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Serwacki PA, Hareza DA, Kujawska A, Pałka A, Jachowicz-Matczak E, Rybka-Grymek A, Świątek-Kwapniewska W, Pawłowska I, Gniadek Z, Gutkowska K, Gajda M, Wójkowska-Mach J. Molecular epidemiology and clinical significance of carbapenemase genes among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in southern Poland. Pol Arch Intern Med 2024:16734. [PMID: 38656082 DOI: 10.20452/pamw.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The complex interplay between Acinetobacter spp., patients, and the environment has made it increasingly difficult to optimally treat patients infected with Acinetobacter spp., mainly due to rising antimicrobial resistance and challenges with surveillance. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated carbapenem-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) isolates to determine their resistance profiles and the presence of specific β-lactamase enzymes to inform the use of CRAB surveillance upon hospital admission and regional empiric antibiotic therapies. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was conducted at 4 hospitals in southern Poland between June 2022 and December 2022. Only healthcare-associated infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii were considered. 82 CRAB isolates were included in the analysis. Species identification was performed by MALDI TOF, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined phenotypically, and PCR methods were performed to identify resistance genes. RESULTS Depending on the hospital, the ICU incidence of CRAB infections was from 428.6 to 759.5 per 10,000 admissions and from 0.3 to 21.0 per 10,000 admissions in non-ICUs. CRAB antibiotic susceptibility was highest with cefiderocol (100%), colistin (96%), tigecycline (77%), gentamicin (51%) and ampicillin / sulbactam (36%). The most prevalent blaOXA genes were blaOXA-66-1 (95%) and blaOXA-40 (71%) and additionally, the extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene blaTEM-1 (41%). CONCLUSION An unexpectedly high incidence of CRAB infections occurred in Polish hospitals. There is a need for effective CRAB prevention and control that includes effective hospital screening, national surveillance, and improved treatment options.
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Pałka A, Kujawska A, Hareza DA, Gajda M, Wordliczek J, Jachowicz-Matczak E, Owsianka I, Żółtowska B, Chmielarczyk A, Romaniszyn D, I GM, Wójkowska-Mach J. Secondary bacterial infections & extensively drug-resistant bacteria among COVID-19 hospitalized patients at the University Hospital in Kraków. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:77. [PMID: 37620874 PMCID: PMC10463524 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and bacterial antimicrobial resistance posed a therapeutic risk during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to analyze the HAIs in COVID-19 patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and non-ICU at the University Hospital in Krakow (UHK) with an emphasis on the susceptibility of the most frequently isolated pathogens and the prevalence of extensively drug resistant (XDR) microorganisms. METHODS This laboratory-based study was carried out at the University Hospital in Krakow in the ICU and non-ICUs dedicated to COVID-19 patients between May 2021 and January 2022. All isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were analyzed using PFGE protocol. RESULTS 292 independent HAI cases were identified, with the predominance of urinary tract infections (UTI), especially in the non-ICU setting. The most common ICU syndrome was pneumonia (PNA). The prevalence of XDR organisms was 22.6% in the ICU and 14.8% in non-ICUs among all isolates. The incidence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infection was 24.8 cases per 10,000 hospitalizations and the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii infection incidence was 208.8 cases per 10,000 hospitalizations. The prevalence of XDR strains was highest in Acinetobacter spp, in PNA cases. The PFGE typing demonstrated that almost all XDR strains varied widely from each other. CONCLUSIONS In this study, there was a high incidence of HAI in COVID-19 patients, especially when compared to Western Europe and the United States. Similarly, the prevalence of XDR microorganisms, especially XDR-A.baumannii, was also high. PFGE did not confirm the horizontal spread of any organism strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pałka
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital in Krakow, ul. Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Kujawska
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital in Krakow, ul. Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - D A Hareza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St, 4th Floor, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Gajda
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. św. Anny 12, 31- 008, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wordliczek
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Clinical Department, University Hospital in Krakow, ul. Jakubowskiego 2, 30- 688, Kraków, Poland
| | - E Jachowicz-Matczak
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - I Owsianka
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. św. Anny 12, 31- 008, Kraków, Poland
| | - B Żółtowska
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital in Krakow, ul. Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Chmielarczyk
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - D Romaniszyn
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gregorczyk-Maga I
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Montelupich 4, 31-155, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Wójkowska-Mach
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland.
