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Nakamura T, Matsumoto M, Amano K, Enokido Y, Zolensky ME, Mikouchi T, Genda H, Tanaka S, Zolotov MY, Kurosawa K, Wakita S, Hyodo R, Nagano H, Nakashima D, Takahashi Y, Fujioka Y, Kikuiri M, Kagawa E, Matsuoka M, Brearley AJ, Tsuchiyama A, Uesugi M, Matsuno J, Kimura Y, Sato M, Milliken RE, Tatsumi E, Sugita S, Hiroi T, Kitazato K, Brownlee D, Joswiak DJ, Takahashi M, Ninomiya K, Takahashi T, Osawa T, Terada K, Brenker FE, Tkalcec BJ, Vincze L, Brunetto R, Aléon-Toppani A, Chan QHS, Roskosz M, Viennet JC, Beck P, Alp EE, Michikami T, Nagaashi Y, Tsuji T, Ino Y, Martinez J, Han J, Dolocan A, Bodnar RJ, Tanaka M, Yoshida H, Sugiyama K, King AJ, Fukushi K, Suga H, Yamashita S, Kawai T, Inoue K, Nakato A, Noguchi T, Vilas F, Hendrix AR, Jaramillo-Correa C, Domingue DL, Dominguez G, Gainsforth Z, Engrand C, Duprat J, Russell SS, Bonato E, Ma C, Kawamoto T, Wada T, Watanabe S, Endo R, Enju S, Riu L, Rubino S, Tack P, Takeshita S, Takeichi Y, Takeuchi A, Takigawa A, Takir D, Tanigaki T, Taniguchi A, Tsukamoto K, Yagi T, Yamada S, Yamamoto K, Yamashita Y, Yasutake M, Uesugi K, Umegaki I, Chiu I, Ishizaki T, Okumura S, Palomba E, Pilorget C, Potin SM, Alasli A, Anada S, Araki Y, Sakatani N, Schultz C, Sekizawa O, Sitzman SD, Sugiura K, Sun M, Dartois E, De Pauw E, Dionnet Z, Djouadi Z, Falkenberg G, Fujita R, Fukuma T, Gearba IR, Hagiya K, Hu MY, Kato T, Kawamura T, Kimura M, Kubo MK, Langenhorst F, Lantz C, Lavina B, Lindner M, Zhao J, Vekemans B, Baklouti D, Bazi B, Borondics F, Nagasawa S, Nishiyama G, Nitta K, Mathurin J, Matsumoto T, Mitsukawa I, Miura H, Miyake A, Miyake Y, Yurimoto H, Okazaki R, Yabuta H, Naraoka H, Sakamoto K, Tachibana S, Connolly HC, Lauretta DS, Yoshitake M, Yoshikawa M, Yoshikawa K, Yoshihara K, Yokota Y, Yogata K, Yano H, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto D, Yamada M, Yamada T, Yada T, Wada K, Usui T, Tsukizaki R, Terui F, Takeuchi H, Takei Y, Iwamae A, Soejima H, Shirai K, Shimaki Y, Senshu H, Sawada H, Saiki T, Ozaki M, Ono G, Okada T, Ogawa N, Ogawa K, Noguchi R, Noda H, Nishimura M, Namiki N, Nakazawa S, Morota T, Miyazaki A, Miura A, Mimasu Y, Matsumoto K, Kumagai K, Kouyama T, Kikuchi S, Kawahara K, Kameda S, Iwata T, Ishihara Y, Ishiguro M, Ikeda H, Hosoda S, Honda R, Honda C, Hitomi Y, Hirata N, Hirata N, Hayashi T, Hayakawa M, Hatakeda K, Furuya S, Fukai R, Fujii A, Cho Y, Arakawa M, Abe M, Watanabe S, Tsuda Y. Formation and evolution of carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu: Direct evidence from returned samples. Science 2023; 379:eabn8671. [PMID: 36137011 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn8671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu were brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We analyzed 17 Ryugu samples measuring 1 to 8 millimeters. Carbon dioxide-bearing water inclusions are present within a pyrrhotite crystal, indicating that Ryugu's parent asteroid formed in the outer Solar System. The samples contain low abundances of materials that formed at high temperatures, such as chondrules and calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions. The samples are rich in phyllosilicates and carbonates, which formed through aqueous alteration reactions at low temperature, high pH, and water/rock ratios of <1 (by mass). Less altered fragments contain olivine, pyroxene, amorphous silicates, calcite, and phosphide. Numerical simulations, based on the mineralogical and physical properties of the samples, indicate that Ryugu's parent body formed ~2 million years after the beginning of Solar System formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - M Matsumoto
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - K Amano
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Y Enokido
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - M E Zolensky
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - T Mikouchi
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H Genda
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - M Y Zolotov
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - K Kurosawa
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - S Wakita
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Hyodo
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - H Nagano
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - D Nakashima
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Y Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Y Fujioka
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - M Kikuiri
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - E Kagawa
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - M Matsuoka
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, Meudon 92195 France.,Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan
| | - A J Brearley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - A Tsuchiyama
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.,Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.,Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, CAS, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - M Uesugi
- Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - J Matsuno
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Y Kimura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - M Sato
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - R E Milliken
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - E Tatsumi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38205, Spain
| | - S Sugita
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.,Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Hiroi
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - K Kitazato
- Aizu Research Center for Space Informatics, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - D Brownlee
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - D J Joswiak
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - M Takahashi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - K Ninomiya
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan.,Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Osawa
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai 319-1195, Japan
| | - K Terada
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - F E Brenker
- Institute of Geoscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B J Tkalcec
- Institute of Geoscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Vincze
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Brunetto
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - A Aléon-Toppani
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Q H S Chan
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - M Roskosz
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - J-C Viennet
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P Beck
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - E E Alp
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - T Michikami
- Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
| | - Y Nagaashi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - T Tsuji
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y Ino
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Physics, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1330, Japan
| | - J Martinez
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J Han
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - A Dolocan
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R J Bodnar
- Department of Geoscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - M Tanaka
- Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - H Yoshida
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K Sugiyama
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - A J King
- Department of Earth Science, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - K Fukushi
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - H Suga
- Spectroscopy Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - S Yamashita
- Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.,Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - T Kawai
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K Inoue
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - A Nakato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - T Noguchi
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - F Vilas
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - A R Hendrix
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - D L Domingue
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - G Dominguez
- Department of Physics, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Z Gainsforth
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C Engrand
- Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J Duprat
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - S S Russell
- Department of Earth Science, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - E Bonato
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Ma
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
| | - T Kawamoto
- Department of Geosciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - T Wada
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - S Watanabe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan
| | - R Endo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - S Enju
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - L Riu
- European Space Astronomy Centre, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - S Rubino
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - P Tack
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Takeshita
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai 319-1106, Japan
| | - Y Takeichi
- Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.,Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan.,Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - A Takeuchi
- Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - A Takigawa
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - D Takir
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | | | - A Taniguchi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori 590-0494, Japan
| | - K Tsukamoto
- Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - T Yagi
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - S Yamada
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - K Yamamoto
- Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Y Yamashita
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - M Yasutake
- Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - K Uesugi
- Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - I Umegaki
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai 319-1106, Japan.,Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Nagakute 480-1192, Japan
| | - I Chiu
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Ishizaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Okumura
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - E Palomba
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - C Pilorget
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - S M Potin
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, Meudon 92195 France.,Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - A Alasli
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - S Anada
- Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Y Araki
- Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-0058, Japan
| | - N Sakatani
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - C Schultz
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - O Sekizawa
- Spectroscopy Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - S D Sitzman
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, CA 90245, USA
| | - K Sugiura
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - M Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.,Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, CAS, Guangzhou 510640, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - E Dartois
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - E De Pauw
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Z Dionnet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Z Djouadi
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - G Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Photon Science, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Fujita
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - T Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - I R Gearba
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - K Hagiya
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - M Y Hu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - T Kato
- Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - T Kawamura
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris 75205, France
| | - M Kimura
- Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.,Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - M K Kubo
- Division of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka 181-8585, Japan
| | - F Langenhorst
- Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - C Lantz
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - B Lavina
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - M Lindner
- Institute of Geoscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Zhao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - B Vekemans
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Baklouti
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - B Bazi
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Borondics
