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Boskovic I, Puente-López E, Dandachi-FitzGerald B, Merckelbach H. The prevalence of feigning and concealment of Covid-19 infections in an international sample. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:595-607. [PMID: 38282358 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231226033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We asked 463 participants from 21 countries whether they had feigned and/or concealed having a coronavirus infection during the pandemic period. 384 respondents (83%) reported having experienced a coronavirus infection. They were, on average, younger and reported more chronic health issues than participants who said they had never been infected. 65 (14%) admitted to having feigned the infection. Prevalence doubled (28%) when asked if they knew anyone who had feigned a coronavirus infection. Main motives for feigning were to stay at home and to obtain sick leave. As to having concealed a coronavirus infection, 56 (12%) responded affirmatively, but when asked about others, the prevalence reached 51% (n = 210). The most common reasons for concealment were to avoid letting others know and to not miss an event. Thus, both feigning and concealing infections can occur on a nontrivial scale, directly affecting prevalence rates in studies that rely on self-reported data collected from social platforms.
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Puente-López E, Pina D, Rambaud-Quiñones P, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Nieto-Cañaveras MD, Shura RD, Alcazar-Crevillén A, Martinez-Jarreta B. Classification accuracy and resistance to coaching of the Spanish version of the Inventory of Problems-29 and the Inventory of Problems-Memory: A simulation study with mTBI patients. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:738-762. [PMID: 37615421 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2249171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the classification accuracy and resistance to coaching of the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29) and the IOP-Memory (IOP-M) with a Spanish sample of patients diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and healthy participants instructed to feign. Method: Using a simulation design, 37 outpatients with mTBI (clinical control group) and 213 non-clinical instructed feigners under several coaching conditions completed the Spanish versions of the IOP-29, IOP-M, Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology, and Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Results: The IOP-29 discriminated well between clinical patients and instructed feigners, with an excellent classification accuracy for the recommended cutoff score (FDS ≥ .50; sensitivity = 87.10% for coached group and 89.09% for uncoached; specificity = 95.12%). The IOP-M also showed an excellent classification accuracy (cutoff ≤ 29; sensitivity = 87.27% for coached group and 93.55% for uncoached; specificity = 97.56%). Both instruments proved to be resistant to symptom information coaching and performance warnings. Conclusions: The results confirm that both of the IOP measures offer a similarly valid but different perspective compared to SIMS when assessing the credibility of symptoms of mTBI. The encouraging findings indicate that both tests are a valuable addition to the symptom validity practices of forensic professionals. Additional research in multiple contexts and with diverse conditions is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pina
- Applied Psychology Service, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Robert D Shura
- Mid-Atlantic (VISN 6) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC, USA
| | | | - Begoña Martinez-Jarreta
- Mutua MAZ, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Forensic and Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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López-Ros P, López-López R, Pina D, Puente-López E. User violence prevention and intervention measures to minimize and prevent aggression towards health care workers: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19495. [PMID: 37809629 PMCID: PMC10558594 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Workplace violence in the health care setting is a social problem of great interest both at the health care level and in research in recent decades. The most common type of violence is the one coming from the user towards the professional. Although the bibliography includes multiple preventive actions focused on working with professionals, there are hardly any studies that explore and collect actions aimed at the user. The aim of this study is to analyze the results of the literature to provide an overview of the current evidence. Specifically, it aims to describe the various user-directed strategies or interventions aimed at reducing workplace violence experienced by professionals within the healthcare sector. A systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), methodology of publications published up to December 2022 in the main databases. Studies that met the previously established eligibility criteria were identified. A peer review of the risk of bias was performed and the data were extracted from a previously elaborated template. The search yielded 5231 articles of which 11 were finally included in the review. Of these, 3 had a quantitative design, 7 had a qualitative design and one had a combined design. Of these, 38 measures or actions aimed at the user were compiled, grouped into four blocks according to the attitudinal objective pursued: Improvement of communication and creation of links, involvement of the user in joint decisions with the staff, informing and training the user, and other independent proposals. This study makes it possible to explore actions aimed at users with the objective of reducing violence towards health professionals. It collects and makes available to the scientific community a set of measures aimed at making a change of attitude in the perpetrator themselves, with the involvement of the perpetrator in the health system. This set of collected measures provides researchers with a basis to be taken into account for the implementation of future prevention plans according to the new multicomponent prevention models and with the involvement of the perpetrator themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma López-Ros