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Kasperski T, Romaniszyn D, Jachowicz-Matczak E, Pomorska-Wesołowska M, Wójkowska-Mach J, Chmielarczyk A. Extensive Drug Resistance of Strong Biofilm-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Infections and Colonization Hospitalized Patients in Southern Poland. Pathogens 2023; 12:975. [PMID: 37623935 PMCID: PMC10459043 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) is a bacterium that causes infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Treatment is challenging due to biofilm formation by AB strains, which hinders antibiotic effectiveness and promotes drug resistance. The aim of our study was to analyze the biofilm-producing capacity of AB isolates from various forms of infections in relation to biofilm-related genes and their drug resistance. We tested one hundred isolates for biofilm formation using the crystal violet microplate method. Drug resistance analyses were performed based on EUCAST and CLSI guidelines, and biofilm genes were detected using PCR. All tested strains were found to form biofilms, with 50% being ICU strains and 72% classified as strong biofilm producers. Among these, 87% were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and 2% were extra-extensively drug-resistant (E-XDR). The most common gene set was bap, bfmS, csuE, and ompA, found in 57% of all isolates. Our research shows that, regardless of the form of infection, biofilm-forming strains can be expected among AB isolates. The emergence of E-XDR and XDR strains among non-ICU infections highlights the necessity for the rational use of antibiotics to stop or limit the further acquisition of drug resistance by A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kasperski
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18 Street, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dorota Romaniszyn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18 Street, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
| | - Estera Jachowicz-Matczak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18 Street, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
| | - Monika Pomorska-Wesołowska
- Department of Microbiology, Analytical and Microbiological Laboratory of Ruda Slaska, KORLAB NZOZ, 41-703 Ruda Slaska, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18 Street, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chmielarczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18 Street, 31-121 Cracow, Poland
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Gregorczyk-Maga I, Kania M, Sulik-Tyszka B, Namysł M, Sepioło A, Romaniszyn D, Jachowicz-Matczak E, Wójkowska-Mach J. Oral Myco- and Bacteriobiota and Yeast Infections in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1442. [PMID: 37374944 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit are at risk of developing invasive candidiasis. In this study we aimed to (1) characterize oral cultivable mycobiota of mechanically ventilated adult COVID-19 patients in an ICU setting by sampling four distinct oral niches in two fixed time points with regards to oral health status, (2) investigate Candida spp. infections in this population, and (3) compare oral mycobiota with selected bacteriobiota strains during the observation in the ICU. We recruited 56 adult COVID-19 patients who qualified for mechanical ventilation. Patients received either standard or extended oral care procedures with tooth brushing. Oral samples were taken first within 36 h and after 7 days of intubation. Yeast-like fungi were identified by MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry. Yeast infection cases were retrospectively analyzed. Candida spp. in oral sampling was identified in 80.4% and 75.7%, C. albicans in 57.1% and 61.1%, and non-albicans Candida species in 48.2% and 47.2% patients at baseline and follow-up, respectively. There were no differences in the overall CFU counts of Candida spp. species and individual Candida species in oral samples, both at baseline and follow-up. At baseline, a higher prevalence of Candida spp. was associated with a higher identification rate of Lactobacillus spp. (64.4% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.041). At follow-up, there was a borderline lower prevalence of Candida spp. in patients with Lactobacillus spp. identified (57.1% vs. 87.0%, p = 0.057). The incidence rate of candidiasis was 5.4% and the incidence density was 3.1/1000 pds. In conclusion, non-albicans Candida species in oral samples were identified in nearly half of patients. Oral health was moderately impaired. A high incidence of yeast infections, including invasive cases, in patients hospitalized in the ICU due to COVID-19 and requiring mechanical ventilation was noted. Severe COVID-19 and disease-specific interventions within the ICU possibly played a major role promoting Candida spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Montelupich 4, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michal Kania
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. św. Anny 12, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
- Chair of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Sulik-Tyszka
- Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Namysł
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital in Krakow, Jakubowskiego Street 2, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Sepioło
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital in Krakow, Jakubowskiego Street 2, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Romaniszyn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Estera Jachowicz-Matczak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
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Gregorczyk-Maga I, Pałka A, Fiema M, Kania M, Kujawska A, Maga P, Jachowicz-Matczak E, Romaniszyn D, Chmielarczyk A, Żółtowska B, Wójkowska-Mach J. Correction: Impact of tooth brushing on oral bacteriota and health care-associated infections among ventilated COVID-19 patients: an intervention study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:51. [PMID: 37248538 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Montelupich 4, 31-155, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Pałka
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital, Ul. Jakubowskiego 2, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Mateusz Fiema
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Ul. Jakubowskiego 2, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Michal Kania
- Chair of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Jakubowskiego 2, Kraków, 30-688, Poland.
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. św. Anny 12, Kraków, 31-008, Poland.
| | - Anna Kujawska
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital, Ul. Jakubowskiego 2, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Paweł Maga
- Chair of Angiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Jakubowskiego 2, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Estera Jachowicz-Matczak
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Romaniszyn
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chmielarczyk
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Żółtowska
- Center for Innovative Therapy, Clinical Research Coordination Center, University Hospital, Ul. Jakubowskiego 2, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
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Gregorczyk-Maga I, Fiema M, Kania M, Jachowicz-Matczak E, Romaniszyn D, Gerreth K, Klupa T, Wójkowska-Mach J. Oral Microbiota-One Habitat or Diverse Niches? A Pilot Study of Sampling and Identification of Oral Bacterial and Fungal Biota in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Insulin Pump. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2252. [PMID: 36767617 PMCID: PMC9914992 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The oral microbiota is a very complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem. Alterations of its balance can result in oral and systemic diseases. We aimed to characterize the microbiota in particular niches of the oral cavity in adult type 1 diabetes patients treated with continuous infusion of insulin with insulin pump (IP). In addition, we aimed to determine optimal sites of oral microbiota sampling in studies of large research groups of patients with DM I. DESIGN In this pilot study, we sampled the buccal and soft palate mucosa, tongue, palatal and buccal dental surfaces and gingival pockets of adult DM I patients treated with IP. RESULTS In total, 23 patients were recruited. The oral microbiota was dominated by Streptococus and Neisseria, with a low incidence of cariogenic S. mutans and Lactobacillus, as well as periodontal pathogens such as Prevotella. There were significant differences in overall CFU counts of all strains, Gram-positive, Staphylococci, Streptococci and S. oralis strains between mucosal and dental surface sites. The overall CFU counts of all strains and Gram-positive strains were higher in dental sites vs. mucosal sites (both p < 0.001). CFU counts of S. oralis were significantly higher in dental sites vs. gingival pocket sites (p = 0.013). Candida species were rare. The mucosal sites on the buccae presented lower diversity and bacterial counts. CONCLUSIONS In the study group of adult DM I patients treated with IP, the microbiota in particular niches of the oral cavity was significantly different. Three distinct and optimally appropriate sampling sites for oral microflora were identified: buccal and palatal mucosa, dental surface and gingival pockets. The results of this study may be the basis for further studies of large groups of patients with DM I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Fiema
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Kania
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Technologies in Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Estera Jachowicz-Matczak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Romaniszyn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Gerreth
- Department of Risk Group Dentistry, Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klupa
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Technologies in Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
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