P = 0.002, SUM190-BR3, NS) and laminin α2 (231-BR6 P = 0.001; JIMT-1-BR3 P = 0.049; SUM190-BR3 P = 0.023) were also observed with increased permeability. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first account of the composition of the BTB in experimental brain metastasis. Desmin+ pericytes and laminin α2 are potential targets for the development of novel approaches to increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(21); 5287-99. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tiffany Lyle
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul R Lockman
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Chris E Adkins
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Afroz Shareef Mohammad
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Emily Sechrest
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Emily Hua
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Diane Palmieri
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David J Liewehr
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wojciech Kloc
- Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, University of Varmia & Masuria University, Olsztyn, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Copernicus Hospital Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Izycka-Swieszewska
- Departments of Pathology & Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Pathomorphology, Copernicus Hospital, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Renata Duchnowska
- Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Naema Nayyar
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brunilde Gril
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Smart D, Garcia-Glaessner A, Palmieri D, Wong-Goodrich SJ, Kramp T, Gril B, Shukla S, Lyle T, Hua E, Cameron HA, Camphausen K, Steeg PS. Analysis of radiation therapy in a model of triple-negative breast cancer brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:717-27. [PMID: 26319493 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer patients with brain metastases are treated with radiation therapy, yet this modality has not yet been meaningfully incorporated into preclinical experimental brain metastasis models. We applied two forms of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) to the brain-tropic 231-BR experimental brain metastasis model of triple-negative breast cancer. When compared to sham controls, WBRT as 3 Gy × 10 fractions (3 × 10) reduced the number of micrometastases and large metastases by 87.7 and 54.5 %, respectively (both p < 0.01); whereas a single radiation dose of 15 Gy × 1 (15 × 1) was less effective, reducing metastases by 58.4 % (p < 0.01) and 47.1 % (p = 0.41), respectively. Neuroinflammation in the adjacent brain parenchyma was due solely to a reaction from metastases, and not radiotherapy, while adult neurogenesis in brains was adversely affected following both radiation regimens. The nature of radiation resistance was investigated by ex vivo culture of tumor cells that survived initial WBRT ("Surviving" cultures). The Surviving cultures surprisingly demonstrated increased radiosensitivity ex vivo. In contrast, re-injection of Surviving cultures and re-treatment with a 3 × 10 WBRT regimen significantly reduced the number of large and micrometastases that developed in vivo, suggesting a role for the microenvironment. Micrometastases derived from tumor cells surviving initial 3 × 10 WBRT demonstrated a trend toward radioresistance upon repeat treatment (p = 0.09). The data confirm the potency of a fractionated 3 × 10 WBRT regimen and identify the brain microenvironment as a potential determinant of radiation efficacy. The data also nominate the Surviving cultures as a potential new translational model for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeeDee Smart
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Alejandra Garcia-Glaessner
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diane Palmieri
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- NHLBI, Bldg 10-CRC, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Tamalee Kramp
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brunilde Gril
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tiffany Lyle
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily Hua
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Heather A Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, NIMH, NIH, 35 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Palmieri D, Duchnowska R, Woditschka S, Hua E, Qian Y, Biernat W, Sosińska-Mielcarek K, Gril B, Stark AM, Hewitt SM, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Jassem J, Steeg PS. Profound prevention of experimental brain metastases of breast cancer by temozolomide in an MGMT-dependent manner. