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Pinheiro JR, dos Reis EC, Farias JP, Fogaça MMC, da Silva PDS, Santana IVR, Rocha ALS, Vidal PO, Simões RDC, Luiz WB, Birbrair A, de Aguiar RS, de Souza RP, Azevedo VADC, Chaves G, Belmok A, Durães-Carvalho R, Melo FL, Ribeiro BM, Amorim JH. Impact of Early Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 Lineages Replacement with the Variant of Concern P.1 (Gamma) in Western Bahia, Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102314. [PMID: 36298869 PMCID: PMC9611628 DOI: 10.3390/v14102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correct understanding of the epidemiological dynamics of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, is essential for formulating public policies of disease containment. METHODS In this study, we constructed a picture of the epidemiological dynamics of COVID-19 in a Brazilian population of almost 17000 patients in 15 months. We specifically studied the fluctuations of COVID-19 cases and deaths due to COVID-19 over time according to host gender, age, viral load, and genetic variants. RESULTS As the main results, we observed that the numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths due to COVID-19 fluctuated over time and that men were the most affected by deaths, as well as those of 60 or more years old. We also observed that individuals between 30- and 44-years old were the most affected by COVID-19 cases. In addition, the viral loads in the patients' nasopharynx were higher in the early symptomatic period. We found that early pandemic SARS-CoV-2 lineages were replaced by the variant of concern (VOC) P.1 (Gamma) in the second half of the study period, which led to a significant increase in the number of deaths. CONCLUSIONS The results presented in this study are helpful for future formulations of efficient public policies of COVID-19 containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josilene R. Pinheiro
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662, BA, Brazil
| | - Esther C. dos Reis
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
| | - Jéssica P. Farias
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
| | - Mayanna M. C. Fogaça
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de S. da Silva
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662, BA, Brazil
| | - Itana Vivian R. Santana
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza S. Rocha
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
| | - Paloma O. Vidal
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
| | - Rafael da C. Simões
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
| | - Wilson B. Luiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662, BA, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, MG, Brazil
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Renato S. de Aguiar
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, MG, Brazil
- D’Or Institute of Research, Rio de Janeiro 22281, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renan P. de Souza
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, MG, Brazil
| | - Vasco A. de C. Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270, MG, Brazil
| | - Gepoliano Chaves
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aline Belmok
- Laboratory of Baculoviruses, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910, DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Durães-Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023, SP, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Structural and Functional Biology, UNIFESP, São Paulo 04023, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando L. Melo
- Laboratory of Baculoviruses, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910, DF, Brazil
| | - Bergmann M. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Baculoviruses, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910, DF, Brazil
| | - Jaime Henrique Amorim
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras 47805, BA, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662, BA, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +5577-3614-3218
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