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Reyes López-López
- Applied Psychology Service (SEPA), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Pina
- Applied Psychology Service (SEPA), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Puente-López E, Pina D, López-Nicolás R, Iguacel I, Arce R. The Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29): A systematic review and bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Psychol Assess 2023; 35:339-352. [PMID: 36633978 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29) is a 29-item self-administered symptom validity test (SVT) that assesses the credibility of clinical presentations related to posttraumatic stress disorder, depression/anxiety, psychosis, cognitive impairment and combination thereof. To date, no publications have summarized the classification accuracy of the IOP-29 using a bivariate meta-analytical approach that preserves the two-dimensional nature of the estimators. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis of the IOP-29 according to the relevant guidelines. Twenty-one independent samples were included, with a total sample size of 4,163 participants. The results indicated that the IOP-29 is able to discriminate adequately between instructed simulators and healthy controls/clinical patients. Using the recommended cutoff (False Disorder Probability Score [FDS], ≥ .50), a sensitivity of 82% was achieved, maintaining specificity at 93% (false positive rate of 7%). The language of the test and the type of comparison group have been identified as possible sources of heterogeneity. Specificity decreases for the non-English version of the IOP-29, for the FDS ≥ .30, and also decreases for studies using clinical controls, for all three cutoff scores. In general, our findings support the usefulness of the IOP-29 as an SVT; however, most of the included studies use a simulation design and have been coauthored by the test authors. Likewise, about half of the studies did not include bona fide patient controls but only nonclinical controls. The results obtained are highly promising, but further research, especially that using the criterion group paradigm, is recommended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pina
- Departamento de Ciencias Socio-sanitarias
| | | | | | - Ramón Arce
- Departamento de Ciencia Politica y Sociologia
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Puente-López E, Pina D, López-López R, Ordi HG, Bošković I, Merten T. Prevalence Estimates of Symptom Feigning and Malingering in Spain. Psychol Inj Law 2023; 16:1-17. [PMID: 35911787 PMCID: PMC9321279 DOI: 10.1007/s12207-022-09458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Symptom feigning and malingering should be evaluated in forensic contexts due to their important socio-economic consequences. Despite this, to date, there is little research in Spain that evaluates its prevalence. The aim of this study was to investigate this issue using the perception of the general population, students, and professionals of medicine and forensic psychology. Three adapted questionnaires were applied to a total of 1003 participants (61.5% women) from 5 different groups. Approximately two-thirds of participants reported knowing someone who feigned symptoms, and one-third disclosed feigning symptoms themselves in the past. Headache/migraine, neck pain, and anxious-depressive symptoms were the most commonly chosen. Experts in psychology and forensic medicine estimated a prevalence of 20 to 40% of non-credible symptom presentations in their work settings and reported not having sufficient means to assess the distorted presentation of symptoms with certainty. Professionals and laypersons alike acknowledge that non-credible symptom presentations (like feigning or malingering) are relevant in Spain and occur at a non-trivial rate, which compares with estimates in other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pina
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Reyes López-López
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Irena Bošković
- grid.6906.90000000092621349Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Merten
- grid.415085.dVivantes Klinikum Im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
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Vidal-Alves MJ, Pina D, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Puente-López E, Paniagua D, Martínez-Jarreta B. (Un)Broken: Lateral violence among hospital nurses, user violence, burnout, and general health: A structural equation modeling analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1045574. [PMID: 36507501 PMCID: PMC9729731 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1045574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Workplace violence is a social problem yet to be solved. Although it is present in virtually all work environments, its prevalence in healthcare settings stands out, being perceived as something inherent to the job. Most studies in this context have focused on user violence against professionals. However, it has been observed that violence among colleagues in these types of jobs is a risk factor for the health of workers and has rarely been studied as a whole. Among the main consequences of exposure to violence reported in the literature, burnout syndrome, depression, anxiety, or somatic problems have been among the most studied. On the one hand, some authors claim that being exposed to workplace violence can increase the associated physical and psychological pathology and lead to a picture congruent with burnout. On the other hand, it has been hypothesized that violence is associated with burnout, which can trigger physical and