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Ma B, Metrick CM, Gu C, Hoemberger M, Bajrami B, Bame E, Huang J, Mingueneau M, Murugan P, Nevalainen M, Santoro JC, Tang H, Wang T, Hopkins BT. Corrigendum to "Optimization of a novel piperazinone series as potent selective peripheral covalent BTK inhibitors" [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 60 (2022) 128549]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128856. [PMID: 35728998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Medicinal Chemistry, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | | | - Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marc Hoemberger
- Bioassays & High-Throughput Screens, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bekim Bajrami
- Chemical Biology & Proteomics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eris Bame
- Translational Science, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Mingueneau
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Paramasivam Murugan
- Bioassays & High-Throughput Screens, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marta Nevalainen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joseph C Santoro
- Bioassays & High-Throughput Screens, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hao Tang
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ti Wang
- Bioassays & High-Throughput Screens, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian T Hopkins
- Medicinal Chemistry, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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2
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Hopkins BT, Bame E, Bajrami B, Black C, Bohnert T, Boiselle C, Burdette D, Burns JC, Delva L, Donaldson D, Grater R, Gu C, Hoemberger M, Johnson J, Kapadnis S, King K, Lulla M, Ma B, Marx I, Magee T, Meissner R, Metrick CM, Mingueneau M, Murugan P, Otipoby KL, Polack E, Poreci U, Prince R, Roach AM, Rowbottom C, Santoro JC, Schroeder P, Tang H, Tien E, Zhang F, Lyssikatos J. Discovery and Preclinical Characterization of BIIB091, a Reversible, Selective BTK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1206-1224. [PMID: 34734694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury leading to permeant disability. In the early stage of MS, inflammation is the primary driver of the disease progression. There remains an unmet need to develop high efficacy therapies with superior safety profiles to prevent the inflammation processes leading to disability. Herein, we describe the discovery of BIIB091, a structurally distinct orthosteric ATP competitive, reversible inhibitor that binds the BTK protein in a DFG-in confirmation designed to sequester Tyr-551, an important phosphorylation site on BTK, into an inactive conformation with excellent affinity. Preclinical studies demonstrated BIB091 to be a high potency molecule with good drug-like properties and a safety/tolerability profile suitable for clinical development as a highly selective, reversible BTKi for treating autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Hopkins
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eris Bame
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bekim Bajrami
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cheryl Black
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tonika Bohnert
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Carrie Boiselle
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Doug Burdette
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeremy C Burns
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Luisette Delva
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Douglas Donaldson
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Richard Grater
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marc Hoemberger
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Josh Johnson
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sudarshan Kapadnis
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kris King
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mukesh Lulla
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Isaac Marx
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tom Magee
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert Meissner
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Claire M Metrick
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Mingueneau
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paramasivam Murugan
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kevin L Otipoby
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Evelyne Polack
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robin Prince
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Allie M Roach
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chris Rowbottom
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph C Santoro
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patricia Schroeder
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hao Tang
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eric Tien
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph Lyssikatos
- Research & Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Kroenke MA, Milton MN, Kumar S, Bame E, White JT. Immunogenicity Risk Assessment for Multi-specific Therapeutics. AAPS J 2021; 23:115. [PMID: 34741215 PMCID: PMC8571146 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a hypothetical case study to present an immunogenicity risk assessment for a multi-specific therapeutic as part of Investigational New Drug (IND) application. In order to provide context for the bioanalytical strategies used to support the multi-specific therapeutic presented herein, the introduction focuses on known immunogenicity risk factors. The subsequent hypothetical case study applies these principles to a specific example HC-12, based loosely on anti-TNFα and anti-IL-17A bispecific molecules previously in development, structured as an example immunogenicity risk assessment for submission to health authorities. The risk of higher incidence and safety impact of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) due to large protein complexes is explored in the context of multi-specificity and multi-valency of the therapeutic in combination with the oligomeric forms of the targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark N Milton
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seema Kumar
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eris Bame
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joleen T White
