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Gong R, Du X, Janzen E, Liu V, Liu Z, He G, Ye B, Li T, Yao NY, Edgar JH, Henriksen EA, Zu C. Isotope engineering for spin defects in van der Waals materials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:104. [PMID: 38168074 PMCID: PMC10761865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Spin defects in van der Waals materials offer a promising platform for advancing quantum technologies. Here, we propose and demonstrate a powerful technique based on isotope engineering of host materials to significantly enhance the coherence properties of embedded spin defects. Focusing on the recently-discovered negatively charged boron vacancy center ([Formula: see text]) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), we grow isotopically purified h10B15N crystals. Compared to [Formula: see text] in hBN with the natural distribution of isotopes, we observe substantially narrower and less crowded [Formula: see text] spin transitions as well as extended coherence time T2 and relaxation time T1. For quantum sensing, [Formula: see text] centers in our h10B15N samples exhibit a factor of 4 (2) enhancement in DC (AC) magnetic field sensitivity. For additional quantum resources, the individual addressability of the [Formula: see text] hyperfine levels enables the dynamical polarization and coherent control of the three nearest-neighbor 15N nuclear spins. Our results demonstrate the power of isotope engineering for enhancing the properties of quantum spin defects in hBN, and can be readily extended to improving spin qubits in a broad family of van der Waals materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Gong
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Vincent Liu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Guanghui He
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Bingtian Ye
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Norman Y Yao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Erik A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Chong Zu
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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2
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Rossi A, Johnson C, Balgley J, Thomas JC, Francaviglia L, Dettori R, Schmid AK, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Cothrine M, Mandrus DG, Jozwiak C, Bostwick A, Henriksen EA, Weber-Bargioni A, Rotenberg E. Direct Visualization of the Charge Transfer in a Graphene/α-RuCl 3 Heterostructure via Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy. Nano Lett 2023; 23:8000-8005. [PMID: 37639696 PMCID: PMC10510581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the electronic properties of a graphene and α-ruthenium trichloride (α-RuCl3) heterostructure using a combination of experimental techniques. α-RuCl3 is a Mott insulator and a Kitaev material. Its combination with graphene has gained increasing attention due to its potential applicability in novel optoelectronic devices. By using a combination of spatially resolved photoemission spectroscopy and low-energy electron microscopy, we are able to provide a direct visualization of the massive charge transfer from graphene to α-RuCl3, which can modify the electronic properties of both materials, leading to novel electronic phenomena at their interface. A measurement of the spatially resolved work function allows for a direct estimate of the interface dipole between graphene and α-RuCl3. Their strong coupling could lead to new ways of manipulating electronic properties of a two-dimensional heterojunction. Understanding the electronic properties of this structure is pivotal for designing next generation low-power optoelectronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rossi
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Cameron Johnson
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jesse Balgley
- Department
of Physics and Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - John C. Thomas
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luca Francaviglia
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Riccardo Dettori
- Physical
and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Andreas K. Schmid
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Matthew Cothrine
- Material
Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - David G. Mandrus
- Material
Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Chris Jozwiak
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron Bostwick
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erik A. Henriksen
- Department
of Physics and Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Alexander Weber-Bargioni
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eli Rotenberg
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Gong R, He G, Gao X, Ju P, Liu Z, Ye B, Henriksen EA, Li T, Zu C. Coherent dynamics of strongly interacting electronic spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3299. [PMID: 37280252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optically active spin defects in van der Waals materials are promising platforms for modern quantum technologies. Here we investigate the coherent dynamics of strongly interacting ensembles of negatively charged boron-vacancy ([Formula: see text]) centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with varying defect density. By employing advanced dynamical decoupling sequences to selectively isolate different dephasing sources, we observe more than 5-fold improvement in the measured coherence times across all hBN samples. Crucially, we identify that the many-body interaction within the [Formula: see text] ensemble plays a substantial role in the coherent dynamics, which is then used to directly estimate the concentration of [Formula: see text]. We find that at high ion implantation dosage, only a small portion of the created boron vacancy defects are in the desired negatively charged state. Finally, we investigate the spin response of [Formula: see text] to the local charged defects induced electric field signals, and estimate its ground state transverse electric field susceptibility. Our results provide new insights on the spin and charge properties of [Formula: see text], which are important for future use of defects in hBN as quantum sensors and simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Gong
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Guanghui He
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Bingtian Ye
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Erik A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chong Zu