psychological symptoms. Taking into account this background, the aim of this study is to explore workplace violence in health personnel, symptomatology, and burnout syndrome through mediation models that allow us to know the interrelationships between the variables. Methods A cross-sectional design with a double descriptive-associative strategy was used. The sample was composed of 950 nursing professionals from public hospitals. The scales of physical and non-physical violence from users to professionals HABS-U, personal, social, and occupational violence among co-workers using the Health Aggressive Behavior Scale - Co-workers and Superiors (HABS-CS) scale, the burnout scale Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS) which evaluates professional exhaustion, efficacy and cynicism, and the factors referring to depression, anxiety, somatization, and dysfunction of the GHQ-28 scale were applied. In order to calculate the models, workplace violence was used as a predictor of symptomatology, using the burnout variables as mediators. Regression coefficients with and without mediation model, direct and standardized estimates were obtained. For statistical power, Bootstrap analysis was used to calculate direct mediation effects. Results After controlling the mediation effects of burnout and cynicism, physical and non-physical user violence toward healthcare personnel were significant predictors of the GHQ-28 scores. These same results were obtained when assessing the relationship between social, occupational, and personal violence among co-workers and GHQ-28 scores. Conclusion Our results contribute to increase the evidence about the effects of violence on the health of professionals and to advance in the characterization of the possible consequent psychological damage. Regardless of the type of violence experienced, exposure to violence can lead to anxious, depressive or somatization symptoms, among others. Violence is also a predictor of burnout syndrome, which in turn accentuates the rest of the consequences studied. Despite the limitations of the proposed model, these results serve to highlight the complexity of the situation experienced by healthcare professionals. Moreover, it serves as a basis for proposing intervention/prevention programs to raise awareness and protect professionals from these risks. To this end, self-care tools should be proposed with which professionals take care of their own health through the management of violent situations and/or the improvement of occupational health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joao Vidal-Alves
- Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain,Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,EPIUnit – Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Pina
- Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain,*Correspondence: David Pina,
| | | | - Esteban Puente-López
- Facultad de Derecho, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - David Paniagua
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez-Jarreta
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Forensic and Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Puente-López E, Pina D, Shura R, Boskovic I, Martínez-Jarreta B, Merten T. The Impact of Different Forms of Coaching on the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symtomatology (SIMS). Psicothema 2022; 34:528-536. [PMID: 36268957 DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2022.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychometric symptom validity instruments (SVTs) can be vulnerable to coaching, which can negatively affect their performance. Our aim was to assess the impact that different types of coaching may have on the sensitivity of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). METHODS A simulation design was used with 232 non-clinical adults divided into five experimental simulation conditions and 58 patients with anxious-depressive symptomatology derived from a traffic accident. All simulators received a basic scenario and, in addition, the second group was instructed on the symptomatology, the third was warned about the risk of exaggerating the presentation, the fourth received a combination of the two previous groups and the fifth received specific training on SVTs. RESULTS The discriminative ability of the SIMS was higher in the basic and symptom information groups, and it decreased significantly in the specific training group on SVTs. CONCLUSIONS SIMS seems not to be severely impacted by a variety of symptom coaching styles, although test coaching diminished its performance.
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López DP, Llor-Esteban B, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Luna-Maldonado A, Puente-López E. Attitudes Towards School Violence: A Qualitative Study With Spanish Children. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP10782-NP10809. [PMID: 33491553 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520987994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
School violence is a social issue of particular interest both for intervention and research. Attitudes towards violence have been reported in the literature as relevant variables for evaluation, prevention, and intervention in this field. This study aims to examine in-depth attitudes toward school violence. The sample consists of 96 participants from Spanish Elementary Education and Compulsory Secondary Education schools. A qualitative study was conducted through focus groups and thematic analysis of the data. The results identify a habitual set of attitudes towards violence in children. These are related to violence as a way to feel better or increase self-esteem, as leisure or fun, perceived as legitimate, when violence is exercised against those who are different, when it has no consequences, to resolve conflicts, to socialize, and to attract the attention of peers. These results could serve as a basis for the creation of evaluation tools, as well as the design of prevention and intervention plans based on attitude modification.