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2727-39. [PMID: 24634373 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brain metastases of breast cancer cause neurocognitive damage and are incurable. We evaluated a role for temozolomide in the prevention of brain metastases of breast cancer in experimental brain metastasis models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Temozolomide was administered in mice following earlier injection of brain-tropic HER2-positive JIMT-1-BR3 and triple-negative 231-BR-EGFP sublines, the latter with and without expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). In addition, the percentage of MGMT-positive tumor cells in 62 patient-matched sets of breast cancer primary tumors and resected brain metastases was determined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Temozolomide, when dosed at 50, 25, 10, or 5 mg/kg, 5 days per week, beginning 3 days after inoculation, completely prevented the formation of experimental brain metastases from MGMT-negative 231-BR-EGFP cells. At a 1 mg/kg dose, temozolomide prevented 68% of large brain metastases, and was ineffective at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. When the 50 mg/kg dose was administered beginning on days 18 or 24, temozolomide efficacy was reduced or absent. Temozolomide was ineffective at preventing brain metastases in MGMT-transduced 231-BR-EGFP and MGMT-expressing JIMT-1-BR3 sublines. In 62 patient-matched sets of primary breast tumors and resected brain metastases, 43.5% of the specimens had concordant low MGMT expression, whereas in another 14.5% of sets high MGMT staining in the primary tumor corresponded with low staining in the brain metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Temozolomide profoundly prevented the outgrowth of experimental brain metastases of breast cancer in an MGMT-dependent manner. These data provide compelling rationale for investigating the preventive efficacy of temozolomide in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Palmieri
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Renata Duchnowska
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Woditschka
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Emily Hua
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yongzhen Qian
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sosińska-Mielcarek
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Brunilde Gril
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas M Stark
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David J Liewehr
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jacek Jassem
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, GermanyAuthors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Authors' Affiliations: Women's Malignancies Branch; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research; Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw; Departments of Pathomorphology, and Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University; Regional Cancer Center, Gdańsk, Poland; and Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Jassem J, Duchnowska R, Hua E, Qian Y, Biernat W, Sosinska-Mielcarek K, Gril B, Stark A, Hewitt S, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Palmieri D, Steeg PS. Abstract P6-11-04: Profound prevention of experimental brain metastases of breast cancer by temozolomide in a MGMT-dependent manner. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p6-11-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Brain metastases of breast cancer cause neurocognitive damage and are incurable. We evaluated in experimental brain metastasis model a role of temozolomide, an oral brain permeable alkylating agent characterized by significant uptake in the central nervous system, in the prevention of brain metastases of breast cancer.
Material and methods: To assess preventive role of temozolomide, mice were inoculated with 175,000 triple-negative 231-BR-EGFP cells in 0.1 mL PBS in the left ventricle of the heart. Three days after tumor cell inoculation, mice were randomized to temozolomide at the dose of 50 mg/kg delivered by oral gavage in saline, 5 days a week for 4 weeks, or vehicle. Subsequent experiments used temozolomide doses of 25, 10, 5, 1 and 0.5 mg/kg. To evaluate the efficacy of temozolomide in treating established BM, mice received temozolomide (50 mg/kg) beginning on either day 18 or day 24 post-injection of 231-BR-EGFR cells, 5 days a week for two and one week, respectively. To investigate the impact of temozolomide on survival, mice injected with 231-BR-EGFP cells were randomized to vehicle, temozolomide on days 3-14, or temozolomide on days 17-28 post-injection, per the schedule described above. To determine the functional contribution of MGMT expression in the BM preventive model, similar experiments were performed using 231-BR-EGFP cells with induced MGMT expression, and MGMT-positive Jimt-1 cells. Metastases were counted in step sections of one hemisphere of each brain. Additionally, the percentage of MGMT-positive tumor cells in 62 patient-matched sets of breast cancer primary tumors and resected brain metastases was determined immunohistochemically.
Results: Temozolomide, when dosed at 50, 25, 10 or 5 mg/kg, 5 days/week, beginning 3 days after inoculation, completely prevented the formation of experimental brain metastases from MGMT-negative 231-BR-EGFP cell line. At a 1 mg/kg dose, temozolomide prevented 68% of large brain metastases, and was ineffective at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. When the 50 mg/kg dose was administered beginning on days 18 or 24, temozolomide efficacy was reduced or absent. Both schedules of temozolomide (days 3-14 and days 17-28) significantly increased survival (P = .0003 by long-rank test). Earlier administration of temozolomide resulted in long term survival of 6 and 2 out of 10 mice, respectively; a significant difference compared to vehicle (P < .0001 and .0003, respectively).Temozolomide was ineffective at preventing brain metastases in the MGMT-positive 231-BR-EGFP and Jimt-BR3 sublines. In 62 patient-matched sets of primary breast tumors and resected brain metastases 43.5% of the specimens had concordant low MGMT expression, while in another 14.5% sets high MGMT staining in the primary tumor corresponded with low staining in the brain metastasis.