- Optimized Light Source of Intermediate Energy to LURE (SOLEIL) L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur Yvette F-91192, France
| | - S Nagasawa
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan.,Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - G Nishiyama
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K Nitta
- Spectroscopy Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - J Mathurin
- Institut Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - T Matsumoto
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - I Mitsukawa
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - H Miura
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - A Miyake
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Y Miyake
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai 319-1106, Japan
| | - H Yurimoto
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - R Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - H Yabuta
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - H Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - K Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Tachibana
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H C Connolly
- Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - D S Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - M Yoshitake
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - M Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - K Yoshikawa
- Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - K Yoshihara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Y Yokota
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - K Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - H Yano
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - D Yamamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - M Yamada
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - T Yamada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - T Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - K Wada
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - T Usui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - R Tsukizaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - F Terui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - H Takeuchi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Y Takei
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - A Iwamae
- Marine Works Japan, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | - H Soejima
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Marine Works Japan, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | - K Shirai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Y Shimaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - H Senshu
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - H Sawada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - T Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - M Ozaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - G Ono
- Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - T Okada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - N Ogawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - K Ogawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - R Noguchi
- Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - H Noda
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - M Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - N Namiki
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan.,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - S Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - T Morota
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - A Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - A Miura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Y Mimasu
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - K Matsumoto
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan.,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - K Kumagai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Marine Works Japan, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | - T Kouyama
- Digital Architecture Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - S Kikuchi
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - K Kawahara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Kameda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - T Iwata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Y Ishihara
- JAXA Space Exploration Center, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - M Ishiguro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - H Ikeda
- Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Hosoda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - R Honda
- Department of Information Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.,Center for Data Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - C Honda
- Aizu Research Center for Space Informatics, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - Y Hitomi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Marine Works Japan, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | - N Hirata
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - N Hirata
- Aizu Research Center for Space Informatics, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - T Hayashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - M Hayakawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - K Hatakeda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Marine Works Japan, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | - S Furuya
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - R Fukai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - A Fujii
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Y Cho
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M Arakawa
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - M Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - S Watanabe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Y Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
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2
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Bame E, Tang H, Burns JC, Arefayene M, Michelsen K, Ma B, Marx I, Prince R, Roach AM, Poreci U, Donaldson D, Cullen P, Casey F, Zhu J, Carlile TM, Sangurdekar D, Zhang B, Trapa P, Santoro J, Muragan P, Pellerin A, Rubino S, Gianni D, Bajrami B, Peng X, Coppell A, Riester K, Belachew S, Mehta D, Palte M, Hopkins BT, Scaramozza M, Franchimont N, Mingueneau M. Next-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIIB091 selectively and potently inhibits B cell and Fc receptor signaling and downstream functions in B cells and myeloid cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1295. [PMID: 34141433 PMCID: PMC8204096 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a non-redundant signaling role downstream of the B-cell receptor (BCR) in B cells and the receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulins (FcR) in myeloid cells. Here, we characterise BIIB091, a novel, potent, selective and reversible small-molecule inhibitor of BTK. Methods BIIB091 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in preclinical models and in phase 1 clinical trial. Results In vitro, BIIB091 potently inhibited BTK-dependent proximal signaling and distal functional responses in both B cells and myeloid cells with IC50s ranging from 3 to 106 nm, including antigen presentation to T cells, a key mechanism of action thought to be underlying the efficacy of B cell-targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis. BIIB091 effectively sequestered tyrosine 551 in the kinase pocket by forming long-lived complexes with BTK with t 1/2 of more than 40 min, thereby preventing its phosphorylation by upstream kinases. As a key differentiating feature of BIIB091, this property explains the very potent whole blood IC50s of 87 and 106 nm observed with stimulated B cells and myeloid cells, respectively. In vivo, BIIB091 blocked B-cell activation, antibody production and germinal center differentiation. In phase 1 healthy volunteer trial, BIIB091 inhibited naïve and unswitched memory B-cell activation, with an in vivo IC50 of 55 nm and without significant impact on lymphoid or myeloid cell survival after 14 days of dosing. Conclusion Pharmacodynamic results obtained in preclinical and early clinical settings support the advancement of BIIB091 in phase 2 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eris Bame
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Hao Tang
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | - Klaus Michelsen
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Relay Therapeutics Cambridge MA USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Isaac Marx
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Robin Prince
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Allie M Roach
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Gilead Sciences Seattle WA USA
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Pandion Therapeutics Watertown MA USA
| | - Douglas Donaldson
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Giner Labs Newton MA USA
| | | | | | - Jing Zhu
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - Dipen Sangurdekar
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Takeda Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - Patrick Trapa
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Joseph Santoro
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Param Muragan
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | - Davide Gianni
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Bekim Bajrami
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Xiaomei Peng
- Global Safety and Regulatory Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | | | - Devangi Mehta
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Immunologix Laboratories Cambridge MA USA
| | - Mike Palte
- MS Development Unit Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Brian T Hopkins
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
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3
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Rezende RM, Nakagaki BN, Moreira TG, Lopes JR, Kuhn C, Tatematsu BK, Boulenouar S, Maghzi AH, Rubino S, Menezes GB, Chitnis T, Weiner HL. γδ T Cell-Secreted XCL1 Mediates Anti-CD3-Induced Oral Tolerance. J Immunol 2019; 203:2621-2629. [PMID: 31578268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oral tolerance is defined as the specific suppression of cellular and/or humoral immune responses to an Ag by prior administration of the Ag through the oral route. Although the investigation of oral tolerance has classically involved Ag feeding, we have found that oral administration of anti-CD3 mAb induced tolerance through regulatory T (Treg) cell generation. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unknown. In this study, we show that conventional but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) are required for anti-CD3-induced oral tolerance. Moreover, oral anti-CD3 promotes XCL1 secretion by small intestine lamina propria γδ T cells that, in turn, induces tolerogenic XCR1+ DC migration to the mesenteric lymph node, where Treg cells are induced and oral tolerance is established. Consistent with this, TCRδ-/- mice did not develop oral tolerance upon oral administration of anti-CD3. However, XCL1 was not required for oral tolerance induced by fed Ags, indicating that a different mechanism underlies this effect. Accordingly, oral administration of anti-CD3 enhanced oral tolerance induced by fed MOG35-55 peptide, resulting in less severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which was associated with decreased inflammatory immune cell infiltration in the CNS and increased Treg cells in the spleen. Thus, Treg cell induction by oral anti-CD3 is a consequence of the cross-talk between γδ T cells and tolerogenic DCs in the gut. Furthermore, anti-CD3 may serve as an adjuvant to enhance oral tolerance to fed Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Brenda N Nakagaki
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and.,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thais G Moreira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Juliana R Lopes
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Chantal Kuhn
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Bruna K Tatematsu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Selma Boulenouar
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Amir-Hadi Maghzi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Stephen Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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4
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Garo LP, Ajay AK, Fujiwara M, Beynon V, Kuhn C, Gabriely G, Sadhukan S, Raheja R, Rubino S, Weiner HL, Murugaiyan G. Smad7 Controls Immunoregulatory PDL2/1-PD1 Signaling in Intestinal Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2019; 28:3353-3366.e5. [PMID: 31553906 PMCID: PMC6925592 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad7, a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Here, we found that Smad7 mediates intestinal inflammation by limiting the PDL2/1-PD1 axis in dendritic cells (DCs) and CD4+T cells. Smad7 deficiency in DCs promotes TGF-β responsiveness and the co-inhibitory molecules PDL2/1 on DCs, and it further imprints T cell-PD1 signaling to promote Treg differentiation. DC-specific Smad7 deletion mitigates DSS-induced colitis by inducing CD103+PDL2/1+DCs and Tregs. In addition, Smad7 deficiency in CD4+T cells promotes PD1 and PD1-induced Tregs in vitro. The transfer of Smad7-deficient CD4+T cells enhances Tregs in vivo and protects against T cell-mediated colitis. Furthermore, Smad7 antisense ameliorates DSS-induced UC, increasing TGF-β and PDL2/1-PD1 signaling. Enhancing PD1 signaling directly via Fc-fused PDL2/1 is also beneficial. Our results identify how Smad7 mediates intestinal inflammation and leverages these pathways therapeutically, providing additional strategies for IBD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien P Garo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amrendra K Ajay