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, One Kendall Square, Building 600, Suite 6-301, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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4
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Hopkins BT, Bame E, Bell N, Bohnert T, Bowden-Verhoek JK, Bui M, Cancilla MT, Conlon P, Cullen P, Erlanson DA, Fan J, Fuchs-Knotts T, Hansen S, Heumann S, Jenkins TJ, Gua C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Lulla M, Marcotte D, Marx I, McDowell B, Mertsching E, Negrou E, Romanowski MJ, Scott D, Silvian L, Yang W, Zhong M. Utilizing structure based drug design and metabolic soft spot identification to optimize the in vitro potency and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties leading to the discovery of novel reversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 44:116275. [PMID: 34314938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an essential node on the BCR signaling in B cells, which are clinically validated to play a critical role in B-cell lymphomas and various auto-immune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Pemphigus, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although non-selective irreversible BTK inhibitors have been approved for oncology, due to the emergence of drug resistance in B-cell lymphoma associated with covalent inhibitor, there an unmet medical need to identify reversible, selective, potent BTK inhibitor as viable therapeutics for patients. Herein, we describe the identification of Hits and subsequence optimization to improve the physicochemical properties, potency and kinome selectivity leading to the discovery of a novel class of BTK inhibitors. Utilizing Met ID and structure base design inhibitors were synthesized with increased in vivo metabolic stability and oral exposure in rodents suitable for advancing to lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eris Bame
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Noah Bell
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tonika Bohnert
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Minna Bui
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Conlon
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Cullen
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel A Erlanson
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Junfa Fan
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tarra Fuchs-Knotts
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stig Hansen
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stacey Heumann
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Chuck Gua
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - YuTing Liu
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mukush Lulla
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Isaac Marx
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bob McDowell
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Ella Negrou
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael J Romanowski
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daniel Scott
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Laura Silvian
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wenjin Yang
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Min Zhong
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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5
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Bame E, Tang H, Burns JC, Arefayene M, Michelsen K, Ma B, Marx I, Prince R, Roach AM, Poreci U, Donaldson D, Cullen P, Casey F, Zhu J, Carlile TM, Sangurdekar D, Zhang B, Trapa P, Santoro J, Muragan P, Pellerin A, Rubino S, Gianni D, Bajrami B, Peng X, Coppell A, Riester K, Belachew S, Mehta D, Palte M, Hopkins BT, Scaramozza M, Franchimont N, Mingueneau M. Next-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIIB091 selectively and potently inhibits B cell and Fc receptor signaling and downstream functions in B cells and myeloid cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1295. [PMID: 34141433 PMCID: PMC8204096 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a non-redundant signaling role downstream of the B-cell receptor (BCR) in B cells and the receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulins (FcR) in myeloid cells. Here, we characterise BIIB091, a novel, potent, selective and reversible small-molecule inhibitor of BTK. Methods BIIB091 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in preclinical models and in phase 1 clinical trial. Results In vitro, BIIB091 potently inhibited BTK-dependent proximal signaling and distal functional responses in both B cells and myeloid cells with IC50s ranging from 3 to 106 nm, including antigen presentation to T cells, a key mechanism of action thought to be underlying the efficacy of B cell-targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis. BIIB091 effectively sequestered tyrosine 551 in the kinase pocket by forming long-lived complexes with BTK with t 1/2 of more than 40 min, thereby preventing its phosphorylation by upstream kinases. As a key differentiating feature of BIIB091, this property explains the very potent whole blood IC50s of 87 and 106 nm observed with stimulated B cells and myeloid cells, respectively. In vivo, BIIB091 blocked B-cell activation, antibody production and germinal center differentiation. In phase 1 healthy volunteer trial, BIIB091 inhibited naïve and unswitched memory B-cell activation, with an in vivo IC50 of 55 nm and without significant impact on lymphoid or myeloid cell survival after 14 days of dosing. Conclusion Pharmacodynamic results obtained in preclinical and early clinical settings support the advancement of BIIB091 in phase 2 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eris Bame
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Hao Tang
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | - Klaus Michelsen
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Relay Therapeutics Cambridge MA USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Isaac Marx
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Robin Prince
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Allie M Roach
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Gilead Sciences Seattle WA USA
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Pandion Therapeutics Watertown MA USA
| | - Douglas Donaldson
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Giner Labs Newton MA USA
| | | | | | - Jing Zhu
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - Dipen Sangurdekar