Conclusions: Temozolomide profoundly prevents the outgrowth of experimental brain metastases of breast cancer in a MGMT-dependent manner. The majority of patients had low MGMT expressing brain metastases. These data provide a compelling rationale for investigating preventive efficacy of temozolomide in high-risk advanced breast cancer patients.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-11-04.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jassem
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - R Duchnowska
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - E Hua
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Y Qian
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - W Biernat
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - K Sosinska-Mielcarek
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - B Gril
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - A Stark
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - S Hewitt
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - DJ Liewehr
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - SM Steinberg
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - D Palmieri
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - PS Steeg
- Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bthesda, MD; Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Cancer Center, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick; Klinik fur Neurochirurgie UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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Duchnowska R, Jassem J, Goswami CP, Gokmen-Polar Y, Li L, Thorat MA, Flores N, Hua E, Woditschka S, Palmieri D, Steinberg SM, Biernat W, Sosinska-Mielcarek K, Szostakiewicz B, Czartoryska-Arlukowicz B, Radecka B, Tomasevic Z, Sledge GW, Steeg PS, Badve SS. 13-gene signature to predict rapid development of brain metastases in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
505 Background: Brain metastases (BM) of breast cancer constitute an important part of therapeutic failures and are associated with severe morbidity and mortality. The risk of BM is particularly high in HER2+ advanced breast cancer pts. We earlier developed in this group a 13-gene signature strongly predicting for rapid development of BM (J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 45s). Now, we validated these results in an independent group of pts and on culture model system. Methods: Discovery group included 87 samples analyzed using cDNA synthesis, annealing, selection, extension, ligation and array hybridization (DASL). Independent validation group included 75 samples analyzed using quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. 3D culture validation model system used immortal, non-tumorigenic human MCF10A breast epithelial cells with and without ectopic expression of HER-2 and RAD51, a DNA double strand break repair gene (one of the three genes of this group overexpressed in 13-gene signature). The number and morphology of breast acini were scored using indirect immunoflourescence and confocal microscopy. Results: Median brain metastasis-free survival (BMFS) in the discovery group for ‘high’ vs. ‘low’ expression signature tumors was 36 months and 66 months, respectively (P=0.0068), and in the validation group 54 and 86 months, respectively (P=0.032). Short BMFS was also associated with ER-negativity; BMFS in the cohort of ‘high’ 13-gene signature and ER- tumors vs. other 3 groups was 31 months and 66 months in discovery group, and 41 and 77 months in validation group (P<0.0001 and P=0.02, respectively). Overexpression of RAD51 in MCF-10A breast cells altered their three-dimensional acinar morphology and increased the percentage of invasive structures by 6.5 fold, both in the presence and absence of HER2 overexpression. Conclusions: 13-gene signature and ER-negativity predict rapid development of BM in HER+ advanced breast cancer pts. RAD51 may promote aggressiveness in breast epithelial cells. These data may be useful in the design of BM preventive trials and may prompt new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lang Li
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Emily Hua
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zorica Tomasevic
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
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Qian Y, Hua E, Bisht K, Woditschka S, Skordos KW, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Brogi E, Akram MM, Killian JK, Edelman DC, Pineda M, Scurci S, Degenhardt YY, Laquerre S, Lampkin TA, Meltzer PS, Camphausen K, Steeg PS, Palmieri D. Inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1 prevents the growth of metastatic breast cancer cells in the brain. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:899-908. [PMID: 21953073 PMCID: PMC7416514 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Few therapeutic strategies exist for the treatment of metastatic tumor cells in the brain because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits drug access. Thus the identification of molecular targets and accompanying BBB permeable drugs will significantly benefit brain metastasis patients. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an attractive molecular target because it is only expressed in dividing cells and its expression is upregulated in many tumors. Analysis of a publicly available database of human breast cancer metastases revealed Plk1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in brain metastases compared to systemic metastases (P = 0.0018). The selective Plk1 inhibitor, GSK461364A, showed substantial uptake in normal rodent brain. Using a breast cancer brain metastatic xenograft model (231-BR), we tested the efficacy of GSK461364A to prevent brain metastatic colonization. When treatment was started 3 days post-injection, GSK461364A at 50 mg/kg inhibited the development of large brain metastases 62% (P = 0.0001) and prolonged survival by 17%. GSK461364A sensitized tumor cells to radiation induced cell death in vitro. Previously, it was reported that mutations in p53 might render tumor cells more sensitive to Plk1 inhibition; however, p53 mutations are uncommon in breast cancer. In a cohort of 41 primary breast tumors and matched brain metastases, p53 immunostaining was increased in 61% of metastases; 44% of which were associated with primary tumors with low p53. The data suggest that p53 overexpression occurs frequently in brain metastases and may facilitate sensitivity to Plk1 inhibition. These data indicate Plk1 may be a new druggable target for the prevention of breast cancer brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Qian
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
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Taskar KS, Rudraraju V, Mittapalli RK, Samala R, Thorsheim HR, Lockman J, Gril B, Hua E, Palmieri D, Polli JW, Castellino S, Rubin SD, Lockman PR, Steeg PS, Smith QR. Lapatinib distribution in HER2 overexpressing experimental brain metastases of breast cancer. Pharm Res 2011; 29:770-81. [PMID: 22011930 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lapatinib, a small molecule EGFR/HER2 inhibitor, partially inhibits the outgrowth of HER2+ brain metastases in preclinical models and in a subset of CNS lesions in clinical trials of HER2+ breast cancer. We investigated the ability of lapatinib to reach therapeutic concentrations in the CNS following (14)C-lapatinib administration (100 mg/kg p.o. or 10 mg/kg, i.v.) to mice with MDA-MD-231-BR-HER2 brain metastases of breast cancer. METHODS Drug concentrations were determined at differing times after administration by quantitative autoradiography and chromatography. RESULTS (14)C-Lapatinib concentration varied among brain metastases and correlated with altered blood-tumor barrier permeability. On average, brain metastasis concentration was 7-9-fold greater than surrounding brain tissue at 2 and 12 h after oral administration. However, average lapatinib concentration in brain metastases was still only 10-20% of those in peripheral metastases. Only in a subset of brain lesions (17%) did lapatinib concentration approach that of systemic metastases. No evidence was found of lapatinib resistance in tumor cells cultured ex vivo from treated brains. CONCLUSIONS Results show that lapatinib distribution to brain metastases of breast cancer is partially restricted and blood-tumor barrier permeability is a key component of lapatinib therapeutic efficacy which varies between tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal S Taskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1406 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
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Palmieri D, Lockman PR, Thomas FC, Hua E, Herring J, Hargrave E, Johnson M, Flores N, Qian Y, Vega-Valle E, Taskar KS, Rudraraju V, Mittapalli RK, Gaasch JA, Bohn KA, Thorsheim HR, Liewehr DJ, Davis S, Reilly JF, Walker R, Bronder JL, Feigenbaum L, Steinberg SM, Camphausen K, Meltzer PS, Richon VM, Smith QR, Steeg PS. Vorinostat inhibits brain metastatic colonization in a model of triple-negative breast cancer and induces DNA double-strand breaks. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6148-57. [PMID: 19789319 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As chemotherapy and molecular therapy improve the systemic survival of breast cancer patients, the incidence of brain metastases increases. Few therapeutic strategies exist for the treatment of brain metastases because the blood-brain barrier severely limits drug access. We report the pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and mechanism of action studies for the histone deactylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) in a preclinical model of brain metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The 231-BR brain trophic subline of the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line was injected into immunocompromised mice for pharmacokinetic and metastasis studies. Pharmacodynamic studies compared histone acetylation, apoptosis, proliferation, and DNA damage in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Following systemic administration, uptake of [(14)C]vorinostat was