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mai Fujiwara
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa Beynon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chantal Kuhn
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galina Gabriely
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Supriya Sadhukan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Radhika Raheja
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gopal Murugaiyan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Giacomini PG, Rubino S, Mocella S, Pascali M, Di Girolamo S. Approach to the correction of drooping tip: common problems and solutions. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2018; 37:295-302. [PMID: 28530259 PMCID: PMC5584101 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The drooping tip deformity is both a bothersome aesthetic feature and functional impairment of the nose. Both static and dynamic factors may affect tip appearance and it seems logical to take into account these factors when planning correction of drooping tip. Many studies have examined this topic, but its treatment remains controversial. In order to make nasal tip surgery successful, it is useful to identify the keystone anatomical characteristics of the tip itself. Naso-labial angle, nostril axis, tip rotation angle according to Frankfort plane and columellar-facial angle may be measured to assess nasal tip position. The present study focuses on the authors' personal experience on the key anatomic changes of the nose that deserve correction and on the main surgical steps needed to achieve consistent results when dealing with a drooping tip. Pre- and post-operative nasal tip rotation and projection were studied. Correction of the drooping tip was accomplished by an open or closed septorhinoplasty approach according to patient's needs. The surgical techniques mostly employed for tip repositioning was septum straightening (41/41) and tongue-in-groove (36/41 cases) (87.8%). A columellar strut was used in 8/41 (19.51%) cases. LLC cephalic resection was applied in 29/41 patients (70.73%), LLC re-orienting sutures were made in 18/41 cases (43.9%) and lateral crural overlay was needed in 2/41 (4.8%). The key anatomic changes of the nose that deserve correction and the surgical steps needed to ease the often intriguing pre-operative decision-making process are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Giacomini
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - S Rubino
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - S Mocella
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bussolengo Hospital, Italy
| | - M Pascali
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - S Di Girolamo
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
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6
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Lanser AJ, Rezende RM, Rubino S, Lorello PJ, Donnelly DJ, Xu H, Lau LA, Dulla CG, Caldarone BJ, Robson SC, Weiner HL. Disruption of the ATP/adenosine balance in CD39 -/- mice is associated with handling-induced seizures. Immunology 2017; 152:589-601. [PMID: 28742222 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are due to excessive, synchronous neuronal firing in the brain and are characteristic of epilepsy, the fourth most prevalent neurological disease. We report handling-induced and spontaneous seizures in mice deficient for CD39, a cell-surface ATPase highly expressed on microglial cells. CD39-/- mice with handling-induced seizures had normal input-output curves and paired-pulse ratio measured from hippocampal slices and lacked microgliosis, astrogliosis or overt cell loss in the hippocampus and cortex. As expected, however, the cerebrospinal fluid of CD39-/- mice contained increased levels of ATP and decreased levels of adenosine. To determine if immune activation was involved in seizure progression, we challenged mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and measured the effect on microglia activation and seizure severity. Systemic LPS challenge resulted in increased cortical staining of Iba1/CD68 and gene array data from purified microglia predicted increased expression of interleukin-8, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, p38, pattern recognition receptors, death receptor, nuclear factor-κB , complement, acute phase, and interleukin-6 signalling pathways in CD39-/- versus CD39+/+ mice. However, LPS treatment did not affect handling-induced seizures. In addition, microglia-specific CD39 deletion in adult mice was not sufficient to cause seizures, suggesting instead that altered expression of CD39 during development or on non-microglial cells such as vascular endothelial cells may promote the seizure phenotype. In summary, we show a correlation between altered extracellular ATP/adenosine ratio and a previously unreported seizure phenotype in CD39-/- mice. This work provides groundwork for further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lanser
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Lorello
- NeuroBehavior Laboratory, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dustin J Donnelly
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren A Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- NeuroBehavior Laboratory, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Gabriely G, da Cunha AP, Rezende RM, Kenyon B, Madi A, Vandeventer T, Skillin N, Rubino S, Garo L, Mazzola MA, Kolypetri P, Lanser AJ, Moreira T, Faria AMC, Lassmann H, Kuchroo V, Murugaiyan G, Weiner HL. Targeting latency-associated peptide promotes antitumor immunity. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/11/eaaj1738. [PMID: 28763794 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaj1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) promote cancer by suppressing antitumor immune responses. We found that anti-LAP antibody, which targets the latency-associated peptide (LAP)/transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) complex on Tregs and other cells, enhances antitumor immune responses and reduces tumor growth in models of melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, and glioblastoma. Anti-LAP decreases LAP+ Tregs, tolerogenic dendritic cells, and TGF-β secretion and is associated with CD8+ T cell activation. Anti-LAP increases infiltration of tumors by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and reduces CD103+ CD8 T cells in draining lymph nodes and the spleen. We identified a role for CD103+ CD8 T cells in cancer. Tumor-associated CD103+ CD8 T cells have a tolerogenic phenotype with increased expression of CTLA-4 and interleukin-10 and decreased expression of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and granzymes. Adoptive transfer of CD103+ CD8 T cells promotes tumor growth, whereas CD103 blockade limits tumorigenesis. Thus, anti-LAP targets multiple immunoregulatory pathways and represents a potential approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gabriely
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andre P da Cunha
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asaf Madi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler Vandeventer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathaniel Skillin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucien Garo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria A Mazzola
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Panagiota Kolypetri
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda J Lanser
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thais Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria C Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Vijay Kuchroo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gopal Murugaiyan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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David BA, Rubino S, Moreira TG, Freitas-Lopes MA, Araújo AM, Paul NE, Rezende RM, Menezes GB. Isolation and high-dimensional phenotyping of gastrointestinal immune cells. Immunology 2017; 151:56-70. [PMID: 28039862 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal immune system plays a pivotal role in the host relationship with food antigens, the homeostatic microbiome and enteric pathogens. Here, we describe how to collect and process liver and intestinal samples to efficiently isolate and analyse resident immune cells. Furthermore, we describe a step-by-step methodology showing how to high-dimensionally immunophenotype resident leucocytes using cytometry by time-of-flight, providing a well-characterized antibody platform that allows the identification of every leucocyte subset simultaneously. This protocol also includes instructions to purify and cultivate primary murine hepatocytes, a powerful tool to assess basic cell biology and toxicology assays. Gut and liver samples from the same mouse can be collected, processed and stained in less than 6 hr. This protocol enables the recovery of several populations of purified and viable immune cells from solid and fibrous organs, preventing unwanted loss of adherent cells during isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A David
- Departamento de Morfologia, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephen Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thais G Moreira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Alice Freitas-Lopes
- Departamento de Morfologia, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan M Araújo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nicole E Paul
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Departamento de Morfologia, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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David BA, Rezende RM, Antunes MM, Santos MM, Freitas Lopes MA, Diniz AB, Sousa Pereira RV, Marchesi SC, Alvarenga DM, Nakagaki BN, Araújo AM, Dos Reis DS, Rocha RM, Marques PE, Lee WY, Deniset J, Liew PX, Rubino S, Cox L, Pinho V, Cunha TM, Fernandes GR, Oliveira AG, Teixeira MM, Kubes P, Menezes GB. Combination of Mass Cytometry and Imaging Analysis Reveals Origin, Location, and Functional Repopulation of Liver Myeloid Cells in Mice. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:1176-1191. [PMID: 27569723 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Resident macrophages are derived from yolk sac precursors and seed the liver during embryogenesis. Native cells may be replaced by bone marrow precursors during extensive injuries, irradiation, and infections. We investigated the liver populations of myeloid immune cells and their location, as well as the dynamics of phagocyte repopulation after full depletion. The effects on liver function due to the substitution of original phagocytes by bone marrow-derived surrogates were also examined. METHODS We collected and analyzed liver tissues from C57BL/6 (control), LysM-EGFP, B6 ACTb-EGFP, CCR2-/-, CD11c-EYFP, CD11c-EYFP-DTR, germ-free mice, CX3CR1gfp/gfp, CX3CR1gpf/wt, and CX3CR1-DTR-EYFP. Liver nonparenchymal cells were immunophenotyped using mass cytometry and gene expression analyses. Kupffer and dendritic cells were depleted from mice by administration of clodronate, and their location and phenotype were examined using intravital microscopy and time-of-flight mass cytometry. Mice were given acetaminophen gavage or intravenous injections of fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli, blood samples were collected and analyzed, and liver function was evaluated. We assessed cytokine profiles of liver tissues using a multiplexed array. RESULTS Using mass cytometry and gene expression analyses, we identified 2 populations of hepatic macrophages and 2 populations of monocytes. We also identified 4 populations of dendritic cells and 1 population of basophils. After selective depletion of liver phagocytes, intravascular myeloid precursors began to differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells; dendritic cells migrated out of sinusoids, after a delay, via the chemokine CX3CL1. The cell distribution returned to normal in 2 weeks, but the repopulated livers were unable to fully respond to drug-induced injury or clear bacteria for at least 1 month. This defect was associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, and dexamethasone accelerated the repopulation of liver phagocytes. CONCLUSIONS In studies of hepatic phagocyte depletion in mice, we found that myeloid precursors can differentiate into liver macrophages and dendritic cells, which each localize to distinct tissue compartments. During replenishment, macrophages acquire the ability to respond appropriately to hepatic injury and to remove bacteria from the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Araujo David
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mônica Morais Santos