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Pina D, Llor-Zaragoza P, López-López R, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Puente-López E, Galián-Munoz I, Martínez-Jarreta B. Assessment of Non-physical User Violence and Burnout in Primary Health Care Professionals. The Modulating Role of Job Satisfaction. Front Public Health 2022; 10:777412. [PMID: 35186835 PMCID: PMC8854207 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.777412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionGrowing concern about workplace violence shows the need for an evaluation in specific contexts in order to identify the particularities of each professional group. The health sector consists of a group of professionals with high exposure to violence, specially from users. There are differences depending on the professional category or unit in which the professional works. In this regard, Primary Health Care (PHC) is characterized by a personalized and continuous patient treatment over time, which is not exempt from cases of violence. Among the commonly studied consequences of these situations are decreases in job satisfaction and burnout.ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to analyze the modulating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between non-physical user violence and the onset of burnout.MethodsCross-sectional comparative descriptive design. The sample consisted of 574 professionals from 39 PHC centers of the Murcian Health Service. Data were collected using two-stage cluster sampling. For data analysis, descriptive analysis, correlations and stepwise hierarchical regression were used to analyze the interaction between the variables.ResultsRegression analysis draws a model where non-physical violence and low intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction act as modulators of non-physical violence, cynicism and emotional exhaustion.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of the psychological consequences of the perception of user violence in the PHC staff. Furthermore, it is evident that the emergence of burnout syndrome in these professionals is related to exposure to verbal or non-physical violence together with low job satisfaction. In this sense, a circular and bidirectional relationship between the variables studied is proposed as a possible explanatory model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pina
- University of Murcia, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, Murcia, Spain
- Applied Psychology Service, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Reyes López-López
- University of Murcia, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Ruiz-Hernández
- Applied Psychology Service, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Social Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Esteban Puente-López
- Applied Psychology Service, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Esteban Puente-López
| | - Inmaculada Galián-Munoz
- Administration of the National Institute of Social Security (INSS), Ministry of Work, Migration and Social Security, Murcia, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez-Jarreta
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Forensic and Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ruiz-Hernández JA, Guillén Á, Pina D, Puente-López E. Mental Health and Healthy Habits in University Students: A Comparative Associative Study. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:114-126. [PMID: 35200233 PMCID: PMC8871110 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of increased psychopathology in university students and its relationship with unhealthy lifestyle habits. The objective of this work is to examine the prevalence and differences in psychopathological symptoms and lifestyle in a sample of university students according to educational levels and area of knowledge. A comparative associative study was conducted with 1405 university students. The results indicated significant differences in psychopathology and habits in the different groups. The prevalence of psychopathology found was high, especially depressive and anxious pathologies. This incidence tends to be higher in undergraduates and/or Arts and Humanities, coinciding with those who tend to have poorer lifestyle habits. The promising contributions from this study facilitate the early detection of university students with a risk profile for the appearance or exacerbation of psychopathology, as well as the design of psychological intervention programs aimed at the psychological well-being of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Ruiz-Hernández
- Department of and Psychiatry and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.R.-H.); (Á.G.)
| | - Ángela Guillén
- Department of and Psychiatry and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.R.-H.); (Á.G.)