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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4
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Tan Y, Chen Q, Zhou S, Henriksen EA, Zhang T. Design and optimization of thin-film tungsten (W)-diamond target for multi-pixel X-ray sources. Med Phys 2022; 49:5363-5373. [PMID: 35587460 PMCID: PMC9388612 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging multi-pixel X-ray source technology enables new designs for X-ray imaging systems. The power of multi-pixel X-ray sources with a fixed anode is limited by focal spot power density. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to optimize the W-diamond target and predict its performance in multi-pixel X-ray sources. METHODS X-ray intensity and energy deposition in the W-diamond target with different thicknesses of tungsten film and incident electron energies was calculated with the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to analyze the transient and stationary heat transfer in the thin-film W-diamond target. The maximum tube power and X-ray output intensity were predicted for both transmission and reflection target configurations. RESULTS The maximum focal spot power density was limited by either the graphitization of the diamond substrate or the melting point of the W target. With optimal W-target thickness, the maximum transmission X-ray intensities are about 40%-50% higher than the maximum reflection intensities. Thin-film W-diamond targets allow four to five times more maximum power input and produce six to seven times higher transmission X-ray intensity in continuous mode compared with conventional reflection W thick targets. Depending on the focal spot size, reducing the X-ray pulse duration can further enhance the tube power. CONCLUSIONS Multi-pixel X-ray sources using this W-diamond target design can produce significantly higher X-ray output than traditional thick tungsten targets without major modification of the tube design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Qinghao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Erik A. Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Tiezhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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5
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Balgley J, Butler J, Biswas S, Ge Z, Lagasse S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Cothrine M, Mandrus DG, Velasco J, Valentí R, Henriksen EA. Ultrasharp Lateral p-n Junctions in Modulation-Doped Graphene. Nano Lett 2022; 22:4124-4130. [PMID: 35533399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate ultrasharp (≲10 nm) lateral p-n junctions in graphene using electronic transport, scanning tunneling microscopy, and first-principles calculations. The p-n junction lies at the boundary between differentially doped regions of a graphene sheet, where one side is intrinsic and the other is charge-doped by proximity to a flake of α-RuCl3 across a thin insulating barrier. We extract the p-n junction contribution to the device resistance to place bounds on the junction width. We achieve an ultrasharp junction when the boundary between the intrinsic and doped regions is defined by a cleaved crystalline edge of α-RuCl3 located 2 nm from the graphene. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy in heterostructures of graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and α-RuCl3 shows potential variations on a sub 10 nm length scale. First-principles calculations reveal that the charge-doping of graphene decays sharply over just nanometers from the edge of the α-RuCl3 flake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Balgley
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jackson Butler
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Sananda Biswas
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Zhehao Ge
- Physics Department, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Samuel Lagasse
- Electronics Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Matthew Cothrine
- Material Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - David G Mandrus
- Material Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jairo Velasco
- Physics Department, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Roser Valentí
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erik A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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6
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Khatiwada R, Bowring D, Chou AS, Sonnenschein A, Wester W, Mitchell DV, Braine T, Bartram C, Cervantes R, Crisosto N, Du N, Rosenberg LJ, Rybka G, Yang J, Will D, Kimes S, Carosi G, Woollett N, Durham S, Duffy LD, Bradley R, Boutan C, Jones M, LaRoque BH, Oblath NS, Taubman MS, Tedeschi J, Clarke J, Dove A, Hashim A, Siddiqi I, Stevenson N, Eddins A, O'Kelley SR, Nawaz S, Agrawal A, Dixit AV, Gleason JR, Jois S, Sikivie P, Sullivan NS, Tanner DB, Solomon JA, Lentz E, Daw EJ, Perry MG, Buckley JH, Harrington PM, Henriksen EA, Murch KW, Hilton GC. Axion Dark Matter Experiment: Detailed design and operations. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:124502. [PMID: 34972408 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Axion dark matter experiment ultra-low noise haloscope technology has enabled the successful completion of two science runs (1A and 1B) that looked for dark matter axions in the 2.66-3.1 μeV mass range with Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnisky sensitivity [Du et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 151301 (2018) and Braine et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 101303 (2020)]. Therefore, it is the most sensitive axion search experiment to date in this mass range. We discuss the technological advances made in the last several years to achieve this sensitivity, which includes the implementation of components, such as the state-of-the-art quantum-noise-limited amplifiers and a dilution refrigerator. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a frequency tunable microstrip superconducting quantum interference device amplifier in run 1A, and a Josephson parametric amplifier in run 1B, along with novel analysis tools that characterize the system noise temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Khatiwada
- Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA and Fermilab Quantum Institute, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D Bowring
- Accelerator Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A S Chou
- Particle Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Sonnenschein
- Particle Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - W Wester