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Lopes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ariane Barros Diniz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Vaz Sousa Pereira
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sarah Cozzer Marchesi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Moreira Alvarenga
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brenda Naemi Nakagaki
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan Moreira Araújo
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva Dos Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Monti Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Elias Marques
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Resolution of Inflammation Lab, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Gustavo Oliveira
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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10
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Rezende RM, da Cunha AP, Kuhn C, Rubino S, M'Hamdi H, Gabriely G, Vandeventer T, Liu S, Cialic R, Pinheiro-Rosa N, Oliveira RP, Gaublomme JT, Obholzer N, Kozubek J, Pochet N, Faria AMC, Weiner HL. Identification and characterization of latency-associated peptide-expressing γδ T cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8726. [PMID: 26644347 PMCID: PMC4686827 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of lymphocytes specialized in protecting the host against pathogens and tumours. Here we describe a subset of regulatory γδ T cells that express the latency-associated peptide (LAP), a membrane-bound TGF-β1. Thymic CD27+IFN-γ+CCR9+α4β7+TCRγδ+ cells migrate to the periphery, particularly to Peyer's patches and small intestine lamina propria, where they upregulate LAP, downregulate IFN-γ via ATF-3 expression and acquire a regulatory phenotype. TCRγδ+LAP+ cells express antigen presentation molecules and function as antigen presenting cells that induce CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, although TCRγδ+LAP+ cells do not themselves express Foxp3. Identification of TCRγδ+LAP+ regulatory cells provides an avenue for understanding immune regulation and biologic processes linked to intestinal function and disease. Latency-associated peptide (LAP) is a membrane-bound form of TGF-β1. Here the authors show that LAP marks a subset of regulatory γδ T cells with innate gut-homing properties, which present antigen and induce CD4+ Foxp3+ in Peyer's patches and lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andre P da Cunha
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chantal Kuhn
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hanane M'Hamdi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Galina Gabriely
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tyler Vandeventer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shirong Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ron Cialic
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Natalia Pinheiro-Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Jellert T Gaublomme
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nikolaus Obholzer
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - James Kozubek
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nathalie Pochet
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Ana M C Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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11
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Belcheva A, Irrazabal T, Robertson SJ, Streutker C, Maughan H, Rubino S, Moriyama EH, Copeland JK, Surendra A, Kumar S, Green B, Geddes K, Pezo RC, Navarre WW, Milosevic M, Wilson BC, Girardin SE, Wolever TMS, Edelmann W, Guttman DS, Philpott DJ, Martin A. Gut microbial metabolism drives transformation of MSH2-deficient colon epithelial cells. Cell 2014; 158:288-299. [PMID: 25036629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been linked to deficiencies in mismatch repair and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) proteins, diet, inflammatory processes, and gut microbiota. However, the mechanism through which the microbiota synergizes with these etiologic factors to promote CRC is not clear. We report that altering the microbiota composition reduces CRC in APC(Min/+)MSH2(-/-) mice, and that a diet reduced in carbohydrates phenocopies this effect. Gut microbes did not induce CRC in these mice through an inflammatory response or the production of DNA mutagens but rather by providing carbohydrate-derived metabolites such as butyrate that fuel hyperproliferation of MSH2(-/-) colon epithelial cells. Further, we provide evidence that the mismatch repair pathway has a role in regulating β-catenin activity and modulating the differentiation of transit-amplifying cells in the colon. These data thereby provide an explanation for the interaction between microbiota, diet, and mismatch repair deficiency in CRC induction. PAPERCLIP:
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta Belcheva
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thergiory Irrazabal
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Susan J Robertson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Catherine Streutker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | | | - Stephen Rubino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eduardo H Moriyama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Julia K Copeland
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Anu Surendra
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Blerta Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kaoru Geddes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rossanna C Pezo
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - William W Navarre
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael Milosevic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thomas M S Wolever
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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12
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Belcheva A, Irrazabal T, Robertson S, Streutker C, Maughan H, Rubino S, Moriyama E, Copeland J, Surendra A, Kumar S, Green B, Geddes K, Pezo R, Navarre W, Milosevic M, Wilson B, Girardin S, Wolever T, Edelmann W, Guttman D, Philpott D, Martin A. Gut Microbial Metabolism Drives Transformation of Msh2-Deficient Colon Epithelial Cells. Cell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Rubino S, Di Stefano V, Attanzio A, Tesoriere L, Girasolo M, Nicolò F, Bruno G, Orecchio S, Stocco G. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and antiproliferative activity of two platinum(II) complexes containing N-donor heterocycles. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Fritz JH, Rojas OL, Simard N, McCarthy DD, Hapfelmeier S, Rubino S, Robertson SJ, Larijani M, Gosselin J, Ivanov II, Martin A, Casellas R, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Paige CJ, Gommerman JL. Acquisition of a multifunctional IgA+ plasma cell phenotype in the gut. Nature 2011; 481:199-203. [PMID: 22158124 DOI: 10.1038/nature10698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The largest mucosal surface in the body is in the gastrointestinal tract, a location that is heavily colonized by microbes that are normally harmless. A key mechanism required for maintaining a homeostatic balance between this microbial burden and the lymphocytes that densely populate the gastrointestinal tract is the production and transepithelial transport of poly-reactive IgA (ref. 1). Within the mucosal tissues, B cells respond to cytokines, sometimes in the absence of T-cell help, undergo class switch recombination of their immunoglobulin receptor to IgA, and differentiate to become plasma cells. However, IgA-secreting plasma cells probably have additional attributes that are needed for coping with the tremendous bacterial load in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we report that mouse IgA(+) plasma cells also produce the antimicrobial mediators tumour-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and express many molecules that are commonly associated with monocyte/granulocytic cell types. The development of iNOS-producing IgA(+) plasma cells can be recapitulated in vitro in the presence of gut stroma, and the acquisition of this multifunctional phenotype in vivo and in vitro relies on microbial co-stimulation. Deletion of TNF-α and iNOS in B-lineage cells resulted in a reduction in IgA production, altered diversification of the gut microbiota and poor clearance of a gut-tropic pathogen. These findings reveal a novel adaptation to maintaining homeostasis in the gut, and extend the repertoire of protective responses exhibited by some B-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
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15
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Abstract
NLRs have been shown in a number of models to protect against microbial infection through their ability to participate in "pattern recognition" and their triggering of inflammatory pathways to control infection. Over the past few years, however, the role of NLRs, especially Nod1, Nod2, and NLRP3, in intestinal homeostasis has been highlighted. Indeed, these specific NLRs have been implicated in IBD, in particular, the association of Nod2 with CD, yet a clear understanding of how dysfunctional NLR activation leads to aberrant inflammation is still the focus of much investigation. In this review, we will examine how NLRs participate in the maintenance of gut homeostasis and how upset of this regulation can tip the balance toward chronic inflammation and intestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and Genetics of Bacterial Cell Wall, Avenir Group INSERM, Paris, France
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16
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Rubino S, Portanova P, Giammalva F, Girasolo M, Orecchio S, Calvaruso G, Stocco G. Synthesis, structural characterisation and biological studies of new mononuclear platinum(II) complexes with sterically hindered heterocyclic ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Magalhaes JG, Lee J, Geddes K, Rubino S, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. Essential role of Rip2 in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity triggered by Nod1 and Nod2 ligands. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1445-55. [PMID: 21469090 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muramyl peptides are the building blocks of bacterial peptidoglycan, and their biological functions in mammals have been extensively studied. In particular, muramyl peptides trigger inflammation, contribute to host defense against microbial infections, and modulate the adaptive immune response to antigens. These bacterial molecules are detected by nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1) and Nod2, and recent evidence suggests that muramyl dipeptide also activates NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes. Here, we investigated the role of Rip2, the adaptor for Nod1- and Nod2-dependent signaling, in multiple aspects of the host response to muramyl peptides in vivo, such as inflammatory cytokine secretion, activation and recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils to the site of injection, systemic activation of myeloid, T and B cells in the spleen, adjuvanticity and capacity to polarize the adaptive response to ovalbumin. Our results demonstrate that Rip2 was crucial for all the biological functions studied. We also identified CD11c(int) CD11b(+) inflammatory dendritic cells as a major myeloid cell population responding to Nod stimulation in vivo. Together, our results highlight the importance of Rip2 for Nod-dependent induction of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao G Magalhaes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Grant GE, Rubino S, Gravel S, Wang X, Patel P, Rokach J, Powell WS. Enhanced formation of 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid by cancer cells in response to oxidative stress, docosahexaenoic acid and neutrophil-derived 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:822-8. [PMID: 21393477 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) product 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), which is a potent chemoattractant for myeloid cells, is known to promote the survival of prostate cancer cells. In the present study, we found that PC3 prostate cancer cells and cell lines derived from breast (MCF7) and lung (A-427) cancers contain 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase (5-HEDH) activity and have the ability to synthesize 5-oxo-ETE from its precursor 5S-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) when added as an exogenous substrate. H(2)O(2) strongly stimulated the synthesis of 5-oxo-ETE and induced dramatic increases in the levels of both glutathione disulfide and NADP(+). The effects of H(2)O(2) on 5-oxo-ETE and NADP(+) were blocked by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), indicating that this effect was mediated by the glutathione reductase-dependent generation of NADP(+), the cofactor required by 5-HEDH. 5-Oxo-ETE synthesis was also stimulated by agents that have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, including 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid, tamoxifen and MK-886. Because PC3 cells have only modest 5-LO activity compared with inflammatory cells, we investigated their ability to contribute to the transcellular biosynthesis of 5-oxo-ETE from neutrophil-derived 5-HETE. Stimulation of neutrophils with arachidonic acid and calcium ionophore in the presence of PC3 cells led to a large and selective increase in 5-oxo-ETE synthesis compared with controls in which PC3 cell 5-oxo-ETE synthesis was selectively blocked by pretreatment with NEM. The ability of prostate tumor cells to synthesize 5-oxo-ETE may contribute to tumor cell proliferation as well as the influx of inflammatory cells, which may further induce cell proliferation through the release of cytokines. 5-Oxo-ETE may be an attractive target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Grant