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Takeda Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - Patrick Trapa
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Joseph Santoro
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Param Muragan
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | - Davide Gianni
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Bekim Bajrami
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Xiaomei Peng
- Global Safety and Regulatory Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | | | - Devangi Mehta
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Immunologix Laboratories Cambridge MA USA
| | - Mike Palte
- MS Development Unit Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Brian T Hopkins
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
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6
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Ma B, Bohnert T, Otipoby KL, Tien E, Arefayene M, Bai J, Bajrami B, Bame E, Chan TR, Humora M, MacPhee JM, Marcotte D, Mehta D, Metrick CM, Moniz G, Polack E, Poreci U, Prefontaine A, Sheikh S, Schroeder P, Smirnakis K, Zhang L, Zheng F, Hopkins BT. Discovery of BIIB068: A Selective, Potent, Reversible Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor as an Orally Efficacious Agent for Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12526-12541. [PMID: 32696648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cell-derived antibodies form immune complexes that likely play a pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), these antibodies bind Fc receptors on myeloid cells and induce proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes and NETosis by neutrophils. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that signals downstream of Fc receptors and plays a transduction role in antibody expression following B cell activation. Given the roles of BTK in both the production and sensing of autoreactive antibodies, inhibitors of BTK kinase activity may provide therapeutic value to patients suffering from autoantibody-driven immune disorders. Starting from an in-house proprietary screening hit followed by structure-based rational design, we have identified a potent, reversible BTK inhibitor, BIIB068 (1), which demonstrated good kinome selectivity with good overall drug-like properties for oral dosing, was well tolerated across preclinical species at pharmacologically relevant doses with good ADME properties, and achieved >90% inhibition of BTK phosphorylation (pBTK) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tonika Bohnert
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kevin L Otipoby
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eric Tien
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Million Arefayene
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Judy Bai
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bekim Bajrami
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eris Bame
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Timothy R Chan
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Humora
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - J Michael MacPhee
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Douglas Marcotte
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Devangi Mehta
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Claire M Metrick
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - George Moniz
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Evelyne Polack
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Annick Prefontaine
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sarah Sheikh
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patricia Schroeder
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Karen Smirnakis
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Fengmei Zheng
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brian T Hopkins
- Research & Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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7
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Longbrake EE, Mao-Draayer Y, Cascione M, Zielinski T, Bame E, Brassat D, Chen C, Kapadia S, Mendoza JP, Miller C, Parks B, Xing D, Robertson D. Dimethyl fumarate treatment shifts the immune environment toward an anti-inflammatory cell profile while maintaining protective humoral immunity. Mult Scler 2020; 27:883-894. [PMID: 32716690 PMCID: PMC8023410 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520937282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) demonstrates sustained efficacy and safety for relapsing forms of MS. Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) is reduced initially, then stabilizes on treatment. Objective: PROCLAIM, a 96-week, prospective, open-label, phase 3b study, assessed lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels during 48 and 96 weeks (W) of DMF treatment. Methods: Patients received 240 mg DMF BID. Endpoints: lymphocyte subset count changes (primary); Ig isotypes and ALC changes (secondary); adverse events and relationship between ALC changes and ARR/EDSS (exploratory); and neurofilament assessment (ad hoc). Results: Of 218 patients enrolled, 158 (72%) completed the study. Median ALC decreased 39% from baseline to W96 (BL–W96), stabilizing above the lower limit of normal (baseline: 1.82 × 109/L; W48: 1.06 × 109/L; W96: 1.05 × 109/L). CD4 + and CD8 + T cells correlated highly with ALC from BL–W96 (p < 0.001). Relative to total T cells, naive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells increased, whereas CD4 + and CD8 + central and effector memory T cells decreased. Total IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgG1–4 subclass levels remained stable. Adverse event rates were similar across ALC subgroups. ARR, EDSS, and neurofilament were not correlated with ALCs. Conclusion: Lymphocyte decreases with DMF were maintained over treatment, yet immunoglobulins remained stable. No increase in infection incidence was observed in patients with or without lymphopenia. Support: Biogen
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Derrick Robertson
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, Department of Neurology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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8