- Particle Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D V Mitchell
- Particle Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - T Braine
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - C Bartram
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - R Cervantes
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - N Crisosto
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - N Du
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - L J Rosenberg
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Rybka
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - J Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - D Will
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - S Kimes
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Carosi
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Woollett
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Durham
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L D Duffy
- Accelerators and Electrodynamics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R Bradley
- NRAO Technology Center, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - C Boutan
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - M Jones
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - B H LaRoque
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - N S Oblath
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - M S Taubman
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - J Tedeschi
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - John Clarke
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Dove
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Hashim
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - I Siddiqi
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Stevenson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Eddins
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S R O'Kelley
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Nawaz
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Agrawal
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A V Dixit
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J R Gleason
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - S Jois
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - P Sikivie
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - N S Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - D B Tanner
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - J A Solomon
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - E Lentz
- Department of Physics, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - E J Daw
- Department of Physics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - M G Perry
- Department of Physics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - J H Buckley
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - P M Harrington
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - E A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - K W Murch
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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7
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Wang Y, Balgley J, Gerber E, Gray M, Kumar N, Lu X, Yan JQ, Fereidouni A, Basnet R, Yun SJ, Suri D, Kitadai H, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Ling X, Moodera J, Lee YH, Churchill HOH, Hu J, Yang L, Kim EA, Mandrus DG, Henriksen EA, Burch KS. Modulation Doping via a Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystalline Acceptor. Nano Lett 2020; 20:8446-8452. [PMID: 33166150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanoelectronics, plasmonics, and emergent phases require clean and local charge control, calling for layered, crystalline acceptors or donors. Our Raman, photovoltage, and electrical conductance measurements combined with ab initio calculations establish the large work function and narrow bands of α-RuCl3 enable modulation doping of exfoliated single and bilayer graphene, chemical vapor deposition grown graphene and WSe2, and molecular beam epitaxy grown EuS. We further demonstrate proof of principle photovoltage devices, control via twist angle, and charge transfer through hexagonal boron nitride. Short-ranged lateral doping (≤65 nm) and high homogeneity are achieved in proximate materials with a single layer of α-RuCl3. This leads to the best-reported monolayer graphene mobilities (4900 cm2/(V s)) at these high hole densities (3 × 1013 cm-2) and yields larger charge transfer to bilayer graphene (6 × 1013 cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jesse Balgley
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Eli Gerber
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mason Gray
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jia-Qiang Yan
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee , United States
| | - Arash Fereidouni
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Rabindra Basnet
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Dhavala Suri
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hikari Kitadai
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jagadeesh Moodera
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Hugh O H Churchill
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, United States
| | - Eun-Ah Kim
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David G Mandrus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee , United States
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Erik A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, United States
| | - Kenneth S Burch
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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8
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Braine T, Cervantes R, Crisosto N, Du N, Kimes S, Rosenberg LJ, Rybka G, Yang J, Bowring D, Chou AS, Khatiwada R, Sonnenschein A, Wester W, Carosi G, Woollett N, Duffy LD, Bradley R, Boutan C, Jones M, LaRoque BH, Oblath NS, Taubman MS, Clarke J, Dove A, Eddins A, O'Kelley SR, Nawaz S, Siddiqi I, Stevenson N, Agrawal A, Dixit AV, Gleason JR, Jois S, Sikivie P, Solomon JA, Sullivan NS, Tanner DB, Lentz E, Daw EJ, Buckley JH, Harrington PM, Henriksen EA, Murch KW. Extended Search for the Invisible Axion with the Axion Dark Matter Experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:101303. [PMID: 32216421 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports on a cavity haloscope search for dark matter axions in the Galactic halo in the mass range 2.81-3.31 μeV. This search utilizes the combination of a low-noise Josephson parametric amplifier and a large-cavity haloscope to achieve unprecedented sensitivity across this mass range. This search excludes the full range of axion-photon coupling values predicted in benchmark models of the invisible axion that solve the strong CP problem of quantum chromodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Braine