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 2P2
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Mohanty S, Gaind R, Paglietti B, Paul P, Rubino S, Deb M. Bacteraemia with pleural effusions complicating typhoid fever caused by high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:233-40. [PMID: 20828458 DOI: 10.1179/146532810x12786388978760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
An unusual case of bacteraemia with bilateral pleural effusion caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in a 10-year-old previously healthy girl is reported. The organism was isolated from pleural fluid aspirate and from blood, and exhibited high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC 16 μg/ml) associated with triple mutations in the QRDRs of the gyrA and parC genes leading to the amino-acid changes Ser83→Phe and Asp87→Asn in gyrA and Ser80→Ile in parC. The patient was successfully treated with parenteral ceftriaxone and intercostal chest tube drainage. The case is notable because of the important issue of antimicrobial resistance in S. Typhi and the therapeutic dilemma faced by clinicians regarding the empirical use of ciprofloxacin and newer fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Rubino S, Lee J, Girardin SE. Mammalian PGRPs also mind the fort. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 8:130-2. [PMID: 20709290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs or Pglyrps) regulate antibacterial responses in Drosophila, yet their functions in humans remain unclear. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Saha and colleagues report that mammalian PGRPs can prevent aberrant interferon-gamma--induced inflammatory damage in vivo by modulating the composition of the intestinal bacterial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rubino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, M6G 2T6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Rowe T, Banner D, Farooqui A, Ng DCK, Kelvin AA, Rubino S, Huang SSH, Fang Y, Kelvin DJ. In vivo ribavirin activity against severe pandemic H1N1 influenza A/Mexico/4108/2009. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2898-906. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Rubino S, Portanova P, Girasolo A, Calvaruso G, Orecchio S, Stocco G. Synthetic, structural and biochemical studies of polynuclear platinum(II) complexes with heterocyclic ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:1041-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Verbeeck J, Hébert C, Rubino S, Novák P, Rusz J, Houdellier F, Gatel C, Schattschneider P. Optimal aperture sizes and positions for EMCD experiments. Ultramicroscopy 2008; 108:865-72. [PMID: 18423875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD)--the equivalent of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in the electron microscope--is optimized with respect to the detector shape, size and position. We show that an important increase in SNR over previous experiments can be obtained when taking much larger detector sizes. We determine the ideal shape of the detector but also show that round apertures are a good compromise if placed in their optimal position. We develop the theory for a simple analytical description of the EMCD experiment and then apply it to dynamical multibeam Bloch wave calculations and to an experimental data set. In all cases it is shown that a significant and welcome improvement of the SNR is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Verbeeck
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Giacomodonato MN, Uzzau S, Bacciu D, Caccuri R, Sarnacki SH, Rubino S, Cerquetti MC. SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD and SopE2 effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are synthesized at late stages of infection in mice. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:1221-1228. [PMID: 17379731 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/002758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 is essential for invasion of non-phagocytic cells, whereas SPI-2 is required for intracellular survival and proliferation in phagocytes. Some SPI-1 effectors, however, are induced upon invasion of both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, suggesting that they may also be required post-invasion. In the present work, the presence was analysed of SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD and SopE2 effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro and in vivo during murine salmonellosis. Tagged (3xFLAG) strains of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium were inoculated intraperitoneally or intragastrically to BALB/c mice and recovered from the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of moribund mice. Tagged proteins were detected by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-FLAG antibodies. In vitro experiments showed that SPI-1 effector proteins SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD and SopE2 were secreted under SPI-1 conditions. Interestingly, it was found that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium continued to synthesize SipA, SopB, SopD and SopE2 in colonized organs for several days, regardless of the route of inoculation. Together, these results indicate that SPI-1 effector proteins may participate in the late stages of Salmonella infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Giacomodonato
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos CEFyBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Uzzau
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - D Bacciu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - R Caccuri
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos CEFyBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S H Sarnacki
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos CEFyBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - M C Cerquetti
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos CEFyBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hébert C, Schattschneider P, Rubino S, Novak P, Rusz J, Stöger-Pollach M. Magnetic circular dichroism in electron energy loss spectrometry. Ultramicroscopy 2007; 108:277-84. [PMID: 18060698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of circular dichroism in the electron microscope is a new, emerging method and, as such, it is subject to constant refinement and improvement. Different ways can be envisaged to record the signal. We present an overview of the key steps in the energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) experiment as well as a detailed review of the methods used in the intrinsic way where the specimen is used as a beam splitter. Lateral resolution up to 20-30 nm can be achieved, and the use of convergent beam techniques leads to an improved S/N ratio. Dichroic effects are shown for Ni and Co single crystal; as a counterexample, measurements were carried also for a non-magnetic (Ti) sample, where no dichroic effect was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hébert
- CIME-SB, MXC132, EPLF, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Rubino S, Portanova P, Albanese A, Calvaruso G, Orecchio S, Fontana G, Stocco GC. Mono- and polynuclear complexes of Pt(II) with polypyridyl ligandsSynthesis, spectroscopic and structural characterization and cytotoxic activity. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:1473-82. [PMID: 17669500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An array of poly- and mononuclear complexes of Pt(II) with polypyridyl ligands is reported. The framework complexes [(PtCl(2))(2)(bpp)(2)(micro-PtCl(2))](H(2)O)(2) [bpp=2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine], [PtCl(2)(micro-tptz)PtClNCPh]Cl [tptz=2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine], and mononuclear PtCl(2)(NH(2)dpt) [NH(2)dpt=4-amino-3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole] have been prepared and structurally characterized. Both neutral and ionic complexes are present, with bifunctional and monofunctional Pt(II) moieties, whose size and shape enable them to behave as novel scaffolds for DNA binding. Pt(II) complexes were tested for their biological activity. Cell viability assay and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that these complexes, particularly [PtCl(2)(micro-tptz)PtClNCPh]Cl, were effective death inducers in human colon rectal carcinoma HT29 cells and their cytotoxic activity was higher than that exerted by cisplatin. Morphological analysis of treated HT29 cells, performed by fluorescence microscopy after Hoechst 33258 staining, showed the appearance of the typical features of apoptosis. Moreover, our results suggested that mitochondria are involved in apoptosis induced by Pt(II) complexes in HT29 cells as demonstrated by dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rubino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica ed Analitica S. Cannizzaro, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Rubino S, Unger E, Fogu G, Cappuccinelli P. Effect of microtubule inhibitors on the tubulin system of Dictyostelium discoideum. J Basic Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.19820220208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gaind R, Paglietti B, Murgia M, Dawar R, Uzzau S, Cappuccinelli P, Deb M, Aggarwal P, Rubino S. Molecular characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A causing enteric fever in India. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58:1139-44. [PMID: 17071955 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define the genetic characteristics and resistance mechanisms of clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) exhibiting high-level fluoroquinolones resistance. METHODS Three S. Typhi and two S. Paratyphi A ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (MICs > 4 mg/L) were compared with isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.125-1 mg/L) by PFGE, plasmid analysis, presence of integrons and nucleotide changes in topoisomerase genes. RESULTS In S. Typhi and Paratyphi A, a single gyrA mutation (Ser-83-->Phe or Ser-83-->Tyr) was associated with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.125-1 mg/L); an additional mutation in parC (Ser-80-->Ile, Ser-80-->Arg, Asp-69-->Glu or Gly-78-->Asp) was accompanied by an increase in ciprofloxacin MIC (> or = 0.5 mg/L). Three mutations conferred ciprofloxacin resistance: two in gyrA (Ser-83-->Phe and Asp-87-->Asn or Asp-87-->Gly) and one in parC. This is the first report of parC mutations in S. Typhi. Ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A differed in their MICs and mutations in gyrA and parC. Moreover S. Typhi harboured a 50 kb transferable plasmid carrying a class 1 integron (dfrA15/aadA1) that confers resistance to co-trimoxazole and tetracycline but not to ciprofloxacin. PFGE revealed undistinguishable XbaI fragment patterns in ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi as well as in S. Paratyphi A isolates and showed that ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi have emerged from a clonally related isolate with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin after sequential acquisition of a second mutation in gyrA. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the first report of molecular characterization of S. Typhi with full resistance to ciprofloxacin. Notably, the presence of a plasmid-borne integron in ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi may lead to a situation of untreatable enteric fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gaind
- Department of Microbiology, Safdarjung Hospital and Assoc VMMC, New Delhi, India
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Gassama-Sow A, Wane AA, Canu NA, Uzzau S, Kane AA, Rubino S. Characterization of virulence factors in the newly described Salmonella enterica serotype Keurmassar emerging in Senegal (sub-Saharan Africa). Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:741-3. [PMID: 16420724 PMCID: PMC2870466 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805005807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2000 to 2001, nine strains of Salmonella enterica belonging to the new serotype Keurmassar have been isolated from human and poultry samples at the Senegalese National Salmonella and Shigella Reference Laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, in Dakar. All strains carried virulence factors including Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI)-1, -2, -3 and -5 encoded genes. Strains did not harbour virulence plasmid. Ribotyping analysis revealed a single clone identical to Salmonella Decatur isolated in Zimbabwe. These data suggest that strains are closely related, and may have been spread clonally. In this new serotype, insertion sequence IS200 is not present.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gassama-Sow
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Sénégal.