| | - David Pina
- Department of Social and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Esteban Puente-López
- External Service of Forensic Science and Techniques (SECYTEF), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
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Pina D, López-Ros P, Luna-Maldonado A, Luna Ruiz-Caballero A, Llor-Esteban B, Ruiz-Hernández JA, García-Jiménez JJ, Puente-López E, Martínez-Jarreta B. Users' Perception of Violence and Conflicts With Professionals in Primary Care Centers Before and During COVID-19. A Qualitative Study. Front Public Health 2022; 9:810014. [PMID: 34976940 PMCID: PMC8717897 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.810014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Workplace violence is a social problem of special interest in both intervention and research. Among the sectors that most perceive this type of violence, health care professionals stand out. The most common type of violence for this professional group is the one perpetrated by the users or patients themselves. It has been reported that one out of every four acts of violence in the workplace occurs in the healthcare setting. Within the health sector, the Mental Health, Emergency and Primary Care services have been widely reported as being among the most vulnerable, with Primary Care being the least addressed of the three. Although the available literature is extensive, there are hardly any studies that explore from a qualitative perspective what are the sources of conflict in this sector from the perspective of the users, the most common being to work with professionals. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine those aspects derived from the organization, the professionals or the users of Primary Care that, from the users' point of view, cause violent situations and how they think these could be avoided. Method: The sample consisted of 80 users of the Primary Care services of the Health Service of Murcia. For data collection, a qualitative study was conducted through 10 focus groups and a subsequent thematic analysis of the data. Results: The results have allowed us to identify that, from an organizational point of view, the uncertainty in waiting times, the need to adapt the telematic or telephone appointment to the different types of users, or the management of emergencies in Primary Care are the aspects that cause most conflicts between users and professionals. In this sense, suggested improvements are aimed at providing information in the mobile application updated on the opening hours or maintaining the telephone appointment for those who need or request it, among many others. As for the professionals, users point out that the medical staff is perceived as distant and sometimes does not provide enough information on the health status of users. Another professional group widely addressed in the focus groups was the administrative staff, being described as lacking in communication skills, assertiveness, or empathy. Users recognize the existence of a demanding/aggressive profile among users, who makes instrumental use of violence to achieve privileges over users in general. We have also identified the profile of the user who makes use of Primary Care as a way of socializing or managing conflicts of a socioemotional nature. As proposals for this thematic block, users suggest group therapies, the use of audiovisual material complementary to the information provided by professionals or community interventions in psychoeducation. Conclusion: This study allows to explore conflicts between users and professionals from the Primary Care patients' perspective. Our results are complementary to the available evidence that has used the professional's approach to study the phenomenon of workplace violence. The identification of sources of conflict and the assessment and contribution of users on possible ways of improvement can serve as a basis for the design of prevention and intervention plans to improve the work environment in Primary Care centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pina
- Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Applied Psychology Service (SEPA), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma López-Ros
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | - Bartolomé Llor-Esteban
- Applied Psychology Service (SEPA), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Nursing, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Ruiz-Hernández
- Applied Psychology Service (SEPA), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Social Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Begoña Martínez-Jarreta
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Forensic and Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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López DP, López-Nicolás R, López-López R, Puente-López E, Ruiz-Hernández JA. Association between attitudes toward violence and violent behavior in the school context: A systematic review and correlational meta-analysis. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2021; 22:100278. [PMID: 34934422 PMCID: PMC8640117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Both theoretical proposals and empirical work point to a common concurrence between attitudes toward school violence and violent behavior. Studies often address this issue superficially or within intervention programs. Our objective is to describe the results of a systematic review and to conduct a meta-analysis exploring these associations. Method A systematic review was conducted in the main databases. Effect sizes were calculated and synthesized using random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the relationship between attitudes toward violence and school violence. A meta-regression was performed for the moderator analysis of sex and age. Results The literature search strategy produced 12,293 articles. The review process produced a final result of 23 studies. Our results estimate a significant positive relationship (r =.368 p < .001; 95% CI [.323, .412]) between attitudes toward violence and school violence in children and adolescents. Conclusions This study allows us to quantify with an adequate degree of specificity the attitude-behavior relationship in the school context. These results may facilitate future researchers to design programs that address this specificity in order to improve school climate. More research is needed using validated instruments to further specify the type of attitudes that have the greatest influence on the manifestation of school violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pina López
- Department of Social Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José Antonio Ruiz-Hernández