significant into normal rodent brain and accumulation was up to 3-fold higher in a proportion of metastases formed by 231-BR cells. Vorinostat prevented the development of 231-BR micrometastases by 28% (P = 0.017) and large metastases by 62% (P < 0.0001) compared with vehicle-treated mice when treatment was initiated on day 3 post-injection. The inhibitory activity of vorinostat as a single agent was linked to a novel function in vivo: induction of DNA double-strand breaks associated with the down-regulation of the DNA repair gene Rad52. CONCLUSIONS We report the first preclinical data for the prevention of brain metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer. Vorinostat is brain permeable and can prevent the formation of brain metastases by 62%. Its mechanism of action involves the induction of DNA double-strand breaks, suggesting rational combinations with DNA active drugs or radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Palmieri
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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18
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Palmieri D, Fitzgerald D, Shreeve SM, Hua E, Bronder JL, Weil RJ, Davis S, Stark AM, Merino MJ, Kurek R, Mehdorn HM, Davis G, Steinberg SM, Meltzer PS, Aldape K, Steeg PS. Analyses of resected human brain metastases of breast cancer reveal the association between up-regulation of hexokinase 2 and poor prognosis. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1438-45. [PMID: 19723875 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases of breast cancer seem to be increasingin incidence as systemic therapy improves. Metastatic disease in the brain is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We present the first gene expression analysis of laser-captured epithelial cells from resected human brain metastases of breast cancer compared with unlinked primary breast tumors. The tumors were matched for histology, tumor-node-metastasis stage, and hormone receptor status. Most differentially expressed genes were down-regulated in the brain metastases, which included, surprisingly, many genes associated with metastasis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed statistically significant differences or strong trends in the expression of six genes: BMP1, PEDF, LAMgamma3, SIAH, STHMN3, and TSPD2. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) was also of interest because of its increased expression in brain metastases. HK2 is important in glucose metabolism and apoptosis. In agreement with our microarray results, HK2 levels (both mRNA and protein) were elevated in a brain metastatic derivative (231-BR) of the human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 relative to the parental cell line (231-P) in vitro. Knockdown of HK2 expression in 231-BR cells using short hairpin RNA reduced cell proliferation when cultures were maintained in glucose-limiting conditions. Finally, HK2 expression was analyzed in a cohort of 123 resected brain metastases of breast cancer. High HK2 expression was significantly associated with poor patient survival after craniotomy (P = 0.028). The data suggest that HK2 overexpression is associated with metastasis to the brain in breast cancer and it may be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Palmieri
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7322, USA
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Fitzgerald DP, Palmieri D, Hua E, Hargrave E, Herring JM, Qian Y, Vega-Valle E, Weil RJ, Stark AM, Vortmeyer AO, Steeg PS. Reactive glia are recruited by highly proliferative brain metastases of breast cancer and promote tumor cell colonization. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25:799-810. [PMID: 18649117 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment are crucial to tumor formation and metastasis. The central nervous system serves as a "sanctuary" site for metastasis, resulting in poor prognosis in diagnosed patients. The incidence of brain metastasis is increasing; however, little is known about interactions between the brain and metastatic cells. Brain pathology was examined in an experimental model system of brain metastasis, using a subline of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The results were compared with an analysis of sixteen resected human brain metastases of breast cancer. Experimental metastases formed preferentially in specific brain regions, with a distribution similar to clinical cases. In both the 231-BR model, and in human specimens, Ki67 expression indicated that metastases were highly proliferative (approximately 50%). Little apoptosis was observed in either set of tumors. In the model system, metastases elicited a brain inflammatory response, with extensive reactive gliosis surrounding metastases. Similarly, large numbers of glial cells were found within the inner tumor mass of human brain metastases. In vitro co-cultures demonstrated that glia induced a approximately 5-fold increase in metastatic cell proliferation (P<0.001), suggesting that brain tissue secretes factors conducive to tumor cell growth. Molecules used to signal between tumor cells and the surrounding glia could provide a new avenue of therapeutic targets for brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Fitzgerald