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - R Cervantes
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - N Crisosto
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - N Du
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - S Kimes
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - L J Rosenberg
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Rybka
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - J Yang
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - D Bowring
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A S Chou
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Khatiwada
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A Sonnenschein
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - W Wester
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - G Carosi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Woollett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L D Duffy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, California 87545, USA
| | - R Bradley
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - C Boutan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - M Jones
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - B H LaRoque
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - N S Oblath
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - M S Taubman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - J Clarke
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Dove
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Eddins
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S R O'Kelley
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Nawaz
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - I Siddiqi
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Stevenson
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Agrawal
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A V Dixit
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J R Gleason
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - S Jois
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - P Sikivie
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - J A Solomon
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - N S Sullivan
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - D B Tanner
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - E Lentz
- University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - E J Daw
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J H Buckley
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | | | - E A Henriksen
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - K W Murch
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Yu W, Elias JA, Chen KW, Baumbach R, Nenoff TM, Modine NA, Pan W, Henriksen EA. Electronic transport properties of a lithium-decorated ZrTe 5 thin film. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3537. [PMID: 32103134 PMCID: PMC7044314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a combination of single crystal growth, experiments involving in situ deposition of surface adatoms, and complimentary modeling, we examine the electronic transport properties of lithium-decorated ZrTe5 thin films. We observe that the surface states in ZrTe5 are robust against Li adsorption. Both the surface electron density and the associated Berry phase are remarkably robust to adsorption of Li atoms. Fitting to the Hall conductivity data reveals that there exist two types of bulk carriers: those for which the carrier density is insensitive to Li adsorption, and those whose density decreases during initial Li depositions and then saturates with further Li adsorption. We propose this dependence is due to the gating effect of a Li-adsorption-generated dipole layer at the ZrTe5 surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yu
- Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87185, USA
| | - Jamie A Elias
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Kuan-Wen Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306, USA
| | - Ryan Baumbach
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306, USA
| | - Tina M Nenoff
- Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87185, USA
| | | | - Wei Pan
- Sandia National Labs, Livermore, California, 94550, USA
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Erik A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Institute for Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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Abstract
Strong light-matter interactions within nanoscale structures offer the possibility of optically controlling material properties. Motivated by the recent discovery of intrinsic long-range magnetic order in two-dimensional materials, which allow for the creation of novel magnetic devices of unprecedented small size, we predict that light can couple with magnetism and efficiently tune magnetic orders of monolayer ruthenium trichloride (RuCl3). First-principles calculations show that both free carriers and optically excited electron-hole pairs can switch monolayer RuCl3 from a proximate spin-liquid phase to a stable ferromagnetic phase. Specifically, a moderate electron-hole pair density (on the order of 1 × 1013 cm-2) can significantly stabilize the ferromagnetic phase by 10 meV/f.u. in comparison to the competing zigzag phase, so that the predicted ferromagnetism can be driven by optical pumping experiments. Analysis shows that this magnetic phase transition is driven by a combined effect of doping-induced lattice strain and itinerant ferromagnetism. According to Ising-model calculations, we find that the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic phase can be increased significantly by raising carrier or electron-hole pair density. This enhanced optomagnetic effect opens new opportunities to manipulate two-dimensional magnetism through noncontact, optical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Tian
- Department of Physics and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | | | - Erik A Henriksen
- Department of Physics and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | | | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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11