- External Service of Applied Psychology (SEPA), Murcia, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Social Psychology, University of Murcia, Spain
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Vidal-Alves MJ, Pina D, Puente-López E, Luna-Maldonado A, Luna Ruiz-Cabello A, Magalhães T, Pina-López Y, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Jarreta BM. Tough Love Lessons: Lateral Violence among Hospital Nurses. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18179183. [PMID: 34501771 PMCID: PMC8431196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Workplace violence is a growing social problem among many professions, but it particularly affects the health sector. Studies have mainly focused on evaluating user violence toward health professionals, with less attention being paid to other sources of conflict, such as co-workers themselves. There are different manifestations of this violence in what has been called a context of tolerated or normalized violence among co-workers. However, its effects are far from being tolerable, as they have an impact on general health and job satisfaction and contribute to burnout among professionals. Based on this idea, and following the line of the previous literature, nursing staff are a population at high risk of exposure to workplace violence. For this reason, the present study aims to evaluate exposure to lateral violence or violence among co-workers in nursing staff in public health services and the relationship of this exposure with some of the most studied consequences. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional associative study was carried out in which scales of workplace violence (HABS-CS), burnout (MBI-GS), job satisfaction (OJS), and general health (GHQ-28) were applied to a sample of 950 nursing staff from 13 public hospitals located in the southeast of Spain. (3) Results: The results show that nursing staff have a high exposure to violence from their co-workers, which is more common in male nurses. Greater exposure is observed in professionals with between 6 and 10 years of experience in the profession, and it is not characteristic of our sample to receive greater violence when they have less experience or are younger. A positive correlation is observed with high levels of burnout and a negative correlation with general health and job satisfaction. (4) Conclusions: The results of this work contribute to increasing the scientific evidence of the consequences of a type of workplace violence frequent among nursing staff and to which less attention has been paid in relative terms to other types of prevalent violence. Organizations should be aware of the importance of this type of workplace violence, its frequency and impact, and implement appropriate prevention policies that include the promotion of a culture that does not reward violence or minimize reporting. A change of mentality in the academic environment is also recommended in order to promote a more adequate training of nursing staff in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Joao Vidal-Alves
- Department of Socio-sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.V.-A.); (A.L.-M.); (A.L.R.-C.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decisions, School of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Science, University Institute of Health Sciences-CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - David Pina
- Department of Socio-sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.V.-A.); (A.L.-M.); (A.L.R.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Esteban Puente-López
- Applied Psychology Service (SEPA), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.P.-L.); (J.A.R.-H.)
| | - Aurelio Luna-Maldonado
- Department of Socio-sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.V.-A.); (A.L.-M.); (A.L.R.-C.)
| | - Aurelio Luna Ruiz-Cabello
- Department of Socio-sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.V.-A.); (A.L.-M.); (A.L.R.-C.)
| | - Teresa Magalhães
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decisions, School of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Science, University Institute of Health Sciences-CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | | | - José Antonio Ruiz-Hernández
- Applied Psychology Service (SEPA), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.P.-L.); (J.A.R.-H.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Social Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez Jarreta
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Forensic and Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Pina D, Puente-López E, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Ruiz-Cabello AL, Aguerrevere L, Magalhães T. Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Biopsychosocial Profiles of Pain Perception in Forensic Cases of Victims of Motor Vehicle Accidents. Front Psychol 2021; 12:716513. [PMID: 34484077 PMCID: PMC8415298 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to make a complete diagnosis of all the factors influencing whiplash associated disorders (WAD), the evidence suggests that the condition evaluation should follow an integrated biopsychosocial model. This perspective would offer a fuller view of it, recognizing the interplay between the medical, biomechanical, social, and psychological factors. Despite the progress made in the subject, evidence of which psychosocial factors influence the experience of pain in litigant WAD patients is limited. A cross-sectional design and a cluster analysis was used to study the experience of pain and the psychosocial factors included therein in 249 patients with WAD assessed after suffering a motor vehicle accident. Three clusters were obtained: C1, with low scores of pain and a slight-moderate alteration of the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL); C2, with medium scores of pain, alteration of HRQoL and a perception of moderate disability; and C3, with medium-high scores of pain, alteration of the HQoL, perception of moderate disability, presence of anxious-depressive symptomatology, poorer comprehension of the condition suffered, and the belief that it will extend over a long period of time. The results show a heterogeneous experience of pain in WAD, compatible with the biopsychosocial model of disease and the multidimensional approach to pain. The role of the psychologist in the evaluation of the condition could be useful to obtain a complete view of the condition, thus ensuring that the treatment is adapted to the needs of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pina
- Servicio Externo de Ciencias y Técnicas Forenses, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Esteban Puente-López