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 1126, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Horak CE, Mendoza A, Vega-Valle E, Albaugh M, Graff-Cherry C, McDermott WG, Hua E, Merino MJ, Steinberg SM, Khanna C, Steeg PS. Nm23-H1 suppresses metastasis by inhibiting expression of the lysophosphatidic acid receptor EDG2. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11751-9. [PMID: 18089805 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nm23-H1 transcriptionally down-regulates expression of the lysophosphatidic acid receptor EDG2 and this down-regulation is critical for Nm23-H1-mediated motility suppression in vitro. We investigated the effect of altered EDG2 expression on Nm23-H1-mediated metastasis suppression in vivo. Clonal MDA-MB-435-derived tumor cell lines transfected with Nm23-H1 together with either a vector control or EDG2 had similar anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth rates in vitro. However, a 45- and 300-fold inhibition of motility and invasion (P < 0.0001), respectively, was observed in Nm23-H1/vector lines, whereas coexpression of EDG2 restored activity to levels observed in the parental line. Using fluorescently labeled cells and ex vivo microscopy, the capacity of these cells to adhere, arrest, extravasate, and survive in the murine lung over a 24-h time course was measured. Only 5% of Nm23-H1/vector-transfected cells were retained in the murine lung 6 h following tail vein injection; coexpression of EDG2 enhanced retention 8- to 13-fold (P < 0.01). In a spontaneous metastasis assay, the primary tumor size of Nm23-H1/vector and Nm23-H1/EDG2 clones was not significantly different. However, restoration of EDG2 expression augmented the incidence of pulmonary metastasis from 51.9% to 90.4% (P = 2.4 x 10(-5)), comparable with parental MDA-MB-435 cells. To determine the relevance of this model system to human breast cancer, a cohort of breast carcinomas was stained for Nm23-H1 and EDG2 and a statistically significant inverse correlation between these two proteins was revealed (r = -0.73; P = 0.004). The data indicate that Nm23-H1 down-regulation of EDG2 is functionally important to suppression of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Horak
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Benimetskaya L, Lai JC, Khvorova A, Wu S, Hua E, Miller P, Zhang LM, Stein CA. Relative Bcl-2 independence of drug-induced cytotoxicity and resistance in 518A2 melanoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:8371-9. [PMID: 15623615 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibition of the function of Bcl-2 protein has been postulated to sensitize cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy. G3139 (Genasense) is a phosphorothioate anti-Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide, but its mechanism of action is uncertain. The aim of the present work is to investigate inhibition of Bcl-2 expression in 518A2 melanoma cells, the cell line on which recent phase II and phase III clinical trials employing this agent were based. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 protein by two different strategies in these cells: one employing G3139 and controls, and the other using a small interfering RNA approach. Cell viability after treatment with oligonucleotides or small interfering RNA and cytotoxic agents including gemcitibine, DDP, docetaxel, and thapsigargin was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. A 518A2 melanoma cell line stably overexpressing Bcl-2 protein was constructed and treated with either these cytotoxic agents or G3139. RESULTS The cytotoxic effects of either G3139 or small interfering RNA treatment of 518A2 melanoma cells are Bcl-2 independent. In addition, in the Bcl-2-overexpressing cells, only a modest increment in chemoresistance was observed, and treatment with G3139 not only did not down-regulate Bcl-2 expression but produced essentially identical toxicity as was observed in the wild-type or mock-transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the mechanism whereby G3139 produces drug-induced cytotoxicity in the 518A2 melanoma line is not dependent on levels of Bcl-2. These findings emphasize the nonsequence specific effects of this phosphorothioate oligonucleotide and call into question the validity of Bcl-2 as a target in this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Benimetskaya
- Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
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22