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Russell BJ, Zhou B, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Henriksen EA. Many-Particle Effects in the Cyclotron Resonance of Encapsulated Monolayer Graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:047401. [PMID: 29437433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.047401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the infrared cyclotron resonance of high-mobility monolayer graphene encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride, and simultaneously observe several narrow resonance lines due to interband Landau-level transitions. By holding the magnetic field strength B constant while tuning the carrier density n, we find the transition energies show a pronounced nonmonotonic dependence on the Landau-level filling factor, ν∝n/B. This constitutes direct evidence that electron-electron interactions contribute to the Landau-level transition energies in graphene, beyond the single-particle picture. Additionally, a splitting occurs in transitions to or from the lowest Landau level, which is interpreted as a Dirac mass arising from coupling of the graphene and boron nitride lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jordan Russell
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Boyi Zhou
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Erik A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Henriksen EA, Cadden-Zimansky P, Jiang Z, Li ZQ, Tung LC, Schwartz ME, Takita M, Wang YJ, Kim P, Stormer HL. Interaction-induced shift of the cyclotron resonance of graphene using infrared spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:067404. [PMID: 20366854 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.067404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the cyclotron resonance (CR) transitions to and from the unusual n=0 Landau level (LL) in monolayer graphene. Unexpectedly, we find the CR transition energy exhibits large (up to 10%) and nonmonotonic shifts as a function of the LL filling factor, with the energy being largest at half filling of the n=0 level. The magnitude of these shifts, and their magnetic field dependence, suggests that an interaction-enhanced energy gap opens in the n=0 level at high magnetic fields. Such interaction effects normally have a limited impact on the CR due to Kohn's theorem [W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. 123, 1242 (1961)], which does not apply in graphene as a consequence of the underlying linear band structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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Li ZQ, Henriksen EA, Jiang Z, Hao Z, Martin MC, Kim P, Stormer HL, Basov DN. Band structure asymmetry of bilayer graphene revealed by infrared spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:037403. [PMID: 19257394 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.037403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on infrared spectroscopy of bilayer graphene integrated in gated structures. We observe a significant asymmetry in the optical conductivity upon electrostatic doping of electrons and holes. We show that this finding arises from a marked asymmetry between the valence and conduction bands, which is mainly due to the inequivalence of the two sublattices within the graphene layer and the next-nearest-neighbor interlayer coupling. From the conductivity data, the energy difference of the two sublattices and the interlayer coupling energy are directly determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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14
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Abstract
The interaction of electron-hole pairs with lattice vibrations exhibits a wealth of intriguing physical phenomena such as the renowned Kohn anomaly. Here we report the observation in bilayer graphene of an unusual phonon softening that provides the first experimental proof for another type of phonon anomaly. Similar to the Kohn anomaly, which is a logarithmic singularity in the phonon group velocity [W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 393 (1959)], the observed phonon anomaly exhibits a logarithmic singularity in the optical-phonon energy. Arising from a resonant electron-phonon coupling effect, the anomaly was also expected, albeit not observed, in monolayer graphene. We propose an explanation for why it is easier to observe in bilayer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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15
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Henriksen EA, Jiang Z, Tung LC, Schwartz ME, Takita M, Wang YJ, Kim P, Stormer HL. Cyclotron resonance in bilayer graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:087403. [PMID: 18352664 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.087403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present the first measurements of cyclotron resonance of electrons and holes in bilayer graphene. In magnetic fields up to B=18 T, we observe four distinct intraband transitions in both the conduction and valence bands. The transition energies are roughly linear in B between the lowest Landau levels, whereas they follow square root[B] for the higher transitions. This highly unusual behavior represents a change from a parabolic to a linear energy dispersion. The density of states derived from our data generally agrees with the existing lowest order tight binding calculation for bilayer graphene. However, in comparing data to theory, a single set of fitting parameters fails to describe the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Henriksen
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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16
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Jiang Z, Henriksen EA, Tung LC, Wang YJ, Schwartz ME, Han MY, Kim P, Stormer HL. Infrared spectroscopy of Landau levels of graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:197403. [PMID: 17677660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.197403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report infrared studies of the Landau level (LL) transitions in single layer graphene. Our specimens are density tunable and show in situ half-integer quantum Hall plateaus. Infrared transmission is measured in magnetic fields up to B=18 T at selected LL fillings. Resonances between hole LLs and electron LLs, as well as resonances between hole and electron LLs, are resolved. Their transition energies are proportional to sqrt[B], and the deduced band velocity is (-)c approximately equal to 1.1 x 10(6) m/s. The lack of precise scaling between different LL transitions indicates considerable contributions of many-particle effects to the infrared transition energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jiang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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