- Servicio Externo de Ciencias y Técnicas Forenses, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Luis Aguerrevere
- Department of Human Services, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, United States
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Cánovas Pallarés JM, Pina López D, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Galián-Muñoz I, Pardo Ríos M, Llor-Esteban B, Puente-López E. [Violence of users towards health and non-health professionals in Hospital Emergency Services: descriptive-comparative cross-sectional study.]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2021; 95:e202107096. [PMID: 34248140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Workplace violence is a public health problem that affects professionals in the hospital emergency services, being this environment where there is an intense interaction with users and / or relatives who require critical and / or special care. Given this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure to user violence perceived by different health and non-health professionals in Emergency Services belonging to eleven Spanish hospitals. METHODS The design was an associative, descriptive-comparative cross-sectional strategy developed in 2019 with a sample of 584 healthcare and non-healthcare professionals from eleven Spanish hospital emergency services in eight Spanish autonomous communities. Non-parametric statistics were used for between-group comparisons, post-hoc analysis and the calculation of the effect size. RESULTS 100% of respondents acknowledged having suffered workplace violence at least once in the last year. Specifically, at least eight out of every ten professionals were exposed to non-physical violence (range 85.1%-100%). The group that most perceived this violence was administration, followed by nursing, medicine and auxiliary nursing care technician (T.C.A.E) (H=28.881; p=0.001). While the manifestations of physical violence affected approximately three out of ten professionals (range 22.6%-29.5%), it is more present in the Auxiliary Nursing Care Technicians (T.C.A.E), followed by medical and nursing health professionals, as well as non-health professionals, orderlies and administration (H=9.800; p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the high prevalence of a medium or low intensity violent behavior in spanish Emergency Services. In addition, it allows to deepen in the different manifestations of violence received by the main professional groups of these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Cánovas Pallarés
- Servicio de Emergencias Sanitarias de la Comunidad Valenciana. Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM). España
| | - David Pina López
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociosanitarias. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Murcia. Murcia. España
| | - José Antonio Ruiz-Hernández
- Departamento de Psicología Social y Psiquiatría. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Murcia. Murcia. España
| | - Inmaculada Galián-Muñoz
- Grupo de investigación de Salud Laboral. Universidad de Murcia. Grupo IMIB Enferavanza. IMIB Murcia. Murcia. España
| | - Manuel Pardo Ríos
- Gerencia de Emergencias 061 de la Región de Murcia. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud en Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM). Murcia. España
| | - Bartolomé Llor-Esteban
- Departamento de Enfermería. Facultad de Enfermería. Universidad de Murcia. Murcia. España
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Pina D, Puente-López E, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Godoy-Fernández C, Llor-Esteban B. Cues for feigning screening in whiplash associated disorders. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 48:101810. [PMID: 33254095 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to evaluate the ability of a series of possible feigning indicators, extracted from relevant literature in the field, to discriminate between clinical patients with genuine symptomatology and instructed malingerers. A sample of 273 participants divided into two groups was used for this study: 153 whiplash associated disorder patients who were evaluated at a multidisciplinary medical center in the region of Murcia (Spain), between December 2017 and March 2019 and 120 healthy controls with malingering instructions, students of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Murcia. In order for researchers to evaluate the indicators included in the study, a 22-step checklist (CDS) was developed, consisting of 22 criteria divided into 5 dimensions. Our results show that 18 of 22 indicators could discriminate between groups. Dimension 2 "Attitude toward the situation of illness" presented the greatest capacity for discrimination. In general terms, malingerers express a much more negative experience of the condition than the clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pina
- External Service of Forensic Sciencies and Techniques - Servicio Externo de Ciencias y Técnicas Forenses (SECyTEF), Murcia, Spain; University of Murcia, Dep. Psychiatry and Social Psychology, Murcia, Spain
| | - Esteban Puente-López
- External Service of Forensic Sciencies and Techniques - Servicio Externo de Ciencias y Técnicas Forenses (SECyTEF), Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Ruiz-Hernández
- Murciás Institute of Biosanitary Research - Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; External Service of Forensic Sciencies and Techniques - Servicio Externo de Ciencias y Técnicas Forenses (SECyTEF), Murcia, Spain; University of Murcia, Dep. Psychiatry and Social Psychology, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Bartolomé Llor-Esteban
- Murciás Institute of Biosanitary Research - Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; External Service of Forensic Sciencies and Techniques - Servicio Externo de Ciencias y Técnicas Forenses (SECyTEF), Murcia, Spain
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Pina D, Llor-Zaragoza P, Puente-López E, Egea-Fuentes Á, Ruiz-Hernández JA, Llor-Esteban B. User violence in public mental health services. Comparative analysis of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists. J Ment Health 2020; 31:642-648. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1793130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Llor-Zaragoza
- Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS), Ministerio de Trabajo, Migraciones y Seguridad Social, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Puente-López
- Servicio Externo de Ciencias y Técnicas Forenses (SECYTEF), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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