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Davis RS, Gentle LK, Stone EL, Uzal A, Yarnell RW. A review of spotted hyaena population estimates highlights the need for greater utilisation of spatial capture-recapture methods. Journal of Vertebrate Biology 2022. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Davis
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Louise K. Gentle
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Emma L. Stone
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, UK & Conservation Research Africa, Lilongwe, Malawi; e-mail:
| | - Antonio Uzal
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Richard W. Yarnell
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; e-mail: , , ,
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Davis RS, Yarnell RW, Gentle LK, Uzal A, Mgoola WO, Stone EL. Prey availability and intraguild competition regulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of a modified large carnivore guild. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7890-7904. [PMID: 34188859 PMCID: PMC8216965 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective conservation management requires an understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics driving large carnivore density and resource partitioning. In African ecosystems, reduced prey populations and the loss of competing guild members, most notably lion (Panthera leo), are expected to increase the levels of competition between remaining carnivores. Consequently, intraguild relationships can be altered, potentially increasing the risk of further population decline. Kasungu National Park (KNP), Malawi, is an example of a conservation area that has experienced large-scale reductions in both carnivore and prey populations, leaving a resident large carnivore guild consisting of only leopard (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Here, we quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of these two species and their degree of association, using a combination of co-detection modeling, time-to-event analyses, and temporal activity patterns from camera trap data. The detection of leopard and spotted hyena was significantly associated with the detection of preferred prey and competing carnivores, increasing the likelihood of species interaction. Temporal analyses revealed sex-specific differences in temporal activity, with female leopard activity patterns significantly different to those of spotted hyena and male conspecifics. Heightened risk of interaction with interspecific competitors and male conspecifics may have resulted in female leopards adopting temporal avoidance strategies to facilitate coexistence. Female leopard behavioral adaptations increased overall activity levels and diurnal activity rates, with potential consequences for overall fitness and exposure to sources of mortality. As both species are currently found at low densities in KNP, increased risk of competitive interactions, which infer a reduction in fitness, could have significant implications for large carnivore demographics. The protection of remaining prey populations is necessary to mitigate interspecific competition and avoid further alterations to the large carnivore guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Davis
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental SciencesNottingham Trent UniversityBrackenhurst CampusSouthwellUK
- Conservation Research Africa & Carnivore Research MalawiLilongweMalawi
| | - Richard W. Yarnell
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental SciencesNottingham Trent UniversityBrackenhurst CampusSouthwellUK
| | - Louise K. Gentle
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental SciencesNottingham Trent UniversityBrackenhurst CampusSouthwellUK
| | - Antonio Uzal
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental SciencesNottingham Trent UniversityBrackenhurst CampusSouthwellUK
| | | | - Emma L. Stone
- Conservation Research Africa & Carnivore Research MalawiLilongweMalawi
- Department of Applied SciencesUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
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O’Sullivan R, Mgoola WO, Dylan Shevlin K, Mathews F, Stone EL. First confirmed record of miombo (Angolan) genet (
Genetta angolensis
) in Northern Malawi. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fiona Mathews
- Life Sciences Department University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Emma L. Stone
- Conservation Research Africa Lilongwe Malawi
- Department of Applied Sciences University of the West of England Bristol UK
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Byrne B, Stone EL, Mgoola WO, Uzal A. First confirmed record of suni (
Neotragus moschatus
) and rusty‐spotted genet (
Genetta maculata
) in Nyika National Park, Malawi. Afr J Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Byrne
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences Nottingham Trent University Southwell UK
| | - Emma L. Stone
- Carnivore Research Malawi Lilongwe Malawi
- Conservation Research Africa Lilongwe Malawi
- Department of Applied Science University of the West of England Bristol UK
| | | | - Antonio Uzal
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences Nottingham Trent University Southwell UK
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Zeale MRK, Stone EL, Zeale E, Browne WJ, Harris S, Jones G. Experimentally manipulating light spectra reveals the importance of dark corridors for commuting bats. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5909-5918. [PMID: 30288876 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid global spread of artificial light at night is causing unprecedented disruption to ecosystems. In otherwise dark environments, street lights restrict the use of major flight routes by some bats, including the threatened lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros, and may disrupt foraging. Using radio tracking, we examined the response of individual female R. hipposideros to experimental street lights placed on hedgerows used as major flight routes. Hedgerows were illuminated on one side over four nights using lights with different emission spectra, while the opposite side of the hedge was not illuminated. Automated bat detectors were used to examine changes in overall bat activity by R. hipposideros and other bat species present. R. hipposideros activity reduced significantly under all light types, including red light, challenging a previously held assumption that red light is safe for bats. Despite this, R. hipposideros rapidly adapted to the presence of lights by switching their flight paths to the dark side of the hedgerow, enabling them to reach foraging sites without restriction. Red light had no effect on the activity of the other species present. Slow-flying Myotis spp. avoided orange, white and green light, while more agile Pipistrellus spp. were significantly more active at these light types compared to dark controls, most probably in response to accumulations of insect prey. No effect of any light type was found for Nyctalus or Eptesicus spp. Our findings demonstrate that caution must be used when promoting forms of lighting that are thought to be safe for wildlife before they are tested more widely. We argue that it is essential to preserve dark corridors to mitigate the impacts of artificial light at night on bat activity and movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt R K Zeale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L Stone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Zeale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Stephen Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Wakefield A, Broyles M, Stone EL, Harris S, Jones G. Quantifying the attractiveness of broad-spectrum street lights to aerial nocturnal insects. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wakefield
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Moth Broyles
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Emma L. Stone
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Stephen Harris
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
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Wakefield A, Broyles M, Stone EL, Jones G, Harris S. Experimentally comparing the attractiveness of domestic lights to insects: Do LEDs attract fewer insects than conventional light types? Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8028-8036. [PMID: 27878075 PMCID: PMC5108255 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
LED lighting is predicted to constitute 70% of the outdoor and residential lighting markets by 2020. While the use of LEDs promotes energy and cost savings relative to traditional lighting technologies, little is known about the effects these broad-spectrum "white" lights will have on wildlife, human health, animal welfare, and disease transmission. We conducted field experiments to compare the relative attractiveness of four commercially available "domestic" lights, one traditional (tungsten filament) and three modern (compact fluorescent, "cool-white" LED and "warm-white" LED), to aerial insects, particularly Diptera. We found that LEDs attracted significantly fewer insects than other light sources, but found no significant difference in attraction between the "cool-" and "warm-white" LEDs. Fewer flies were attracted to LEDs than alternate light sources, including fewer Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Use of LEDs has the potential to mitigate disturbances to wildlife and occurrences of insect-borne diseases relative to competing lighting technologies. However, we discuss the risks associated with broad-spectrum lighting and net increases in lighting resulting from reduced costs of LED technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wakefield
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Moth Broyles
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Emma L Stone
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Stephen Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Wakefield A, Stone EL, Jones G, Harris S. Light-emitting diode street lights reduce last-ditch evasive manoeuvres by moths to bat echolocation calls. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:150291. [PMID: 26361558 PMCID: PMC4555863 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The light-emitting diode (LED) street light market is expanding globally, and it is important to understand how LED lights affect wildlife populations. We compared evasive flight responses of moths to bat echolocation calls experimentally under LED-lit and -unlit conditions. Significantly, fewer moths performed 'powerdive' flight manoeuvres in response to bat calls (feeding buzz sequences from Nyctalus spp.) under an LED street light than in the dark. LED street lights reduce the anti-predator behaviour of moths, shifting the balance in favour of their predators, aerial hawking bats.
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Robison WL, Stone EL, Hamilton TF, Conrado CL. Long-term reduction in (137)Cs concentration in food crops on coral atolls resulting from potassium treatment. J Environ Radioact 2006; 88:251-66. [PMID: 16650918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bikini Island was contaminated on March 1, 1954 by the Bravo detonation (U.S. nuclear test series, Castle) at Bikini Atoll. About 90% of the estimated dose from nuclear fallout to potential island residents is from cesium-137 ((137)Cs) transferred from soil to plants that are consumed by residents. Thus, radioecology research efforts have been focused on removing (137)Cs from soil and/or reducing its uptake into vegetation. Most effective was addition of potassium (K) to soil that reduces (137)Cs concentration in fruits to 3-5% of pretreatment concentrations. Initial observations indicated this low concentration continued for some time after K was last applied. Long-term studies were designed to evaluate this persistence in more detail because it is very important to provide assurance to returning populations that (137)Cs concentrations in food (and, therefore, radiation dose) will remain low for extended periods, even if K is not applied annually or biennially. Potassium applied at 300, 660, 1260, and 2070 kg ha(-1) lead to a (137)Cs concentration in drinking-coconut meat that is 34, 22, 10, and about 4% of original concentration, respectively. Concentration of (137)Cs remains low 8-10 y after K is last applied. An explanation for this unexpected result is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Robison
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-642, Livermore, CA 94550-9234, USA.