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Schattschneider P, Rubino S, Hébert C, Rusz J, Kunes J, Novák P, Carlino E, Fabrizioli M, Panaccione G, Rossi G. Detection of magnetic circular dichroism using a transmission electron microscope. Nature 2006; 441:486-8. [PMID: 16724061 DOI: 10.1038/nature04778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A material is said to exhibit dichroism if its photon absorption spectrum depends on the polarization of the incident radiation. In the case of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), the absorption cross-section of a ferromagnet or a paramagnet in a magnetic field changes when the helicity of a circularly polarized photon is reversed relative to the magnetization direction. Although similarities between X-ray absorption and electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) have long been recognized, it has been assumed that extending such equivalence to circular dichroism would require the electron beam in the TEM to be spin-polarized. Recently, it was argued on theoretical grounds that this assumption is probably wrong. Here we report the direct experimental detection of magnetic circular dichroism in a TEM. We compare our measurements of electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) with XMCD spectra obtained from the same specimen that, together with theoretical calculations, show that chiral atomic transitions in a specimen are accessible with inelastic electron scattering under particular scattering conditions. This finding could have important consequences for the study of magnetism on the nanometre and subnanometre scales, as EMCD offers the potential for such spatial resolution down to the nanometre scale while providing depth information--in contrast to X-ray methods, which are mainly surface-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schattschneider
- Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, and Institut für Festkörperphysik, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/138, Technische Universität Wien, A-1040 Wien, Austria.
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Rubino S, Petruso S, Pierattelli R, Bruno G, Stocco GC, Steardo L, Motta M, Passerotto M, Giudice ED, Gulì G. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic activity of copper(II) and platinum(II) complexes of 2-benzoylpyrrole and X-ray structure of bis[2-benzoylpyrrolato(N,O)]copper(II). J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:2071-9. [PMID: 15541496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II) and platinum(II) complexes of 2-benzoylpyrrole (2-BZPH) were synthesized and characterized with IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and coordination geometry with ligands arranged in transoid fashion. The crystal structure of [Cu(II)(2-BZP)2] was determined by X-ray diffraction. Death of complex treated Jurkat cells was measured by flow cytometry. The bis-chelate complexes [Cu(II)(2-BZP)2] and [Pt(II)(2-BZP)2] adopt square-planar coordination geometry with ligands, arranged in transoid fashion. Concentrations of 1-10 microM Platinum(II) complexes reduced cell survival from 100% to 20%, in contrast to the copper(II) complex which caused no cell death at a concentration of 10 microM. While the Pt(II) complexes may have damaged DNA to induce cell death, treatment with the Cu(II) complex did not induce Jurkat cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rubino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Università degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Caso V, Paciaroni M, Parnetti L, Cardaioli G, Biscarini L, Acciarini AE, Rubino S, Gallai V. Stroke related to carotid artery dissection in a young patient with Takayasu arteritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 13:67-9. [PMID: 11810014 DOI: 10.1159/000047749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are rarely the cause of stroke even in the young age group in association with cervical artery dissection and collagen vascular diseases. Takayasu arteritis is a chronic, idiopathic, inflammatory disease that primarily affects large vessels, such as the aorta and its main branches. Takayasu arteritis rarely coexists with systemic lupus erythematosus, and only few cases have been reported in association with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. We describe a young patient with right internal carotid artery dissection and subsequent stroke who presented with all three syndromes. Although this patient met the diagnostic criteria for each syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Takayasu arteritis and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, it remains unlikely that the three disorders are not related. We suggest a single disimmune disorder may have led to carotid artery dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Caso
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Internal Medicine and Oncological Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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Nikbakht GH, Raffatellu M, Uzzau S, Tadjbakhsh H, Rubino S. IS200 fingerprinting of Salmonella enterica serotype Abortusovis strains isolated in Iran. Epidemiol Infect 2002; 128:333-6. [PMID: 12002552 PMCID: PMC2869827 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268801006732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis is one of the most common pathogens responsible for abortion in sheep. In Iran, the spread of Abortusovis is highly dependent on the nomadic life style. In this study we performed IS200 fingerprinting to identify the clonal lines circulating in Iran. All the isolates contained 4 or 5 copies of the transposon and could be classified in 4 genotypes. A single genotype was highly prevalent and very likely it has circulated in Iran since 1970. All the isolates showed a high degree of relatedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Nikbakht
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Iran
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Acciarini AE, Rubino S, Biscarini L, Del FA. Churg-Strauss syndrome or other disease? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20:116; author reply 116-7. [PMID: 11892698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Abstract
We have developed a simple and efficient procedure for adding an epitope-encoding tail to one or more genes of interest in the bacterial chromosome. The procedure is a modification of the gene replacement method of Datsenko and Wanner [Datsenko, K. A. & Wanner, B. L. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6640-6645]. A DNA module that begins with the epitope-encoding sequence and includes a selectable marker is amplified by PCR with primers that carry extensions (as short as 36 nt) homologous to the last portion of the targeted gene and to a region downstream from it. Transformation of a strain expressing bacteriophage lambda red functions yields recombinants carrying the targeted gene fused to the epitope-encoding sequence. The resulting C-terminal-tagged protein can be identified by standard immuno-detection techniques. In an initial application of the method, we have added the sequences encoding the FLAG and 3xFLAG and influenza virus hemagglutinin epitopes to various genes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, including putative and established pathogenic determinants present in prophage genomes. Epitope fusion proteins were detected in bacteria growing in vitro, tissue culture cells, and infected mouse tissues. This work identified a prophage locus specifically expressed in bacteria growing intracellularly. The procedure described here should be applicable to a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria and is particularly suited for the study of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uzzau
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Muresu E, Piana A, Azara A, Maida I, Nastasi A, Sajid SD, Rubino S. Clonal relations among Salmonella enteritidis phage type 3 outbreak isolates traced by DNA fingerprinting. New Microbiol 2001; 24:371-7. [PMID: 11718375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Isolates of Salmonella enteritidis PT3, a rare phage type, were recovered from patients and strains were isolated from an outbreak of gastroenteritis that occurred during the summer of 1997 in North-East Sardinia, Italy. To investigate possible clonal involvement in the outbreak and to evaluate the capacity to discriminate among S. enteritidis PT3 strains, a number of molecular typing methods including ribotyping with a mixture of PstI and SphI (PS-ribotyping), PFGE with endonuclease XbaI and RAPD typing with four arbitrary primers was used. The typical XbaI endonuclease generated PFGE pattern also explained the prevalence of highly clonal S. enteritidis PT3 strains in the outbreak and adjacent areas. RAPD fingerprinting with primers OPA 4, OPB 15, OPB17 and P1254 exhibited a single but unique RAPD profile among the outbreak strains from various sources that differed significantly from control strains. The results of this study showed that when an appropriately chosen set of primers is employed, RAPD fingerprinting can be used as an alternative, rapid, highly reproducible technique for tracing the clonal relations of S. enteritidis PT3, and can be more discriminatory than PFGE. Furthermore, this study revealed the possibility of PT3 causing outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Muresu
- Istituto di Igiene e Medicina Preventiva, Università di Sassari, Italia
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37
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Uzzau S, Leori GS, Petruzzi V, Watson PR, Schianchi G, Bacciu D, Mazzarello V, Wallis TS, Rubino S. Salmonella enterica serovar-host specificity does not correlate with the magnitude of intestinal invasion in sheep. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3092-9. [PMID: 11292728 PMCID: PMC98264 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3092-3099.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization of intestinal and systemic tissues by Salmonella enterica serovars with different host specificities was determined 7 days after inoculation of 1 to 2-month-old lambs. Following oral inoculation, S. enterica serovars Abortusovis, Dublin, and Gallinarum were recovered in comparable numbers from the intestinal mucosa, but serovar Gallinarum was recovered in lower numbers than the other serovars from systemic sites. The pattern of bacterial recovery from systemic sites following intravenous inoculation was similar. The magnitude of intestinal invasion was evaluated in ovine ligated ileal loops in vivo. Serovars Dublin and Gallinarum and the broad-host-range Salmonella serovar Typhimurium were recovered in comparable numbers from ileal mucosa 3 h after loop inoculation, whereas the recovery of serovar Abortusovis was approximately 10-fold lower. Microscopic analysis of intestinal mucosae infected with serovars Typhimurium and Dublin showed dramatic morphological changes and infiltration of inflammatory cells, whereas mucosae infected with serovars Abortusovis and Gallinarum were indistinguishable from uninfected mucosae. Together these data suggest that Salmonella serovar specificity in sheep correlates with bacterial persistence at systemic sites. Intestinal invasion and avoidance of the host's intestinal inflammatory response may contribute to but do not determine the specificity of serovar Abortosovis for sheep. Intestinal invasion by serovar Abortusovis was significantly reduced after mutation of invH but was not reduced following curing of the virulence plasmid, suggesting that the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 influences but the virulence plasmid genes do not influence the ability of serovar Abortusovis to invade the intestinal mucosa in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uzzau
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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38
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Abstract
Salmonella constitutes a genus of zoonotic bacteria of
worldwide economic and health importance. The
current view of salmonella taxonomy assigns the
members of this genus to two species: S. enterica and
S. bongori. S. enterica itself is divided into six
subspecies, enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae,
indica, and houtenae, also known as subspecies I, II,
IIIa, IIIb, IV, and VI, respectively [1]. Members of
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica are mainly
associated with warm-blooded vertebrates and are
usually transmitted by ingestion of food or water
contaminated by infected faeces. The pathogenicity of
most of the distinct serotypes remains undefined, and
even within the most common serotypes, many
questions remain to be answered regarding the
interactions between the organism and the infected
host.Salmonellosis manifests itself in three major forms:
enteritis, septicaemia, and abortion, each of which
may be present singly or in combination, depending
on both the serotype and the host involved. Although
currently over 2300 serovars of Salmonella are
recognized, only about 50 serotypes are isolated in
any significant numbers as human or animal
pathogens [2, 3] and they all belong to subspecies
enterica. Of these, most cause acute gastroenteritis
characterized by a short incubation period and a
severe systemic disease in man or animals, characterized by septicaemia, fever and/or abortion, and
such serotypes are often associated with one or few
host species [4–6].It is the intention of this review to present a
summary of current knowledge of these host-adapted
serotypes of S. enterica. The taxonomic relationships
between the serotypes will be discussed together with
a comparison of the pathology and pathogenesis of
the disease that they cause in their natural host(s).