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Hopkins BT, Bame E, Bell N, Bohnert T, Bowden-Verhoek JK, Bui M, Cancilla MT, Conlon P, Cullen P, Erlanson DA, Fan J, Fuchs-Knotts T, Hansen S, Heumann S, Jenkins TJ, Marcotte D, McDowell B, Mertsching E, Negrou E, Otipoby KL, Poreci U, Romanowski MJ, Scott D, Silvian L, Yang W, Zhong M. Optimization of novel reversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors identified using Tethering-fragment-based screens. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2905-2913. [PMID: 31138459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the approval of ibrutinib for the treatment of B-cell malignancies in 2012, numerous clinical trials have been reported using covalent inhibitors to target Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) for oncology indications. However, a formidable challenge for the pharmaceutical industry has been the identification of reversible, selective, potent molecules for inhibition of BTK. Herein, we report application of Tethering-fragment-based screens to identify low molecular weight fragments which were further optimized to improve on-target potency and ADME properties leading to the discovery of reversible, selective, potent BTK inhibitors suitable for pre-clinical proof-of-concept studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Hopkins
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
| | - Eris Bame
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Noah Bell
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Tonika Bohnert
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | | | - Minna Bui
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Patrick Conlon
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Patrick Cullen
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Daniel A Erlanson
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Junfa Fan
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Tarra Fuchs-Knotts
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Stig Hansen
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Stacey Heumann
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Tracy J Jenkins
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Douglas Marcotte
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Bob McDowell
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | | | - Ella Negrou
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Kevin L Otipoby
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Michael J Romanowski
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Daniel Scott
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Laura Silvian
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Wenjin Yang
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Min Zhong
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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9
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Mehta D, Miller C, Arnold DL, Bame E, Bar-Or A, Gold R, Hanna J, Kappos L, Liu S, Matta A, Phillips JT, Robertson D, von Hehn CA, Campbell J, Spach K, Yang L, Fox RJ. Effect of dimethyl fumarate on lymphocytes in RRMS: Implications for clinical practice. Neurology 2019; 92:e1724-e1738. [PMID: 30918100 PMCID: PMC6511089 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess functional changes in lymphocyte repertoire and subsequent clinical implications during delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Using peripheral blood from several clinical trials of DMF, immune cell subsets were quantified using flow cytometry. For some patients, lymphocyte counts were assessed after DMF discontinuation. Incidence of adverse events, including serious and opportunistic infections, was assessed. RESULTS In DMF-treated patients, absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) demonstrated a pattern of decline followed by stabilization, which also was reflected in the global reduction in numbers of circulating functional lymphocyte subsets. The relative frequencies of circulating memory T- and B-cell populations declined and naive cells increased. No increased incidence of serious infection or malignancy was observed for patients treated with DMF, even when stratified by ALC or T-cell subset frequencies. For patients who discontinued DMF due to lymphopenia, ALCs increased after DMF discontinuation; recovery time varied by ALC level at discontinuation. T-cell subsets closely correlated with ALCs in both longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. CONCLUSIONS DMF shifted the immunophenotype of circulating lymphocyte subsets. ALCs were closely correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts, indicating that lymphocyte subset monitoring is not required for safety vigilance. No increased risk of serious infection was observed in patients with low T-cell subset counts. Monitoring ALC remains the most effective way of identifying patients at risk of subsequently developing prolonged moderate to severe lymphopenia, a risk factor for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in DMF-treated patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS EUDRA CT 2015-001973-42, NCT00168701, NCT00420212, NCT00451451, and NCT00835770.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devangi Mehta
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT.
| | - Catherine Miller
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT.
| | - Douglas L Arnold
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Eris Bame
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Ralf Gold
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Jerome Hanna
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Shifang Liu
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - André Matta
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - J Theodore Phillips
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Derrick Robertson
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Christian A von Hehn
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Jordana Campbell
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Karen Spach
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Lili Yang
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
| | - Robert J Fox
- From Biogen (D.M., C.M., E.B., J.H., S.L., A.M., C.A.v.H., L.Y.), Cambridge, MA; NeuroRx Research (D.L.A.), Montreal; Montreal Neurological Institute (D.L.A.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology (A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (R.G.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (J.T.P.), Albuquerque; Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division (D.R.), Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Envision Pharma Group (J.C.), Sydney, Australia; and Envision Pharma Group (K.S.), Southport, CT
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