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Lai JC, Benimetskaya L, Khvorova A, Wu S, Hua E, Miller P, Stein C. Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides and G3139 induce apoptosis in 518A2 melanoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.305.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In a previous study, we showed that G3139, an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide that down-regulates the expression of Bcl-2 protein, did not cause chemosensitization of 518A2 melanoma cells. In this work, we show that G3139, and the 2-base mismatch, G4126, can initiate apoptosis in this and other melanoma cell lines as shown by increased cell surface Annexin V expression, typical nuclear phenotypic changes as assessed by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, activation of caspase-3 (but not caspase-8) and Bid, appearance of DEVDase (but not IETDase) activity, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1. Depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane occurs as a relatively late event. All of these processes seem to be substantially, but perhaps not totally, Bcl-2 independent as shown by experiments employing an anti-Bcl-2 small interfering RNA, which as shown previously down-regulated Bcl-2 protein expression but did not produce apoptosis or chemosensitization in melanoma cells. In fact, these G3139-induced molecular events were not dramatically altered in cells that forcibly overexpressed high levels of Bcl-2 protein. Addition of irreversible caspase inhibitors (e.g., the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk) to G3139-treated cells almost completely blocked cytotoxicity. Examination of the time course of the appearance of caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 showed that this could be correlated with the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, an event that begins only ∼4 hours after the end of the oligonucleotide/LipofectAMINE 2000 5-hour transfection period. Thus, both G3139 and cytotoxic chemotherapy activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in these cells, although Bcl-2 expression does not seem to contribute strongly to chemoresistance. These findings suggest that the attainment of G3139-induced chemosensitization in these cells will be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan C. Lai
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Luba Benimetskaya
- 1Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Sijian Wu
- 1Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Emily Hua
- 1Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Paul Miller
- 4Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C.A. Stein
- 1Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein-Montefiore Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
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23
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Lai JC, Benimetskaya L, Khvorova A, Wu S, Hua E, Miller P, Stein CA. Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides and G3139 induce apoptosis in 518A2 melanoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:305-15. [PMID: 15713901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we showed that G3139, an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide that down-regulates the expression of Bcl-2 protein, did not cause chemosensitization of 518A2 melanoma cells. In this work, we show that G3139, and the 2-base mismatch, G4126, can initiate apoptosis in this and other melanoma cell lines as shown by increased cell surface Annexin V expression, typical nuclear phenotypic changes as assessed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, activation of caspase-3 (but not caspase-8) and Bid, appearance of DEVDase (but not IETDase) activity, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1. Depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane occurs as a relatively late event. All of these processes seem to be substantially, but perhaps not totally, Bcl-2 independent as shown by experiments employing an anti-Bcl-2 small interfering RNA, which as shown previously down-regulated Bcl-2 protein expression but did not produce apoptosis or chemosensitization in melanoma cells. In fact, these G3139-induced molecular events were not dramatically altered in cells that forcibly overexpressed high levels of Bcl-2 protein. Addition of irreversible caspase inhibitors (e.g., the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk) to G3139-treated cells almost completely blocked cytotoxicity. Examination of the time course of the appearance of caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 showed that this could be correlated with the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, an event that begins only approximately 4 hours after the end of the oligonucleotide/LipofectAMINE 2000 5-hour transfection period. Thus, both G3139 and cytotoxic chemotherapy activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in these cells, although Bcl-2 expression does not seem to contribute strongly to chemoresistance. These findings suggest that the attainment of G3139-induced chemosensitization in these cells will be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan C Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Stein C, Lai J, Benimetskaya L, Hua E, Wu S. 445 Genasense (G3139) causes apoptosis in melanoma cells by multiple mechanisms. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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