Since much of our knowledge on salmonellosis is
based on the results of work on Typhimurium, this
serotype will often be used as the baseline in
discussion. It is hoped that an appreciation of the
differences that exist in the way these serotypes
interact with the host will lead to a greater understanding of the complex host–parasite relationship
that characterizes salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uzzau
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
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39
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Genazzani AR, Bernardi F, Stomati M, Monteleone P, Luisi S, Rubino S, Farzati A, Casarosa E, Luisi M, Petraglia F. Effects of estradiol and raloxifene analog on brain, adrenal and serum allopregnanolone content in fertile and ovariectomized female rats. Neuroendocrinology 2000; 72:162-70. [PMID: 11025410 DOI: 10.1159/000054583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone is a neuroactive steroid synthesized in rat gonads, adrenal cortex, and central nervous system. It has been suggested that sex steroid hormones might influence allopregnanolone concentrations but no clear data have ever been reported. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of administration of 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2), the raloxifene analog LY-117018 or their combination on allopregnanolone levels in fertile and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Thirteen groups of 12 Wistar female rats each received either 17beta-E2 (0.1 or 1 microg/day) or LY-117018 (25, 250, and 1,250 microg/day), or 17beta-E2 1 microg/day plus LY-117018: 25, 250, and 1,250 microg/day for 14 days. The rats were then sacrificed and allopregnanolone content was assessed in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary, adrenals, and serum. Ovariectomy determined a significant decrease in allopregnanolone content in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary, and serum, while increasing it in the adrenals (p<0.01). In OVX rats, the administration of either 17beta-E2 or LY- 117018 restored ovariectomy-induced allopregnanolone changes. The administration of LY-117018 in addition to 17beta-E2 to OVX animals suppressed the increase in allopregnanolone levels determined by 17beta-E2 in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pituitary, but not in the adrenals and serum. In fertile rats, the administration of LY-117018 reproduced the effects of ovariectomy. This study shows that the raloxifene analog LY-117018 has an estrogen-like action on the central nervous system of OVX rats when administered alone, while it acts as an antiestrogen in the presence of 17beta-E2, both in OVX animals treated with 17beta-E2 and in fertile rats. A different effect was observed in the adrenal glands. The mechanism of action of this compound has still to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Genazzani
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Italy
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40
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Abstract
Following oral inoculation of BALB/c mice, Salmonella abortusovis strain SS44 was recovered in lower numbers from the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes compared with S. typhimurium strain SL1344, whereas splenic infections were equivalent between the two serovars. SS44 was cured of its virulence plasmid or subjected to mutagenesis of the spv genes, and the Spv(-) derivatives were tested for virulence in mice. Plasmid-cured S. abortusovis SU40 retained virulence in BALB/c mice when inoculated intraperitoneally. On the other hand, mice infected orally with SU40 had greatly reduced splenic infection compared to those infected with wild-type SS44. Similar results were obtained after Tn5 insertion mutagenesis of the spvR gene or deletion of the spvABCD locus. These results suggest that in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues S. abortusovis may replicate less than S. typhimurium and that the S. abortusovis virulence plasmid primarily affects systemic infection after oral inoculation but not after intraperitoneal administration in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uzzau
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Italy.
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41
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Alberola TM, Aptosoglou S, Arsenakis M, Bel Y, Delrio G, Ellar DJ, Ferré J, Granero F, Guttmann DM, Koliais S, Martínez-Sebastián MJ, Prota R, Rubino S, Satta A, Scarpellini G, Sivropoulou A, Vasara E. Insecticidal activity of strains of Bacillus thuringiensis on larvae and adults of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Dipt. Tephritidae). J Invertebr Pathol 1999; 74:127-36. [PMID: 10486224 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1999.4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, is the key pest on olives in the Mediterranean area. The pest can destroy, in some cases, up to 70% of the olive production. Its control relies mainly on chemical treatments, sometimes applied by aircraft over vast areas, with their subsequent ecological and toxicological side effects. Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore-forming soil bacterium which produces a protein crystal toxic to some insects, including the orders of Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera and other invertebrates. The aim of this study was to search for isolates toxic to B. oleae. Several hundred B. thuringiensis isolates were obtained from olive groves and olive presses in different areas of Greece, Sardinia (Italy), and Spain and from cooperating scientists throughout the world. Some isolates were found toxic only to adults or larvae and some to both stages of the olive fly. In addition, the most toxic isolates were assayed on Opius concolor Szepl. (Hym. Braconidae), the most important parasitoid of the olive fruit fly. Only 3 isolates out of 14 gave significant mortality against this parasitoid. Several of the most toxic crystalliferous isolates may contain novel toxins since they gave no PCR products when probed with primers specified for 39 known toxin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Alberola
- Facultat de Ciènces Biològiques, Universitat de València, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
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42
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Genazzani AR, Bernardi F, Stomati M, Rubino S, Giardina L, Luisi S, Monteleone P, Genazzani AD, Luisi M, Petraglia F. Raloxifene analog LY 117018 effects on central and peripheral beta-endorphin. Gynecol Endocrinol 1999; 13:249-58. [PMID: 10533160 DOI: 10.3109/09513599909167563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator with a benzothiophene structure, that exerts an estrogen-like action on some target tissues and an anti-estrogenic action on the uterus and breasts. A limited number of data are available on the effect of raloxifene on neuroendocrine function. Since beta-endorphin (beta-EP) is considered a marker of neuroendocrine function, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a 14 day treatment with a raloxifene analog, LY 117018, on beta-EP content in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, anterior and neuro-intermediate pituitary lobe, and in the plasma of fertile and ovariectomized (ovx) rats. The effect of LY 117018 in ovx rats was compared to that of 17 beta-estradiol. beta-EP contents were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. While ovariectomy determined a significant decrease in beta-EP levels in the anterior and neurointermediate pituitary lobe and plasma (p < 0.01), no changes of beta-EP content in the hypothalamus and hippocampus were found. The administration of 17 beta-estradiol or LY 117018 in ovx rats significantly increased beta-EP concentration in the anterior and neurointermediate pituitary lobe, in the hypothalamus and plasma (p < 0.01), though they did not significantly modify hippocampal beta-EP content. When LY 117018 was administered together with 17 beta-estradiol in ovx animals, a clear anti-estrogenic effect in all organs and in plasma was observed, resulting in significantly lower beta-EP content with respect to the group treated with 17 beta-estradiol alone (p < 0.01). The chronic administration of LY 117018 in fertile rats significantly decreased beta-EP content in the anterior pituitary, hippocampus and plasma (p < 0.01), while it increased beta-EP hypothalamic content and did not change beta-EP content in the neurointermediate lobe. In conclusion, raloxifene analog LY 117018 has an estrogen-like action on neuroendocrine opiatergic pathways when administered alone in ovx rats, while it exerts an anti-estrogen effect in fertile or in ovx rats treated with 17 beta-estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Genazzani
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, University of Pisa, Italy
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43
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Ferrozzi F, Rubino S, Zuccoli G. [Renal leukemia. Magnetic resonance features of a case]. Radiol Med 1999; 97:324-6. [PMID: 10414275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ferrozzi
- Istituto di Scienze Radiologiche, Università degli Studi, Parma.