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Abstract
Public-Academic Liaison research centers (PALs) have traditionally provided benefits to both state mental health authorities (SMHAs) and academic institutions. The advent of managed care, austere state fiscal budgets, and a restructured national research development capacity suggests the need for new administrative approaches to PAL research efforts to maintain these benefits in this era of rapidly changing health care. This brief report outlines one such approach by the Massachusetts SMHA in its efforts to establish two PAL research centers: one for clinical neuroscience, and one for behavioral and forensic science. Preliminary two-year outcomes are presented, and the implications of the model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, Boston, USA
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Hanson MA, Stone EL, Flannery RB. Residency training in Massachusetts: a new approach to state-university collaboration. J Ment Health Adm 1997; 24:103-7. [PMID: 9033162 DOI: 10.1007/bf02790486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditional state-university collaborations, known as public-academic liaisons (PALs), have resulted in improved quality of service and enhanced residency training. Recent national trends for treating persons with serious mental illness, including moving services from institutional settings to community-based care and emphasizing the use of rehabilitative approaches as well as changes in the health care delivery system itself, have led to preliminary rethinking of some discrete aspects of more traditional approaches. Rather than discrete changes, Massachusetts has responded to these emerging trends with a new and comprehensive initiative that emphasizes one set of statewide standards in these emerging content areas for all residency training programs. Consistent with new practices in health care delivery, this new initiative was fielded through a process of competitive bidding rather than through traditional allocation of service positions. The development, implementation, and initial outcomes of this new approach are presented and implications for mental health administrators are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Massachusetts Division of Medical Assistance, Boston 02111, USA
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Stone EL. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants: do they have a role in your practice? Pediatrics 1995; 96:844-50; discussion 850-1. [PMID: 7567368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During the next decade, pediatricians will confront the difficult challenge of providing quality health care services to more children with more diverse and difficult problems, and they will have little or no additional funding to accomplish this task. Despite earlier predictions of surpluses in the pediatric work force, there are now shortages that will worsen if the current trend persists. Pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) and some physician assistants are being trained to perform health supervision care and to diagnose and treat the common illnesses of children. Substantial evidence suggests that PNPs provide quality health care services, and that collaborative teams of pediatricians and PNPs can provide high-quality, cost-effective care to a broader spectrum of children than can be served by either professional alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Baldwin BA, Goodykoontz L, Stone EL. Out of the desk and onto the stage: an experiment in assertive role playing. J Nurs Educ 1979; 18:38-42. [PMID: 39922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Stone EL. Use of Indigenous Rubidium to Trace Potassium Fertilizer in the
Pinus resinosa
Ecosystem. Science 1978; 202:912. [PMID: 17752465 DOI: 10.1126/science.202.4370.912-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Goodykoontz L, Stone EL. Your assertive behavior benefits patients. J Nurs Care 1978; 11:22-4. [PMID: 308643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Rubidium-potassium ratios were determined on foliage, litter, and surface soils of plots in two plantations of Pinus resinosa 41 to 46 years old previously fertilized once with potassium. Calculations based on indigenous soil rubidium as the "tagging" ion demonstrate that after 9 years some 60 percent of the foliage potassium is still derived from the fertilizer, and after 23 years about 40 percent of the foliage potassium is derived from the fertilizer. Additional fertilizer potassium is present in soil and litter, indicating the high retention of this mobile element in the pine ecosystem.
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Stone EL. Canadian Indian Medical Services. Can Med Assoc J 1935; 33:82-85. [PMID: 20319953 PMCID: PMC1561223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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