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44
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Stomati M, Rubino S, Spinetti A, Parrini D, Luisi S, Casarosa E, Petraglia F, Genazzani AR. Endocrine, neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of oral dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate supplementation in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 1999; 13:15-25. [PMID: 10368794 DOI: 10.1080/09513599909167527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging in women and men is characterized by a progressive decline of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels and its sulfate ester (DHEAS). The improvement of wellbeing described in postmenopausal women treated with DHEA suggests that this steroid may exert specific actions on the central nervous system (CNS). The postmenopausal period is associated with several neuroendocrine modifications. The decrease of circulating levels of beta-endorphin is considered a hormonal marker of those changes. The aim of the present study was to investigate neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of three months of DHEAS supplementation in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women (n = 22) were divided in three groups: the first group was treated with oral DHEAS (n = 8) (50 mg/day), the second treated with the same dose of oral DHEAS + transdermal estradiol (n = 8) (DHEAS) 50 mg/day, estradiol 50 micrograms/patch) and the third with transdermal estradiol alone (n = 6) (50 micrograms/day). Before and after 1, 2 and 3 months of therapy, the following circulating steroid and protein hormone levels were evaluated: DHEA, DHEAS, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), beta-endorphin, growth hormone (GH) and cortisol, and a Kupperman score was performed. Before and after treatments, plasma beta-endorphin levels were evaluated in response to three neuroendocrine tests: (a) clonidine, an alpha 2-presynaptic adrenergic agonist (1.25 mg i.v.) (b) naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist (4 mg i.v.) and (c) fluoxetine, a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (30 mg p.o.). In both groups of women treated with DHEAS, mean basal serum DHEA, DHEAS, androstenedione, and testosterone levels significantly increased after treatment, while no changes were shown in the group receiving estradiol alone. Serum estradiol, estrone, GH and plasma beta-endorphin levels significantly increased progressively for the three months of treatment, with higher levels for estrone and estradiol in subjects receiving estradiol alone or plus DHEAS. Serum SHBG, cortisol, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone did not show significant variations under any treatment. Serum LH and FSH levels showed a significant decrease in groups treated with estradiol alone or plus DHEAS at the second and third months. The Kupperman score showed that all treatments were associated with similar and progressive improvement. Before therapy clonidine, naloxone and fluoxetine stimuli failed to modify circulating beta-endorphin levels. After each of the treatments, the beta-endorphin response was completely restored and was similar, independent of the kind of therapy. Restoration of the beta-endorphin response to specific stimuli suggests that DHEAS and/or its active metabolites modulates the neuroendocrine control of pituitary beta-endorphin secretion, which may support the therapeutic efficacy of the DHEAS on behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stomati
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, University of Pisa, Italy
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45
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Rubino S, Spanu L, Mannazzu M, Schiaffino A, Mura MS, Cappuccinelli P, Aceti A. Molecular typing of non-typhoid Salmonella strains isolated from HIV-infected patients with recurrent salmonellosis. AIDS 1999; 13:137-9. [PMID: 10207558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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46
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Uzzau S, Leori G, Watson P, Petruzzi V, Paglietti B, Ligios C, Fiori A, Satta M, Wallis T, Rubino S. Analysis of the invasiveness of <em>Salmonella abortusovis</em> and other host-specific serotypes in sheep. Med J Indones 1998. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v7isupp1.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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47
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Ferrozzi F, Rubino S, Uccelli M. [Ileal angiolipoma in a patient with multisystemic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis: diagnosis with computerized tomography]. Radiol Med 1998; 96:403-5. [PMID: 9972224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ferrozzi
- Istituto di Scienze Radiologiche, Università degli Studi, Parma.
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48
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Rubino S, Muresu E, Solinas M, Santona M, Paglietti B, Azara A, Schiaffino A, Santona A, Maida A, Cappuccinelli P. IS200 fingerprint of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium human strains isolated in Sardinia. Epidemiol Infect 1998; 120:215-22. [PMID: 9692598 PMCID: PMC2809397 DOI: 10.1017/s095026889800867x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium human strains isolated in Northern Sardinia (Italy) was examined for the insertion sequence IS200, phage type, antibiotic profile, ribotyping polymorphisms and plasmid profile. All clinical isolates studied contained from 4 to 10 copies of the IS200 element. IS200 permitted to discriminate Typhimurium strains and to identify five IS200 types, some of them circulating in Sardinia at least since 1900. Strains belonging to phage DT104 predominated and correlated with a specific IS200 pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
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49
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Stomati M, Bersi C, Bernardi F, Rubino S, Nappi L, Catarsi S, Ferrari A, Spinetti A, Cionini R, Petraglia F, Genazzani AR. Beta-endorphin response to oral glucose tolerance test in obese and non-obese pre- and postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 1998; 12:35-40. [PMID: 9526708 DOI: 10.3109/09513599809024968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-endorphin (beta-EP) is a neuropeptide involved in several brain functions, regulating the reproductive axis and behavioral changes. Estrogens play a modulatory role on circulating levels of beta-EP in women. Previous clinical studies have demonstrated high plasma beta-EP levels in obese subjects and increased beta-EP release after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal or obese women. The aim of the present study was to evaluate plasma beta-endorphin levels in response to an OGTT in pre- and postmenopausal obese and non-obese women, in order to investigate if the decrease in gonadal steroid levels at menopause could modify in a different manner the control of beta-endorphin release in response to glucose administration. A group of 24 normal women (age range 45-55 years) were included in the study. The patients were subdivided in four groups of six subjects each: group A, premenopausal women with body mass index (BMI) < 25 (control); group B, premenopausal women with BMI > 25 (obese); group C, post-menopausal women with BMI < 25 (control); group D, postmenopausal women with BMI > 25 (obese). All women were studied between 8.30 and 9.00 am, after overnight fasting, and underwent an OGTT. In obese premenopausal women, basal plasma beta-EP levels were significantly higher than in non-obese women (p < 0.01). In postmenopausal women, regardless of body weight, low basal plasma beta-EP levels were found. A significant increase in plasma beta-EP levels, at 30 and 60 minutes after oral glucose ingestion, was shown in control premenopausal women. No significant modifications to OGTT were shown in plasma beta-EP levels in the other three groups of women. In conclusion, while in premenopausal women the response of plasma beta-EP levels to OGTT is maintained, in postmenopause there is a lack of response to OGTT. This suggests that beta-EP release is dependent upon gonadal steroids, while it is only in part influenced by body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stomati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Italy
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50
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Rubino S, Stomati M, Bersi C, Casarosa E, Luisi M, Petraglia F, Genazzani AR. Neuroendocrine effect of a short-term treatment with DHEA in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1998; 28:251-7. [PMID: 9571601 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5122(97)00086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A progressive decline of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels occurs in women during aging related to the reduction of adrenocortical secretion. A specific action of DHEA on the central nervous system (CNS) is suggested by the improvement of psychological and physical well-being in postmenopausal women after DHEA supplementation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroendocrine effects of short-term DHEA supplementation in postmenopausal women, evaluating changes of plasma beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and growth hormone (GH) before and after oral DHEA (100 mg/day) for 7 days in postmenopausal women (n = 6). METHODS Before and after 7 days of DHEA supplementation, postmenopausal women underwent a neuroendocrine test with clonidine, an alpha 2 presinaptic agonist for adrenergic system (1.25 mg i.v.). Basal plasma DHEA, androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) levels were evaluated before and after treatment, while plasma beta-EP and GH levels were measured before and 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after clonidine injection. RESULTS Basal plasma beta-EP and GH levels did not show a significant difference before and after short-term DHEA administration, while circulating A, T, E1 and E2 significantly increased after treatment. The clonidine test induced a significant increase of plasma beta-EP levels in women after receiving DHEA supplementation but not before; conversely, plasma GM levels increased both before and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that short-term DHEA supplementation in postmenopausal women is able to restore the impaired response of pituitary beta-EP to clonidine, an alpha 2 presinaptic agonist. According to these data it is possible to hypothesize that DHEA could play a role in the psychological and physical well-being of postmenopausal women acting via a restoration of neuroendocrine control of antero-pituitary beta-EP secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rubino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Italy
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